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Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
Assam Agricultural University is the first institution of its kind in the whole of North-Eastern Region of India. The main goal of this institution is to produce globally competitive human resources in farm sectorand to carry out research in both conventional and frontier areas for production optimization as well as to disseminate the generated technologies as public good for benefitting the food growers/produces and traders involved in the sector while emphasizing on sustainability, equity and overall food security at household level.
Genesis of AAU -
The embryo of the agricultural research in the state of Assam was formed as early as 1897 with the establishment of the Upper Shillong Experimental Farm (now in Meghalaya) just after about a decade of creation of the agricultural department in 1882. However, the seeds of agricultural research in today’s Assam were sown in the dawn of the twentieth century with the establishment of two Rice Experimental Stations, one at Karimganj in Barak valley in 1913 and the other at Titabor in Brahmaputra valley in 1923. Subsequent to these research stations, a number of research stations were established to conduct research on important crops, more specifically, jute, pulses, oilseeds etc. The Assam Agricultural University was established on April 1, 1969 under The Assam Agricultural University Act, 1968’ with the mandate of imparting farm education, conduct research in agriculture and allied sciences and to effectively disseminate technologies so generated. Before establishment of the University, there were altogether 17 research schemes/projects in the state under the Department of Agriculture. By July 1973, all the research projects and 10 experimental farms were transferred by the Government of Assam to the AAU which already inherited the College of Agriculture and its farm at Barbheta, Jorhat and College of Veterinary Sciences at Khanapara, Guwahati.
Subsequently, College of Community Science at Jorhat (1969), College of Fisheries at Raha (1988), Biswanath College of Agriculture at Biswanath Chariali (1988) and Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science at Joyhing, North Lakhimpur (1988) were established. Presently, the University has three more colleges under its jurisdiction, viz., Sarat Chandra Singha College of Agriculture, Chapar, College of Horticulture, Nalbari & College of Sericulture, Titabar. Similarly, few more regional research stations at Shillongani, Diphu, Gossaigaon, Lakhimpur; and commodity research stations at Kahikuchi, Buralikson, Tinsukia, Kharua, Burnihat and Mandira were added to generate location and crop specific agricultural production packages.
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, CARDIOPULMONARY, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ISOFLURANE, PROPOFOL AND KETAMINE IN GLYCOPYRROLATE, DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND BUTORPHANOL PREMEDICATED DOGS(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) BAYAN, HITESH; Sarma, Kushal KonwarThe study was conducted to evaluate the clinical, cardiopulmonary, haematobiochemical and immunological effects of isoflurane, propofol and ketamine anaesthesia in glycopyrrolate, dexmedetomidine and butorphanol premedicated dogs. The study was carried out on twenty four number of female dogs presented for elective ovariohysterectomy. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) comprising of six animals each. The animals in all the groups were administered with glycopyrrolate 0.01 mg/kg IM followed 15 min by dexmedetomidine 5μg/kg IV and Butorphanol 0.1mg/kg IV. Two min after administration of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol, induction of anaesthesia was done with propofol IV till effect in Groups A and B and with ketamine IV till effect in Groups C and D. The anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in Groups A and C. In Groups B and D, the anaesthesia was maintained with continuous rate infusion of propofol 0.2-0.5 mg/kg/min and ketamine 0.002-0.02 mg/kg/min, respectively. The induction doses of propofol were recorded as 0.67±0.07 mg/kg in Group A and 0.68± 0.06 mg/kg in Group B where as the induction doses of ketamine were recorded as 2.55± 0.24 mg/kg in Group C and 2.63±0.26 mg/kg in Group D. Induction was quick and smooth in all the groups enabling easy endotracheal intubation. The analgesia, muscle relaxation and depth of anaesthesia were sufficient for performing major abdominal operations. The mean maintenance dose (mg/kg/min) of propofol and ketamine were recorded as 0.24±0.01 and 0.013.17±0.60 respectively in groups B and D. The mean vaporizer settings (%) for isoflurane were recorded as 1.34±0.06 and 1.28±0.07, respectively in Groups A and C. The recovery time was shortest in Group A and longest in Group D. The quality of recovery was better in Groups B, A & C in sequence as compared to Group D. The changes in the clinical parameters remained within the physiological limits in all the groups. Changes in blood pressure and ECG remained within the physiological limit in all the groups. The respiratory parameters were well maintained with isoflurane but the oxygen saturation values were near the critical level in Group D. The changes in haematological (haemoglobin, TEC, TLC, PCV, granulocytes, platelet and DLC) and biochemical (serum glucose, serum total protein, GGT, ALP, BUN, serum creatinine and LDH) parameters were found to be within physiological limits in all the animals. The immunological parameters exhibited immune suppressions but were transient in nature in all the groups. To conclude, all the anaesthetic combinations were safe and effective for major abdominal surgery in dogs. However, the respiratory parameters were more stable with inhalation agents used for maintenance and near the border line in particularly with ketamine CRI. The CRI with propofol was found to be better than with ketamine for maintenance in dogs premedicated with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol.ThesisItem Open Access SILK BASED OSTEOINDUCTIVE SCAFFOLD FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) SHARMA, MANAV; Sarma, Kushal KonwarB. mori silk cocoons were processed by established state of the art protocol to obtain silk fibroin aqueous solution, which was further used for scaffold fabrication. Three types of highly porous three dimensional sponge feel scaffolds were fabricated using traditionally used herbal based medicine i.e. Curcumin & Cissus quadrangularis. They are Silk Fibroin scaffold (SF), Silk Fibroin blended with Curcumin (CuSF) and Silk Fibroin blended with Cissus quadrangularis extract (CqSF). FESEM revealed highly porous scaffold with homogenously distributed interconnected pores in all types of scaffolds with pore ranging from 45.73-121.1 μm, 42.37-137.8 μm and 50.95-103.4 μm for SF, Cu-SF and Cq-SF respectively. The average porosity for each scaffold obtained were 88.57 %, 91.47 %, 93.03 % for SF, CuSF, CqSF respectively. Swelling and Water Holding Capacity were calculated to be 4.14%, 2.14% and 2.43% and 89.37 %, 92.04 % and 93.75 % for SF, CqSF, CuSF respectively. 42 numbers of New Zealand White rabbits were procured from authorized supplier for the study after obtaining IAEC clearance. Scaffolds were implanted into critical size radius bone defect (1.5 to 2 cm) following state of the art anaesthetic protocol. 0.5ml autologous bone marrow (BM) was collected and seeded immediately after collection for each type of scaffold considering as a separate animal group. Satisfactory clear radiographic union could be observed as early as by 30th day and initiation of remodeling by 60th day for Cu-SF & Cu-SF-BM groups. SF & SF-BM group radiographic union was evidence by 60th day but with a less opaque area compared to Cu- SF & Cu-SF-BM group. Relatively satisfactory radiographic union was also observed by the end of the observation period in Cq-SF group. In contrast, Cq-SF-BM group revealed no radiographic union even up to the end of the observation period. Histological samples were collected at the end of the radiographic observation (90th day) and processed for H & E staining. New blood vessel, marrow cells and new bone tissue could also be demonstrated for both Cu-SF & Cu-SF-BM group. In both SF & SF-BM group fibrous connective tissue could be visualized, along with cartilaginous tissue in SF-BM group. In Cq-SF group also along with fibrous connective tissue with new boney tissue could be demonstrated. But in Cq-SF-BM group fibrous connective tissue could only be demonstrated. Finally it could be concluded that B. mori silk fibroin could effectively be used and biofunctionalized with traditionally known fracture healing herbal based ingredients for bone tissue engineering application as evidence by satisfactory radiographic and histological findings in Cu-SF, Cu-SF-BM and Cq-SF groups.ThesisItem Open Access SURGICAL AFFECTIONS IN PIGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UMBILICAL HERNIA(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) BUCHEM, Y. BAUAN; Gogoi, DimbeswarThe survey work on pigs were carried out at AICRP, MSP and 30 Sow Teaching Unit of C.V.Sc. pig farms and places of ambulatory classes viz. Kamalpur Veterinary Dispensary, Hajo Veterinary Hospital and Halogaon Veterinary Dispensary from 1st February 2015 to 31st January 2016 to study the incidence of different surgical problems in pigs. A total of 2,820 numbers of pigs were surveyed and out of which 77 numbers (2.73 %) of pigs were affected with various surgical affections. Age group between 0-3 months 44 (57.14 %) recorded the highest incidence rate and the lowest 1 year and above 6 (7.80 %), male had higher incidence rate 44 (57.14 %) to female 33 (42.86 %). Breed wise incidence of different surgically affected pigs were found to be non-significant as all the animals surveyed were of only cross breeds. On the basis of different surgical affections, umbilical hernia recorded the highest incidence rate 27 (35.07%), while wound and inguinal hernia were the lowest with 5 (6.49%). Summer season recorded the highest incidence 32 (41.56%) and winter the lowest 8 (10.39%). C.V.Sc pig farms recorded higher incidence rate 36 (46.75 %) in comparison to the other three surveyed places. From the surveyed animals, 12 numbers of pigs affected with umbilical hernia were selected for the present study and were divided into 2 groups irrespective of the age, sex and breed. Group I animals, where the hernial ring was less than 4 cm (approximately 2 fingers breadth) were rendered herniorrhaphy with prolene suture while Group II animals, where the hernial ring was more than 4 cm (approximately 4 fingers breadth) hernioplasty with prolene mesh was carried out. The clinical parameters viz. pulse rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature and haematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and DLC were recorded on the day before the surgery and on 3rd, 7th and 14th post-operative days to evaluate the efficacy of the surgical procedure. The recorded parameters did not show any significant changes. There was slight increase or decrease in their values during the recorded days which were within the physiological range. The rendered surgical procedure of herniorrhaphy with polypropylene suture in group I and hernioplasty with polypropylene mesh in group II to the pigs affected with umbilical hernia were found to be effective without any post-operative complications. Evaluation of healing was done on the 3rd, 7th and 14th post-operative days to record the changes. There were peripheral swelling and exudation during the initial stage of wound healing which were followed by scab formation on the 7th day and complete healing was noticed in both the groups by 14th day. These were normal phenomenon characterized in the course of wound healing. The healing process of wound in both the groups were found to be good with no untoward complications.ThesisItem Open Access SURVEILLANCE OF FOOT AFFECTIONS IN STALL FED DAIRY CATTLE AND THEIR SURGICO-MEDICAL MANAGEMENT(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) BHAGABATI, KRISHANU KR.; Sarma, Kushal KonwarBovines are the productive animals. Any sort of disease or discomfort of these sensitive animals may lead to decreased production and corresponding economic losses to the farmers. Healthy feet and legs are of utmost concern for dairy cows’ well-being and performance, but the same is intimately related to the management conditions and floor patterns. Feet affections occur when the integrity of climate and structure of floor where animals are kept is rendered defective. Challanges of diseases are also increasing with the increase of the cross bred dairy animal population to meet up the increasing demand and needs of milk augments. Many cases of foot affections in the stall fed dairy cows in and around Khanapara, Guwahati city have been noticed by the practitioners but a systematic study and record of the diseases is still lacking. So the present experiment was undertaken to study incidence of the affections, haematological and biochemical changes in foot affections in relation to clinically healthy animals and to evaluate few prevailing therapeutic measures. Incidence was studied in terms of type of affections, age, season, flooring pattern, lactation number, foot affected and feeding practices. Five animals affected in each summer and winter season with feet affections were considered for investigation. A total of 1760 (one thousand seven hundred and sixty) dairy cows were surveyed in the present investigation out of which 98 (5.568%) animals were found to be affected with various foot lesions. Different types of foot affections were Hoof overgrowth (59.184%), Scissor Claw (30.612%), Heel Erosion (6.122%) and Interdigital Hyperplasia (4.082%). Highest incidence of foot affections were found in the age group of 4-6 years (55.102%) and lowest for 0-2 year’s age group (1.020%). Out of three different floor patterns observed in the area of survey, highest incidence was found for those animals which were maintained in brick floor (65.307%), second highest for wooden floor (23.469%) and lowest for concrete floor (11.224%). Seasonal variation was also found for the incidence of the affections. Highest for summer (60.204%) followed by winter (39.796%). Out of total affected animals fore foot affections were comparatively high than hind foot (50% and 32.653% respectively). In 17.347 percent animals foot affections could be noted on both fore and hind limbs. Highest incidence of the disease was found in animals of 3rd lactation (51.020%). Out of total affected animals foot affections were comparatively high in those that were provided high concentrate ration (67.347%). Haematological investigation showed that mean values of Hb, Lymphocyte and Monocyte did not differ significantly between normal and affected animals in both summer and winter season. Mean values of RBC, WBC and PMN in affected animals were significant in summer with values being 5.74±0.623, 5.97±1.692 and 33.6±1.435 compared to the mean values of normal animals. Mean value of TLC in affected animals were significant in winter with value being 9±1.048. While the mean values of PCV, Neutrophil, Eosinophil and Basophil were significant between normal and affected animals in both the two seasons. Biochemical test revealed that mean values of ALP and Creatinine were significant in winter with values being 211.6±52.384 and 1.0044±0.173 respectively compared to the mean values of normal animals. While the mean values of AST and Creatine Kinase were significant between normal and affected animals in both the two seasons. Bacteriological investigation revealed both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms from infected hoof lesions. Three samples out of ten showed Streptococcus and Staphylococcus organisms and rest of the samples showed Gram negative coccobacilli. Sensitivity test of samples showed resistance to Enrofloxacin, Erythromycin, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin but sensitive to Gentamicin and Tetracycline. Four samples out of ten showed sensitivity to ceftiofur but 6 samples were resistance to ceftiofur. Affected animals were treated according to the type of affections. Secondary bacterial infection as seen in bacterial culture and sensitivity test were treated with specific antibiotics. Meloxicam @15ml/375 kg b.w was administered intra muscularly in cases where pain was evidenced. Hoof trimming was done under sedation with Xylazine Hydrochloride @0.05-0.22mg/kg b.w in cases of hoof overgrowth and scissor claw. Cases of inter-digital hyperplasia with associated wound were treated with local application of antiseptic and antibiotic powder followed by a course of systemic antibiotic. Animals with heel horn erosion condition were managed by reducing both the heels to the same height.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NANOSILVER, UNPASTEURIZED HONEY AND TURMERIC IN THE TREATMENT OF FULL THICKNESS CONTAMINATED CUTANEOUS WOUND IN RABBITS(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) PRADHAN, EKTA; Sarma, K. K.The present study was carried out on experimentally created full-thickness contaminated cutaneous wounds in New Zealand White rabbits with an aim to evaluate the healing efficacy of nanosilver, unpasteurized honey and turmeric. The experiment was carried out on 15 apparently healthy New Zealand White rabbits of either sex, divided into 3 equal groups. Full-thickness cutaneous wounds of 4x4 cm were created on the thoraco-lumbar region on either sides of the vertebral column under general anaesthesia and were left unattended for 48 hours to render it contaminated. Group A, Group B and Group C were subjected to ‘Silverkind Nanofine’ (nanosilver), unpasteurized honey and turmeric paste respectively. The rate of wound healing and macroscopic changes were recorded on the 3rd, 7th, 10th, 15th and 20th days of post wound creation. The bacteriological and biochemical investigation were performed on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th days of post-wound creation and the histopathological investigations on the 3rd, 10th and 28th days of experiment. The rate of wound healing was found to be the fastest in nanosilver treated group, followed by the ones with unpasteurized honey and turmeric till the 28th day of experiment. Various macroscopic changes were observed during the course of treatment viz. peripheral swelling, serous exudation, dry casts over the wound, proliferating pinkish granulation tissue and fast contracting wound edges with re-epithelialization. However, clinically complete wound healing was observed on the 20th day of post-wound creation in Group A. The bacteriological investigation revealed presence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp., coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli at the initial stages and eventually became a sterile wound by the 10th day of post-wound creation in both nanosilver based ointment and unpasteurized honey. Higher levels of total protein and carbohydrate were observed in Group B and Group C while the enzymatic investigations revealed decreasing levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase which was more significant in Group A (P<0.01). The histopathological studies on the 28th day of post-wound creation revealed clinically complete healing in Group A with regeneration of all the epidermal layers and associated adnexa and better reorganization of the thick collagen bundles. From the above findings, it could be drawn that use of nanosilver based ointment was found to more effective in terms of wound healing of contaminated cutaneous wounds compared to the other two treatment regimes.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INTERLOCKING NAILING (ILN) AND INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING FOR THE TREATMENT OF FRACTURE OF FEMUR IN CANINE(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) BAPAT, CHANDRASHEKHAR GIRISH; Sarma, K. K.The present study was undertaken to compare the use of Interlocking nailing (ILN) and Intramedullary Pinning for the treatment of canine femur fracture cases. A total of 773 cases were presented in the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (Surgery Unit) and Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, A.A.U., Khanapara during the period of 1st April, 2015 to 31st March, 2016. Out of 265 orthopedic cases 197 (74.34%) were found in canine. According to the distribution of the canine cases with signs of lameness, it was found that fracture incidences were the highest (65.48%) followed by dislocations (18.27%) and neurological disorders (16.24%). Further, fracture distribution in bones was recorded and highest was in femur (44.19%) followed by tibia/fibula (13.18%) and radius/ulna (10.85%). Ten clinical cases of canine diphyseal fracture of femur irrespective of age and sex were randomly divided into two groups. In Group A and Group B, correction of fracture was done by using intramedullary pinning and interlocking nailing respectively. Hematological and biochemical analysis were done on 0 day, 5th, 10th and 20th days post-operatively while radiographic evaluation and weight bearing test were done on 0 day, 10th, 20th, 30th and 60th days post-operatively. The cost of surgery and time taken for surgery were compared. Hematological estimation of Hb, TEC, TLC, ESR and PCV were done. Biochemical estimation of Alkaline phosphatase, Creatine kinase, Serum Calcium, Serum Phosphorous and total protein were done. Haematological parameters and Biochemical parameters showed non-significant alterations for both the groups except ALP levels showed significant difference within normal limits. Radiographic evaluation revealed secondary healing with hard callus formation in group A and primary healing with negligible callus formation in group B. Weight Bearing Test revealed 100% recovery in 2 out of 5 cases (40%) and 4 out of 5 cases (80%) in group A and group B respectively. Cost of implants was lesser in group A (Rs. 276/-) than group B (Rs. 1440/-). Time required for surgery was longer in group B (101 minutes) than group A (42 minutes). Based on the present findings, interlocking nailing was considered better than intramedullary pinning.ThesisItem Open Access ROMIFIDINE AND ITS COMBINATION WITH KETAMINE IN DOG(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) SAIKIA, ANANGSHA; Sarma, B.Fifteen clinically affected dogs of either sex and different age groups were divided into three groups consisting of five dogs in each. Intramuscular injection of romifidine @ 40 µg/kg b. wt. was injected to group I; romifidine @ 30 µg/kg b. wt. and ketamine @ 5 mg/kg b. wt. to group II and romifidine @ 40 µg/kg b. wt. along with ketamine @ 5mg/kg b. wt. to group III. The induction time of 12.80 ± 0.80, 8.40 ± 0.24 and 5.80 ± 0.37 mins; duration of anaesthesia of 50.20 ± 1.11, 64.40 ±0.81 and 76.20 ± 0.96 mins and recovery time of 69.40 ± 2.29, 86.40 ± 0.74 and 94.40 ± 0.67 mins were recorded in group I, II and III. Complete analgesia was present in group III. All the animals exhibited muscle relaxation, cessation of tail movement and salivation. Smooth induction and recovery were recorded in all the groups. In dogs of all the groups heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, tidal volume, minute volume and oxygen saturation decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all three groups. Haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all the groups. Non-significant (p > 0.05) reduction of packed cell volume was recorded in group I while significant (p < 0.05) decreased level was recorded in group II and III. Total protein decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in group I but significant (p<0.05) decrease of total protein was recorded in other two groups. GGT, blood glucose, alkaline phosphatase, BUN, creatinine and cortisol increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the groups. Based on the observation, romifidine @ 40 g/kg b. wt. and ketamine @ 5 mg/kg b. wt. could be recommended for surgical procedures. Romifidine @ 30 g/kg b. wt. and ketamine @ 5mg/kg b. wt. is suggestive for minor surgical procedure while romifidine @ 40g /kg b. wt. is not recommended for clinical use.ThesisItem Open Access ROMIFIDINE, ROMIFIDINE-KETAMINE AND ITS REVERSAL WITH ATIPAMEZOLE IN BOVINE(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2017-01) SARMA, BIRAJ KUMAR; Sarma, BhupenTwenty four clinically affected bovine calves of either sex, weighing 100-150kgs were divided into four groups, containing of 6 calves in each group, where group-I received romifidine @ 20 µg/kg i.m., group-II received romifidine @ 40 µg/kg i.m., group-III received romifidine-ketamine (40µg/kg+2mg/kg) i.m., group-IV received atipamezole @ 40 µg/kg, i.V at 30 minutes following romifidine sedation. The induction time, duration and recovery time were 9.20±0.27, 78.50±4.47 and 101.67±2.58 minutes respectively in group-I, 7.83±0.34, 91.00±1.96 and 116.33±3.37 minutes respectively in group-II and 4.98±0.29, 101.50±1.58 and 126.17±3.21 minutes respectively in group-III. In group-IV, atipamezole reversed romifidine sedation in 1.07±0.38 minutes. Induction and recovery were smooth. Muscle relaxation and analgesia were good. Animals of all group exhibited signs of sedation with lowering of head, occasional bellowing, heavy upper eyelid (drowsiness), onset of salivation, reduced tail movement and signs of staggering. Polyurea was observed at recovery. Heart rate decreased significantly (P<0.05) in group-I, II and III. Respiration decreased significantly (P<0.05) and rectal temperature decreased non-significantly (P>0.05) in all the three groups. Respiratory tidal volume and Respiratory minute volume decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the group-I, II and III. MAP also decreased significantly (P<0.05) and SpO2 decreased non-significantly (P>0.05) in the group-I, II and III. Hb, PCV, TEC and ESR also decreased non-significantly (P>0.05) in group-I, II and III. Highly significant (P<0.01) increased of GGT in group-I, II and III and glucose, BUN and creatinine increased significantly (P<0.05) in all these three groups. Total protein decreased non-significantly (P>0.05) in group-I and II and decreased significantly (P<0.05) in group-III. Cortisol increased significantly (P<0.05) in all the four groups. Atipamezole effectively reversed the effects of romifidine and the values returned towards the pre-administration level within 15 minutes. Based on the findings of the study, romifidine –ketamine anaesthesia and its reversal by atipamezole can be suggested for use in clinically affected bovine calves.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ABDOMINAL AFFECTIONS IN CANINE(Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2017-07) KONWAR, BEDANGA; KALITA, DWIJENThe study was conducted on 66 dogs of either sex, belonging to all age groups, brought to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram with the history and clinical symptoms of abdominal disorders. The study was undertaken to correlate the findings of clinico-physiological, haemato-biochemical, radiographic and ultrasonographic studies for confirmatory diagnosis of disorders of gastro-intestinal, hepatobiliary, hematopoietic (spleen), urinary, female and male genital systems and abdominal wall defects in canine. All the animals were divided into seven groups as per the symptoms related to the systems: Group I (Gastrointestinal system), Group II (Hepatobiliary system), Group III (Hematopoietic (Spleen) system), Group IV (Urinary system), Group V (Female genital system), Group VI (Male genital system) and Group VII (Miscellaneous conditions). Animals were subjected for thorough linicophysiological and haemato-biochemical examinations. Two abdominal radiographs (Lateral and ventro-dorsal views) and whole abdomen ultrasonography were carried out for all the dogs. Out of the 66 cases, group distribution for the abdominal disorders were recorded highest with gastrointestinal system (33.33%), followed by female genital system (18.18%), hepatobiliary system (13.64%), urinary system (12.12%), haematopoietic (spleen) system (10.61%), male genital system (9.09%) and the lowest with abdominal wall defects (3.03%). Breed distributions were recorded highest in Mixed breed dogs (40.91%), followed by Pomeranian (25.76%), Mongrel (22.73%), German shepherd (6.06%), Cocker Spaniel (1.51%) and Pug (1.51%) respectively. Females (54.55%) were recorded highest incidence than male (45.45%). Age wise distribution were recorded highest in 2-3 and 3-4 years of age (18.18 %), followed by 4-5 years (15.15%), 5-6 years (13.64%), 0-1 years (9.10%), 1-2 years (7.57%), 6-7 and 7-8 years with 4.55% and lowest in 8-9, 9-10 and 10 years and above with 3.03% respectively. There were inconsistent and misleading clinico-physiological findings in disorders of gastro intestinal system, hepatobiliary system and splenic abnormality. In urinary system disorders, canine pyometra, abdominal wall rupture and diaphragmatic hernia, the clinico- physiological findings were useful. But, in male genital system disorders, the clinico-physiological symptoms often coincide with those of urinary system disorders. Haemato-biochemical examinations were recorded with significantly decreased Hb, PCV and TEC with leucocytosis and neutrophilia in all the cases of abdominal disorders. There was significantly decreased Na, K, TP and ALB with elevated ALP, BUN and SC for GIT disorders. In hepatobiliary disorders there were significantly decreased TP, ALB and GLU with significantly increased AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and total bilirubin. Significantly decreased TP, GLU and significantly increased AST, ALP, BUN, GGT and SC were recorded for splenic disorders. Urinary system disorders were recorded as significantly decreased Na with elevated BUN, SC and Ca level. Female genital system disorders were recorded as significantly decreased TP, ALB, with severe leucocytosis, neutrophilia and significantly increased AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, GGT and SC level. Prostatic hyperplasia and cysts were recorded as significantly decreased TP, ALB with significantly increased ALP, BUN and SC. Both radiography and ultrasonography was helpful for diagnosis of gastro intestinal disorders. The ultrasonography was a sensitive imaging technique for diagnosing hepatic affections; however, the sonographic diagnosis should be complimented with radiography and clinico-haematobiochemical studies. Radiography was useful for gross assessment of spleenic enlargement but it did not give the final diagnosis, while ultrasonography could be best exploited in spleenic disorders. For diagnosing urinary system disorders clinico-physiological symptoms, haematobiochemical profiles, radiography and ultrasonography were proved to be helpful. Pyometra was best diagnosed with ultrasonography and radiography. Radiography gave only a basic idea about prostatomegaly, while ultrasonography was more precise diagnostic tool, especially in examination of architecture of the prostate gland. For diagnosis of abdominal wall rupture and diaphragmatic hernia radiography was confirmative, but ultrasonography was felt appropriate to differentiate the hernial contents.
