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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Efficiency and ergonomic evaluation of farm women for maize shelling(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Kumari, Puja; Kala, ShishirWomen produce more than 50 per cent of the total world food (FAO, 1995). Women‟s contribution in agricultural labour force in developed countries is 36.7 per cent while, it is about 43.6 per cent in developing countries. Women workforce in agriculture was 35.1 in 1991, which rose to 39 per cent in 2001 and it was agriculture and allied sectors is 98 million, which is 37 per cent of total wage workers (Census, 2011). They perform almost all agricultural activities right from sowing to harvesting and post-harvest activities. Most of the drudgery prone tasks for women in agriculture are cutting, uprooting, transplanting, weeding, sowing alongwith post-harvest tasks like manual threshing of maize, millet and pulses sieving and cleaning. Traditionally shelling of maize is done either by threshing cobs or removal of seeds by hand. Studies have revealed that the farm activities are time and labour intensive, monotonous, repetitive and more drudgery prone are generally performed by the women. Since all the operations are done manually, which cause considerable physical and mental fatigue and other health problems. The root cause of their sufferings is unawareness or ignorance about improved technologies, age-old methods of doing the work, inappropriateness of the technology and attitudinal constraints such as innate conservation and resistance to change. Study was planned with objective to compare physiological work load and muscular pain and assess efficiency of Maize Sheller as compared to manual maize shelling. The study was conducted in Samastipur District of Bihar state. Samastipur is one of the thirty-eight Districts of Bihar in India. The District also boasts of a Central Agricultural University in Pusa, well known as Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar. From each selected village 30 respondents were selected by experimental was conducted on control group i.e 15 respondents from both the selected village and further information were gathered with the help of personal interview schedule. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency and ergonomic evaluation of farm women for maize shelling. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, related information were gathered pertaining to socio- personal profile, anthropometric measurement of respondents, physiological problem during maize shelling activities, various crop parameters and machine parameter. For getting results of the study data were analysed by applying suitable formula and statistical method i.e. percentage, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation and paired t-test were applied for getting accuracy of the results. The result of the study indicated that the socio personal profile of farm women in control and general group was found different. The study reveals that in case of control group an equal number of respondents i.e 33.30 per cent were in each three category of age. Whereas in general group the maximum number of respondents (46.6 %) were in age group of 21-30 years. Under control group (63.3 %) respondents were having their large family size. Whereas in general group majority of women (53.3 %) were having large family size. So far as family education of control group is concerned a majority of respondents had medium family educational status (50%). In general group a majority of respondents were having their medium education level (43.3%). In case of control group a maximum of respondents (43.3%) were belonged to EBC category. But in case of general group maximum respondents (36.6%) were belonged to OBC category. In both control and general group majority of respondents (60 %) were involved in farming. Data pertaining to ergonomic evaluation of farm women highlighted that in control group, majority of respondents had their body mass index (73.3 %) were in normal category. While in general group the majority of respondents (60%) were in normal category. Further the physiological data revealed that in traditional method the average energy expenditure of farm women was found higher (6.07 Kj m-1) than the Univ. developed maize sheller i.e. 6.04 Kj m-1 respectively. In traditional method total cardiac costs of work and physiological costs of work of respondents were found to be were found to be (172.51) and (9.76) respectively. Whereas in University developed maize sheller total cardiac costs of work and physiological costs of work were calculated to (75.65) and (17.40) respectively. The results pertaining to the output of machine which indicated that University developed maize sheller had its output of 70.20 (kg/hr) in comparison to traditional method 16.97 (kg/hr). This machine, findings highlighted that the output of the traditional method is very low. Average time taken for removing grain from five kg maize cobs was 17.68 minutes in case of traditional methods and by use of University developed maize sheller took only 4.28 minutes. The overall shelling efficiency of the traditional method was found to be 86.15 per cent, slightly less than the shelling efficiency of the University developed maize sheller was 87.73 per cent. The correlation coefficient of twenty two selected independent variables co- related with three dependent variables. The analysis of results related to output revealed that in the age group of 21-30 years the independent variables such as family type (0.700*) was found to be significant at 5% level of probability. Whereas time (0.996**) came to be significant at 1% level of probability. In University developed Maize Sheller result shows that the independent variables such as family size (0.693*) and height of respondents (0.650*) was found to be significant at 5 % level of probability. Whereas time (0.901**) came to be significant at 1 per cent level of probability. The analysis of results related to physiological cost of work revealed that in the age group of 21-30 years the independent variables such as family size (0.670*) and height (0.684*) was found to be significant at 5 per cent level of probability. While in the traditional method of maize shelling the posture inclination (-0.750*) was found to be negatively significant at 5% level of probability. While in the case of University developed maize sheller results shows that the independent variables like height (0.851**) was found to be significant at 1% level of probability. The analysis of results related to shelling efficiency of the machine revealed that in the under 21-30 years age group farm women the independent variables such as age (0.699*) was calculated to be significant at 5% level of probability. And posture Inclination (-0.699**) and moisture (-0.694*) was found to be negatively significant at 1% level of probability. While in University developed maize sheller results focused that the independent variable such as moisture (-0.667*) came to be significant at 5% level of probability. Manual shelling of maize is a time consuming and tedious operation. The heart rate responses showed that the activity is light. Though the activity is light but the women feel it as a maximum drudgery prone activity because of its monotony in performance, continuous sitting and performing it for a longer period of time. Hence Univ. developed maize sheller was found to be the good manual tools for the women performing maizs shelling as it saves not only the time but also gives high output and efficiency of farm women was found twice and save cardiac cost of worker per unit of output in comparison to the hand maize shelling.ThesisItem Open Access Online shopping behaviour of girl students: a study of RPCAU, Pusa(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar), 2019) Bee, Rubeena; Bala, ShivaniThe study was conducted in Samastipur district of Bihar. Due to the Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University situated in Pusa block. For the purpose of the study, the sample size 60 (30 Graduation & 30 Post-graduation) were selected purposively. To study the socio economic profile of the girl students, shopping behavior, risk factor and enhancing online shopping by the respondents. The independents variables included Personal and Demographic factor, shopping behavior and risk factor were taken as dependent variables. Data were collected with the help of a structured interview schedule. Appropriate statistical tests applied were percentage; frequencies, ranking and coefficient of correlation were computed. Background profile of the respondents showed that majority of the graduation 56.7 percent were belong to 18-20 year age but post-graduation respondents 70 percent were belong to 24-26 year age. Surprisingly it was found that all the graduation & post-graduation respondents were unmarried. Graduation respondents 36.7 percent were belong to other backward caste category, whereas 40 percent post-graduation respondents were fall in general and other backward caste. The study reveals that, maximum (66.7%) respondents belonged to nuclear family but (70%) post-graduation respondent belongs to nuclear family. This may be due to people want to leave only with their children not with their parents or grandparents. Online shopping is the most recent phenomenon in the Indian online space. Graduation and post-graduation student all ages visit the e-commerce websites regularly and buy the necessary of life. A preference measurement check was made to know the perception of consumer regarding the top e-commerce sites. Mostly respondents preferred Amazon, flip kart, Myntra, Snap deal and club factory.Com offering best price, good products and completely hassle-free shopping experience for our customers. The measure reason behind their perception was based on various discounts, easy payment facilities easy return facility, timely and express delivery. The study revealed that, majority of the respondents factor affecting online shopping behavior were superior selection time saving, convenience, product quality, products price and accessibility „shop anywhere and anytime‟. Are the main specific factors influence customer attitudes on online shopping. The technology oriented factors, „guaranteed quality‟ „cash on delivery‟ and discount in online shopping. On an average, majority of the respondents between below Rs.500 - 1500 were spending on purchasing product per month on shopping. Some of the graduation and post-graduation student purchasing product clothes, cosmetic product, books, foot ware and mobile purchased by online. This is due to girls and women are mostly tempted by sale, festive season, discount and offers like buy one get one free products. The variables viz., age & internet using behavior were found to be positive and significant correlated with online shopping behavior, source of income of respondents and computer literacy was positive significant correlated. Regarding post-graduation respondents possession of electronic device and internet using behavior was found to be positive and significant, source of income of respondents negative and significant. Variables viz. possession of electronic device and family type were significant and negative correlated with risk factor. In case of post-graduation respondents caste found to positive and significant correlated with the risk factors Computer literacy was found to be negatively significant with risk factor. Variables like Family size, internet using behavior and possession of electronic device were found to be but negative and significant.ThesisItem Unknown Use of Modern Household Equipment Among The Working And Non-Working Women In Samastipur District of Bihar-A Comparative Study.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2018) Kumari, Supriya; Bala, ShivaniHousehold equipments are the important equipments which are used in our day to day household activities like cooking, cleaning, exercising, purifying, food preservation etc. Now a day life has become busier as compared to earlier days. Both male and female are engaged in earning to meet their daily needs. That is why they need modern, fast and easy equipment which can save their time and energy. The study was conducted in Samastipur district of Bihar. Samastipur was selected purposively, as this type of study on women’s was not undertaken in this area. A sample of 60 women ‘s (Working and non working ) were selected randomly, to study the socio-economic profile of the women , extent of use, source of availability and time saving, problem faced in buying and using equipments by the respondents. The independent variables included personal, demographic and socio-economic factors, whereas extent of use and source of availability were taken as dependent variables. Data were collected with the help of well structured schedule by interviewing the respondents. Appropriate statistical were tests like frequencies,percentages, coefficient of correlation, regression coefficients were computed. Background profile of the respondents showed that majority of the working women (60%) were under middle age group whereas nonworking women (43.3%) came under old age group. Working respondents (73.3%) were Graduate & above, whereas, nonworking women’s (43.3%) had education up to intermediate level. All the respondents were married.In case of working women majority (63.3%) were engaged in government job and 36.7 % were doing private job. All the respondents were of general caste and the type of family was observed nuclear family for working women and nonworking womenbelonged to joint family, In case of family size maximum number of working respondents belonged to small family size whereas, non working having medium size of family. In case of annual family income, working respondents (43.3%) were found in income group of Rs 1, 00001 -3, 00000,whereas, nonworking respondents (53.3%) were having per annum income up to one lakh. Most of the working women (90%) and non working (66.7%) were observed that they did not have any social participation. only a meager number i.e. one working women was found a member of self help group and only seven non working respondents were member of same organization. Majority (80%) non working and 66.7 percent working women were found to use TV/radio as source of information. The study revealed that an important household item which was used by all the working respondents (100%) and about 93.3%bynon working respondents wasmixer followed by electric iron about (60%) working respondents washing machine. 33.3 percent non working women were found using washing machine. It was assessed that all of the respondents were using TV, inverter, gas stove and pressure cooker. In case of using peeler (93.3%) working respondents were found using this household item whereas in case of non working women it was observed 73.3%. With respect to use of grater by respondent it was assessed that working women were 86.7% and non working women 70%, respectively. About extent of use of household equipments majority of the (76.7%) working respondents werefoundalwaysusing mixer and non working women were assessed about 63.3% whereas, electric blender was found minimum in use by both of the respondents. Correlation analysis was applied to assess the relation between extent of use of household equipments and the socio-demographic conditions of the respondents. The result revealed that education and family income were found negative and significant correlationwith extent of use of modern equipments further, it was noticed that household equipments had positive and significant relation with extent of use of modern equipments in case of working women. The same trend was observed in case of non-working women. The correlation coefficient between dependent variables source of availability modern household equipments of working and non working women with selected independent variables revealed that social participation had negative and significant correlationwhile in case ofnon working women family type was found to be negatively significant at 5%probability level, and family size of respondent was alsoassessed to be negatively significant 1% probability level whereas, source of information utilized was found to be highly significant at 1% probability level. In the study it was also noticed that both types of respondent faced financial problems for buying and using modern household equipments. The other problems were duplicate equipment available in the market. In using electrical appliances erratic electric supply was identified as major problems and lack of space in their houses.The study revealed that use of modern household equipments of day to day workload of homemaker has been found important these days because there is an increased demand on the available resource of women who perform dual role at work at home. These equipments play an important role in improving the physical quality of life by making time consuming and difficult household chores easier. For a homemaker the modern household equipments are those devices which are time and energy saving and help in improving the quality of life. By considering these factors along with the findings and application of work study, a homemaker can be complete more work in less time with minimum efforts.ThesisItem Unknown Study on Saving and Investment Behaviour of High school and College Teachers in Samastipur District of Bihar(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumari, Asmita; Bala, ShivaniThe study was undertaken in Samastipur district of Bihar selected purposively, as this type of study on teachers were not undertaken in this area. A sample of 80 teachers (high school and college) were selected randomly, to study the socio-economic profile of the teachers, saving and investment behaviour, saving and investment avenues, factors affecting saving and investment behaviour and constraints faced by the respondents. The independent variables included personal, demographic and socio-economic factors, whereas saving and investment behaviour and preference regarding saving and investment institutions were taken as dependent variables. Data were collected with the help of a structured interview schedule. Appropriate statistical tests applied were percentages, frequencies regression coefficient, paired t-test and weighted mean score. Background profile of the respondents showed that majority of high school respondents were of middle age group (67.5%) followed by college respondents (47.5%) were age group i.e. between above 51 years, high school (teachers) were post-graduate (60%) followed by college (teachers) Ph.D (60%) and high school teachers, having joint families whereas college teachers, nuclear families with medium family size, getting family income of high school respondents Rs. up to Rs.1,00000 per month whereas college respondents were Rs.1,00001-3,00000 per month followed by personal income of high school respondents up to 50,000 per month whereas college respondents were Rs.50,001-1,00000 per month belonged to general caste. Most of the high school and college respondents were used broker as the main sources of information followed by often and sometimes. Majority of teachers were saving their money in banks. Regarding percentage of saving, the high school teachers were fall in 10% of category followed by college teachers, percentage was highest that is 11-20% categories and majority of the teachers were saved as a part of their money every month. Regarding mode of expenditure, most of the teachers were always used as cash. As per the regular flow of expenditure were education and household expenditure of teachers whereas regarding spending pattern of the respondents was highest on regular monthly expenses. As per record keeping habit of the respondents of income and expenditure were kept their sometimes and mostly of the respondents were not in this habit i.e. never. Most of the teachers (high school and college) were used bank as most preferred avenues due to causes related safety and also they invest in government sector due to moderate risk. Regarding difference between male and female teachers, saving mode, female teachers saved in banks of their big part of saving in bank whereas male teachers they kept their income generally in hand as compared to female teachers. As per the finding shows that purpose of saving of high school respondents was children education and college teachers was saving for their emergencies. As per the objective of investment was their children’s education, the percentage of investment was 10-20% and period of investment was annually by all the respondents, short term goal of investment was returns and long term goal of investment was children’s future. Respondents were preferred to save in commercial banks followed by highly preferred to save in recurring deposits and highly influenced by income as saving followed by influenced investment decision i.e. safety. Saving behaviour of high school teachers was found to be highly significant and positively related with the variables personal income. In case of saving behaviour of college teachers was found to be positive and highly significant with variables viz., education, family income (at 1% probability level) and other variables viz., age, family type, mode of expenditure and avenues available ( at 5% probability level). The variables viz. age was found to be highly significant (at 1% probability level) and positively co-related and family income was also found to be positive and significant (at 5% probability level) with investment behaviour of high school teachers. Independent variables viz. personal income was found to be highly significant (at 1% probability level) and positively co-related and family type was also found to be significant (at 5% probability level) with investment behaviour of college teachers. The variable viz. mode of expenditure was found to be significant (at 5% probability level) with preference of saving and investment institutions. Independent variable viz. education was found to be significant with the preference of saving and investment institutions. Paired-t-test (saving and investment behaviour) were applied to examine the significance of differences between High school and College teachers and it was found that the t-value (4.350**) and (9.793**) which were significant at 1% of probability level. Heavy time demand was the major social and personal constraints, faced by a majority of high school and college respondents followed by higher expenditure on children education. Constraints of children marriage, maintenance of the family members and house was seen under economic constraints, faced by majority of the respondents. Related to children constraints, maintaining proper disciplined followed by taking children for outing were faced. Many of the respondents faced feeling of anxiety and emotional stress for safety and their children future. They also faced constraints in insufficient money for health care and poor health of self of both the respondents.ThesisItem Unknown A Study on Ergonomic Evaluation of Rural and Urban Kitchen Design for Work Effectiveness(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Parveen, Nikhat; Kala, ShishirAs per World Bank report 2014 the Indian female population comprised of 48.16 percent of total population of our country. Approximately 92 percent women works in their kitchen. The kitchen is the heart of the home because food has an important role to play in our lives. The Indian woman spends on an average 5-6 hours in their kitchen which may amount to approximately one fourth of her life span. The work area and environment of kitchen plays an important role in affecting the health of the housewife. Ergonomically designed kitchen make the work more comfortable and workers more efficient. On the other hand, ergonomic designed kitchen has become the need of the women as ergonomics contributes to the designing and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of the people. Use of ergonomic science in disposing of the day to day workload of housewife has been found important these days because there is an increased demand on the available resource of women who perform dual type of work both inside and outside of the home, she requires a lot of energy and time to complete work inside and outside the home with satisfaction and desired standards. The study was conducted in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar state. Muzaffarpur is one of the largest commercial and education centre in North Bihar. Muzaffarpur is an administrative District in the state of Bihar in India. The District occupies an area of 3,173 sq. km and it occupies both rural and urban area. From each selected rural and urban area 30 respondents were selected by random method and further information were gathered with the help of personal interview schedule. The main purpose of this research is to ergonomically evaluate the respondent’s kitchen design in both rural and urban area for work effectiveness. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, related information were gathered pertaining to socio-economic profile, anthropometric measurement of the respondent, physiological problem during performing kitchen activity, energy expenditure during various kitchen activity and remedies for ideal kitchen. For getting results of the study data were analyzed by applying suitable formula and statistical method i.e. percentage, mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation, paired t-test and z-test were applied for getting accuracy of the results. The results of the study indicated that the socio-economic profile of respondents in rural and urban area was found different. The study reveals that in case of rural area a majority of the respondents (46.70%) were in age group of 18-30 years. Whereas in urban area the maximum respondents (43.30%) were in age group of 43-55 years. In rural areas fifty percent respondents had their medium family size (6-10) while in urban area majority of respondents (66.70%) had small family size (below 6). So far as family education of respondents in rural area is concerned a majority of respondents (46.70%) having low family education status (2.1-3.8) and in urban area a large majority of respondents (70%) had high education level (6.1-7.8). The results pertaining to the kitchen design in both rural and urban area indicated that in rural area a majority of respondents (40%) were using one wall kitchen and more than half of the respondents (53.30%) were using L-shaped kitchen. In case of rural area respondents (40%) had kitchen size 10x12 to 12x14 feet, while in urban area maximum respondents (50%) possessed their kitchen size below 6x8 feet. In case of rural area majority of respondents (66.60%) had adopted traditional kitchen design while in urban area majority of respondents (66.70%) had adopted modern kitchen design. In case of rural area ninety percent of respondents had open shelves for storage provisions while in urban area (66.70%) respondents had cupboards for storage of items in their kitchen. In rural area maximum number of respondents (80%) had their cooking counter height between 15- 45 cm and in urban area half of the respondents (50%) had their cooking counter height 15-45 cm. A majority of respondents (96.70%) had adopted sitting posture for cooking activity in rural area while a large majority of respondents (96.70%) had adopted standing posture for cooking activity in urban area. In case of rural area majority of respondents (63.30%) were non-vegetarian whereas (36.70%) respondents were found to be vegetarian. In case of urban maximum number of respondents (66.70%) were non vegetarian. The analysis of results related to anthropometric dimensions of respondents indicated that the mean height of rural women was 145.17 cm. whereas mean height of urban women was noted to be 151.87 cm. So far as the mean weight of rural women is concerned it was calculated to be 51.92 kg where as mean weight of urban women was 56.15 kg. In rural area mean value of Body Mass Index of respondents was 24.60 whereas in urban area respondents it was found 24.48. Results pertaining to energy expenditure of the respondents for performing kitchen activities highlighted that in rural area the highest energy required for grinding mashala on stone i.e. 4.887 with + 0.183 with SD value 1.007, while in urban area among all the selected activities energy expenditure was found to be highest for washing utensils and which was followed by the activity of preparation of dough i.e. 4.780 with std. error + 0.138 with SD value 0.757 and 4.666 with std. error + 0.145 with SD value 0.797 respectively and lowest mean value of energy expenditure for chapatti making was found to be 4.302 with std. error + 0.127 with SD value 0.697. The correlation coefficient of twenty four selected independent variables co-related with two dependent variables. In rural area results of kitchen design highlighted that five independent variables found to be significant i.e. the respondent’s education (-0.305)*, FES (-0.227)*, family occupation (-0.365)*, and type of house (-0.203)* came to be negatively significant at 5% level of probability, whereas source of water (0.257)* was found to be positively significant at 5% level of probability. In urban area results shows that independent variable i.e. type of family (0.204)* found to be significant at 5% level whereas family income (-0.228)* and respondent income (-0.234)* were found to be negatively significant at 5% level of probability. The value of paired t-test related to anthropometric parameters of both the categories except for height (-4.451)** no significant difference was found in anthropometric parameters of groups under study and t-value of kitchen design and working posture was found to be highly significant at 1% level of probability i.e. (6.774**) and (3.730**) respectively. Further findings of the study revealed the remedies to improve kitchen design for work effectiveness in both the rural and urban area. The analysis of overall data results indicated that majority of respondents (98.30%) preferred to have closed and pacca kitchen followed by other changes i.e. liked to have standing type (modern) kitchen (68.30%). As far as storage facilities is concerned a large number of respondents (96.70%) expressed to have their shelves at appropriate and convenient height (15-45 cm). Besides majority of respondents (96.70%) reported to have proper lighting arrangement in their kitchen for performing various activities efficiently. Whereas maximum respondents (71.70%) were satisfied with the direction (East-West) of their kitchen and also majority of respondents (55%) liked the size of their kitchen i.e. 6x8 feet-8x10 feet. If these findings will be applied for construction of a kitchen, a homemaker can performed more works in less time with their minimum efforts as well as exertion. Now a days it has become a challenge for homemakers to accomplish household chores efficiently as they have to bear the duel burden of managing their home, carrier oriented outside works and also disbursing the responsibilities of participating in economic activities to boost up their family income. Hence, homemakers need to perform their household works especially the cooking related activities in an ergonomic designed kitchen, which will certainly reduces the physiological and temporal cost of homemakers, leading to increase their works productivity. In nut shell, it can be concluded that the women can perform all the kitchen activities efficiently in ergonomically designed kitchen which will increase her work effectiveness leading to more productive works. This will certainly spare the homemakers to disburse other important economic activities for the welfare of their family and there by contributing for our nation.ThesisItem Open Access Management Practices of Women and Economic Viability of Microenterprises in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar.(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2016) Kumari, Rambha; Kala, ShishirMicroenterprise play an important role in local economies and a large percentage of women are engaging in developing countries. Microenterprise is emerging as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation in the new economy. Microenterprise is the key to generate employment opportunities as well as income earning avenues to both landless women and land holding people. The study was conducted in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar state. Bihar. Many District of Bihar State are industrial such as Bhagalpur, Mungher, Barauni, Muzaffarpur etc. Present study was carried out in Muzaffarpur District because this is the main industrial hub of Bajjikanchal region and has many industries ranging from small to big, where a lots of women are involved in industry works. From this District two microenterprises were selected i.e. papad making enterprise and agarbatti making enterprise situated at Rambag and Kalibadi Road respectively. From each microenterprises 40 respondents were selected by random method and further information were gathered with the help of personal interview schedule.. The main purpose of this research is to find out the management practices of women and economic viability of microenterprises, relationship between socio economic background and the management practices of women engaged in microenterprises. Keeping in view the objectives related information were gathered socio economics profile, entrepreneurial characteristics, decision making practices, time management practices, economic viability and constraints perceived by women in selected microenterprise. Thus, for getting results of the study, data were analysed for applying suitable formula and statistical method i.e. percentage, coefficient of correlation, multiple regression and ANOVA were applied for getting accuracy of the results. The result of the study indicated that that the socio economic status of women’s engaged in agarbatti and papad making enterprise was found different. The study reveals that in AME, majority of respondents (37.5%) were of 20-30 years and 60 percent were belonged to other caste (Muslim), while in case of papad making enterprise, a maximum of respondents (60%) were of 30-40 years and 42.5 percent women were SC/ST. In AME, majority of respondents (65%) were working in the microenterprise since last 1-5 years whereas in PME, majority of respondents (30%) were engaged in microenterprise since 10-15 years. As far as management practices of women in microenterprise is concerned results shows that most of the enterprise activities was performed by the women. The economic viability was calculated and found that both the microenterprise will sustain for long time because cost benefit ratio came to 1.81 and 1.11 of agarbatti making and papad making enterprises respectively. The results pertaining to the constraints perceived by the women indicated that women have faced various constraints like socio- personal, psychological, economical, communicational, work place and health related problem which varied from type of microenterprise. In AME maximum of women (95%) expressed lack of Govt. policy followed by 90 percent women faced lack of effective training programme whereas in PME a large majority of respondents (95%) faced lack of effective training programme, followed by 92.5 percent women expressed lack of pertinent knowledge and skill about innovation and 87.5 percent women faced lack of Govt. policy. The correlation coefficient of socio economic profile taken as independent variable co-related with three dependent variable. In AME the results of decision making pattern of women highlighted seven independent variables found to be significant such as age (.208*), caste (.301*), family occupation (.208*), land holding (.245*), economic motivation (.324*), self actualization motivation (-.332*), and achievement motivation (.316*) while in PME, family size (.323*) and family education status (.315*) are found to be significant at 5% level of significant. The study also shows that constraints related to socio-personal, psychological, economical, communicational, work place and health value. Due to the dual role of a housewife and as a business women they are surviving easily in both sector. So, there is a need to meet cooperation from family members so that they may be maintain routine for household and working hours in microenterprise. According to women priority of health constraints they have felt often stressed/ worried and backache after assuming the entrepreneurial role, So traditional method should not be applied for product preparation because it consumes a lots of time and energy. Provision of drudgery reducing tools for product preparation and met leisure period between heavy and light work.