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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL BIOMOLECULES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS ON BmNPV AND ASSOCIATED BACTERIAL ISOLATES IN Bombyx mori L.(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-08) ANITHARANI, K. V.; R. N. BHASKARFlacherie is a serious disease of silkworm caused due to bacteria and virus. To manage this disease several chemical based bed disinfectants are being used, which leave residual toxicity in rearing bed and are not found eco-friendly. In view of these constraints, botanicals with antimicrobial biomolecules could be found as an alternative to control flacherie. Biomolecules found in the medicinal plants were estimated and separated from Adhatoda vasica and Phyllanthus niruri. The alkaloids, phenols, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates and flavonoids were found maximum in methanolic extract of P. niruri (10.08, 14.36, 401.19, 38.30, 52.01 and 64.83 g/g) followed by A. vasica compared to aqueous extracts. Further, methanolic (7.50 and 8.11 mm) and phenolic extracts (9.23 and 9.40 mm) of P. niruri exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus sciuri at 10-7 dilution on 24 and 48 hours of incubation. Further, the methanolic extract of P. niruri was recorded maximum larval, biochemical and cocoon parameters in healthy and pathogen (BmNPV and S. sciuri) inoculated silkworms (PM×CSR2). Among biomolecules, phenols of P. niruri administered to silkworms recorded higher protein, lipid, carbohydrate and trehalose (23.35, 1.11, 29.83 and 18.13., 28.67, 1.23, 31.90 and 21.14 mg/ml) content. Furthermore, the maximum larval weight (27.76 and 26.78 g/10), minimum larval duration (26.90 and 26.07 days), mortality (8.00 and 7.00 %) and maximum ERR (91.33 and 92.67 %) were recorded in phenols administered silkworms. The cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, filament length, NBFL and denier (1.56, 0.243 g, 15.81 %, 797.63, 670.69 m and 2.39., 1.56, 0.258 g, 16.60 %., 865.13, 865.13 m and 2.21) were also found maximum in phenols of P. niruri administered pathogen inoculated silkworms followed by tannins and alkaloids in both fourth and fifth instars.ThesisItem Embargo GENETICS OF WHITE MUSCARDINE DISEASE RESISTANCE IN THERMOTOLERANT BIVOLTINE SILKWORMS (Bombyx mori L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-18) CHANDRAKALA; MANJUNATH, GOWDAThree thermotolerant bivoltine silkworm breeds viz., B1, B4 and B8 were crossed with CSR4 to study the genetics of white muscardine disease resistance using six generation mean analysis and disease scoring using mean, geometric and hormonic productivity. The fifth instar silkworms were topically inoculated with muscardine fungus (9.04 × 104 spores / ml @ 0.5 ml per silkworm) and assessed. Cocoon, shell, pupal and filament weights showed high heritability (h2) and high genetic advance (GA) and larval duration, cocoon yield by weight, shell ratio, pupation rate and filament length showed high h2 and low GA both under normal condition and muscardine inoculation. Six generation mean analysis for the five quantitative traits viz., larval, cocoon, pupal and shell weights and shell ratio, revealed inadequacy of additive-dominance model indicating epistatic digenic interactions both under normal condition and muscardine inoculation. Duplicate-type epistasis played a greater role than complementary epistasis for all the five traits under normal condition. Under muscardine inoculation complementary epistatic gene action was observed for larval, cocoon and pupal weights. The magnitude of additive gene effects [d], additive genetic variance (σ2A), dominance gene effects [h] and dominance genetic variance (σ2D) under muscardine inoculation indicated significant epistatic gene action in controlling these traits. The disease scoring for B. bassiana infection revealed that B1 × CSR4 and B4 × CSR4 hybrids showed high resistance in terms of larval and shell weights and resistance in terms of cocoon weight and shell ratio implying they being resistant hybrids and among the parents, B1 and B4 showed resistance in terms of larval and shell weights and shell ratio while moderate resistance in terms of cocoon and pupal weights. Thus, B1 and B4 can be considered as muscardine disease resistant thermotolerant bivoltine silkworm breeds. Further, the genetic parameters revealed that, hybridization and selection in later generations may yield desired results to improve muscardine disease resistant in these breeds.ThesisItem Open Access GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION FOR GROWTH AND YIELD PARAMETERS OF TREE MULBERRY GENOTYPES IN DIFFERENT SEASONS AND BIOASSAY STUDIES OF SILKWORM Bombyx mori L.(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2021-01-10) AHALYA, B N; CHIKKALINGAIAHExploitation of Genotype x Environment interaction for growth and yield parameters of tree mulberry genotypes in different seasons and Bioassay studies of silkworm Bombyx mori L. was undertaken during 2017-20 at the Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore-65. The mean data of each genotype for stability on thirteen yield and yield contributing traits were subjected to analysis of variance for different seasons. It is revealed that based on the selection indices, S6-rainy season 2019 was found more favourable for mulberry genotypes for good expression of shoot height, number of branches per tree, number of leaves per tree and leaf yield per tree. Variance due to G х S(linear) was moderately significant for number of branches per tree, total shoot length and single leaf area. Based on the stability parameters viz., mean(x̅), regression(bi) and deviation from regression(S2di) of eight tree mulberry genotypes indicated, V1 yielded stable performance across the seasons for most of the traits viz., number of leaves per tree, leaf yield per tree, fresh leaf weight, single leaf area, moisture content and moisture retention capacity. The biochemical constituents of leaves of eight different tree mulberry genotypes were estimated. Among the genotypes, V1 recoded highest nitrogen content (3.62%), phosphorous (0.52%), potassium (1.38%), crude protein (22.67%), ash content (9.65%), crude fibre (9.33%), chlorophyll (2.41mg/g), phenols (3.52mg/100g), amino acid (9.39mg/g), carbohydrate (22.39%), sugar (14.13%) and starch content (13.48%). The bioassay studies of larval and cocoon parameters in different seasons revealed that the rearing performance of silkworms was better in rainy season followed by summer and winter seasons. By considering mean performance of silkworm in different seasons V1 recorded highest larval and cocoon parameters viz., larval weight (28.62g), cocoon weight(1.80g), shell weight (0.31g), pupal weight (1.48g), effective rate of rearing (94.89%), filament length(805.37cm), filament weight(0.26g), filament denier (2.87) and silk productivity(3.63cg/day).ThesisItem Embargo EFFECT OF CULTIVATED SEA PLANT (Kappaphycus sp.) EXTRACTS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MULBERRY AND SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2020-12-28) YESHIKA, M P; BANUPRAKASH, K GThree sets of experiments were conducted separately using four formulations of the sea plant extract (SPE) viz., LBD3, LBD12, LBS6 and LBS13 in different concentrations. In the first set, SPE were used as foliar spray on mulberry where LBS13 @ 1.5 ml/l and LBS6 @ 1.5 ml/l recorded increased growth and quality parameters at 30, 45 and 60 DAP and also improved the rearing and reeling parameters of silkworms when fed with treated leaves. LBS13 @ 1.5 ml/l and LBS6 @ 1.5 ml/l were also found to boost the immunity of worms against BmNPV when the leaves harvested from treated plants were fed to the inoculated batches. Sea plant extracts were fortified and fed to the healthy silkworms, LBD12 @1.5 ml/l, LBD3 @ 6ml/l and LBS13 @ 1.5 ml/l increased growth of worms and enhanced the cocoon weight. In the virus inoculated batches, the immunity against BmNPV infection was significantly enhanced in the larvae upon feeding mulberry leaves fortified with LBD12 @1.5 ml/l and LBD3 @ 6ml/l. In the third set, the best combination of the treatments based on observations of the two sets of experiments was considered for assessing the influence on performance of silkworms. Among different combinations, C5 (Foliar application of LBS6 @ 1.5 ml/l + Fortification with LBD12 @ 1.5 ml/l) performed better for all the rearing and reeling parameters of both healthy and BmNPV inoculated batch of silkworms. It was clearly evident from the present study that the biostimulants (LBS 13 and 6 @ 1.5 ml/l each) used as foliar spray followed by leaf fortification of bio-defence molecules (LBD 12 @ 1.5 ml/l and LBD 3 @ 6 ml/l) enhance the growth and boost immunity in silkworms against BmNPV infection.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF THERMOTOLERANT BIVOLTINE SILKWORM BREEDS THROUGH BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES OF SERINE PROTEASE INHIBITORS AND PROPHENOLOXIDASE CHALLENGED WITH Beauveria bassiana (Bals. - Criv.) Vuill(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 2022-03-29) SAHANA, K.P; Manjunath, Gowdastudy was conducted to assess the performance of thermotolerant bivoltine silkworm breeds against Beauveria bassiana infection by understanding the ctivities of serine protease inhibitors (SPI) and prophenoloxidase (PPO) in relation to susceptibility vis-a-vis resistance of silkworms to the fungus, during 019-2021 at the Department of Sericulture, UAS, Bangalore. The B. bassiana isolate used in the study was originally collected from Shidlagatta in Karnataka nd named as SHDL. In-vitro assessment of B. bassiana protease showed highest subtilisin-like (Pr1) activity than trypsin-like (Pr2) activity in both intracellular nd extracellular fractions. Standardization of working protocol for determining the SPI and PPO activities revealed that succinyl-(alanine) 2- prolinephenylalanine-p-nitroanilide and DOPA to be better substrates, respectively. Upon injection of extracellular fraction of B. bassiana protease to ten ilkworm breeds viz., B1, B2, B4, B6, B8, APS12, APS45, CSR2, CSR4 and Pure Mysore, B1 and B6 breeds recorded highest SPI activity both in the cuticle nd the haemolymph. B1 and B2 breeds exhibited highest PPO activity in the cuticle, whereas its activity in the haemolymph was highest in B4 and CSR2 reeds. Phenotypic performance of the breeds under high temperature and fungal stress conditions showed that, the thermotolerant breeds B1 and B4 thrived ell with respect to both survival and quantitative parameters under both the stresses. The expression of BmSPI38 and BmPPO1 genes in B1, CSR4 and Pure ysore showed strong expression of BmPPO1 gene in B1 breed than the other two. Further, prophenoloxidase gene expression markedly corresponded to esistance of silkworm breeds to B. bassiana inoculation. Thus, the thermotolerant breed B1 could be dual stress resistant as revealed by SPI and PPO ctivities, phenotypic performance and immune genes expression under B. bassiana infectionThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LEAF ROLLER, Diaphania pulverulentalis (HAMPSON) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF MULBERRY AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO INSECTICIDES WITH VARIED MODES OF ACTION AND THEIR SAFETY TO SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L.(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-08-23) SUNIL KUMAR, T.; RAMAKRISHNA NAIKAThe experiment was carried out in the Department of Sericulture, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, and Bengaluru during 2016-2019. The survey on leaf roller indicated that, the incidence was peak during September 2018 (38.15 %) at Ramanagara and October 2017 (40.12 %) at Chintamani. The correlation studies revealed that, there was significantly negative influence of maximum temperature and significantly positive influence of relative humidity, rain fall and biotic factors on the abundance of leaf roller. The insecticide emamectin benzoate caused maximum pest reduction (83.00 %) after 9 days of spray under field condition, followed by chlorofenapyr (82.51 %), fipronil (82.34 %), azadirachtin (81.66 %), lambda-cyhalothrin (79.57 %), novaluron (78.46 %) and profenofos (77.37 %). The bioassay studies indicated that, lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate highly toxic even after 30 days after spray (DAS). However, the rearing parameters recorded with chlorofenapyr @ 10 DAS, azadirachtin and novaluron at 25 DAS, profenofos and fipronil at 30 DAS which were on par with dichlorvos and untreated control. The findings of present study clearly indicated that the insecticide chlorofenapyr was safe to silkworms even at 10 DAS followed by azadirachtin and novaluron at 25 days after spraying and profenofos and fipronil at 30 days after spraying.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF SILKWORM (Bombyx mori L.) PUPAL RESIDUE FOR BIOCONTROL AND VALUE ADDITION(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 2018-08-30) VISHAKA, G. V.; Narayanaswamy, T. K.The present study was undertaken to utilize silkworm pupae disposed by silk reeling units viz., Vijayapura, Sidlaghatta and Chintamani of Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka. Designed special equipment for extraction of silkworm pupal residue biosoft descent (SPRBD) from silkworm pupal residue collected from reeling units. Significantly higher quantity of 3.10 Kg (52 %) SPRBD was extracted at 18 tonnes pressure. Invitro evaluation of SPRBD exhibited that at 40 %, significantly highest inhibition of 100 % mycelial growth was documented for Alternaria solani followed by 90.00 % (Fusarium oxysporium). Evaluation of SPRBD against Alternaria solani under glass house conditions proved minimum disease severity at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days (6.70, 14.33, 28.93 and 43.10 %) in the tomato plants treated with SPRBD @ 10 % before and after incidence of disease (T6: SPRBD @ 10% spray before and after inoculation with Alternaria solani). The SPRBD as nutrient source on tomato yielded highest plant height (96.20 cm), number of branches per plant (28.67), number of flowers per plant (87.67), stem girth (2.17cm) recorded on 90 days after planting, respectively in T4 (SPRBD @ 4 % + T8- Recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM/ha/year). Significantly highest Shoot weight (173.10 g), root weight (10.17 g) and total biomass per plant (37.23 g) was yielded at harvest stage. The yield parameters like total number of fruits (50.17), fruit weight (50.50 g) and fruit yield per plant (4.27 kg) was exhibited highest in T4 (SPRBD @ 4 % + T8). The silkworm pupal Dark Chocolate (SPDC), silkworm Pupal White Chocolate (SPWC) and silkworm pupal tamarind ball (SPTB) with 5 per cent SPRP incorporated and for masala cookies 7 per cent was found to be best accepted with scores for appearance (8.0, 7.4,7.5 and 7.8), colour (8.1, 7.6, 7.6 and 7.6), texture (8.1, 7.4, 7.8 and8.0), aroma (8.0,7.4 ,7.8 and 7.4), taste (8.2,7.5 ,7.0 and7.6) and overall acceptability (8.2,7.4,7.7 and7.6).ThesisItem Open Access BIORESPONSES OF MULBERRY (Morus spp.) AND SILKWORM (Bombyx mori L.) TO SILKWORM PUPAL PROTEIN AND COMPOST(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-09-28) MAHESH, D. S.; Narayanaswamy, T. KAn experiment was conducted during 2015-17 by application of 50% N through SPB + 50% N + recommended dose of P & K/ha/year through chemical fertilizers (T6) recorded highest major nutrients content (available N, P2O5 and K2O of 286.50, 50.18 and 186.32 kg/ha) in soil, highest mulberry growth (plant height of 163.72cm), leaf yield (1005.37g/plant) and quality parameters like leaf moisture (74.26 %), total chlorophyll (2.45mg/g), crude protein (20.16%), total soluble protein (12.02%) and total soluble sugar (13.12%). Further, significantly higher silkworm rearing parameters such as, mature larval weight (38.63g/10), less fifth instar larval duration (156.10 hours), total sugar (2.47 %), lipid (2.98 %), highest ERR (98.80%), lower disease incidence (1.20%) and cocoon parameters like maximum single cocoon weight (1.88g), shell weight (0.30g), shell ratio (15.95%), cocoon filament length (915.70m), least denier (2.29), fibroin (20.85μg/ml) and sericin (11.86μg/ml) content were recorded when silkworm fed with mulberry leaves of T6 treatment. Significantly higher mulberry growth (plant height of 158.81 cm), leaf yield (1047.92 g/plant) and quality parameters like higher leaf moisture (74.33), total chlorophyll (2.58 mg/g), total sugars (13.22 percent), total soluble protein (12.18 percent) and crude protein (21.14 percent) were recorded in V1 variety sprayed with SPP @ 2 percent + RDF + 20 MT FYM/ha/year (T6) at 60th day after pruning. Further, significantly higher silkworm rearing parameters like mature larval weight (38.78g/10), fifth instar larval weight (38.78g/10), less fifth instar larval duration (156.58 hours) , total sugar (2.52 %), lipid (3.04 %), lesser disease incidence (0.89 %), higher effective rate of rearing (99.10 %) and cocoon parameters like maximum single cocoon weight (1.92 g), shell weight (0.31 g), shell ratio (16.14 %), cocoon filament length (922.14 m), lowest denier (2.27), fibroin (21.09 μg/ml)and sericin (12.02 μg/ml) respectively were recorded when silkworm fed with mulberry leaves of T6 treatment.ThesisItem Open Access EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF MIXED INFECTION (FLACHERIE DISEASE) OF SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L. AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ASSOCIATED BACTERIA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-10-10) ANUSHA, H. G.; Bhaskar, R. N.The studies on “Epizootiology of mixed infection (flacherie disease) of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and molecular characterization of associated bacteria” revealed that, there are ten bacterial isolates were isolated from different sources, only three isolates were used for molecular identification through 16S rRNA gene and in vivo study with BmNPV. As per the sequencing sof organisms, the isolated bacteria 1 had 95 percent similarity with Lysinibacillus sphaericus (LS), isolated bacteria 2 had 99 per cent similarity with Alcaligence faecalis (AF) strain SDK 2 which was reported first time in the infected silkworm. Isolated bacteria 3 had 99 per cent similarity with Bacillus subtilis C11 (BS). Inoculation of three bacterial isolates to third, fourth and fifth instar revealed, extended moulting and larval duration. In addition, ET50 for mortality and symptoms expression days were recorded maximum of 10.98 (AF) and 13.34 (AF) followed by 8.66 (BS+LS) and 10.76 (BS+LS) and minimum was recorded in combination of 5.05 (N+LS+AF) and 6.50 days (N+BS+LS). In dual inoculation viz., LS+AF (56.10, 47.95 and 52.05 %), AF+LS (48.02, 40.10 and 59.90 %), BS+LS recorded 46.81, 40.43 and 59.57 per cent number of worms entered to spinning, effective rate of rearing and larval mortality respectively. The BS+LS inoculated batches were recorded more cocoon weight (1.20, 1.25 1.32 g), shell weight (0.19, 0.22, 0.26 g) and shell percentage (15.83, 17.60 and 19.69 %) in all the three instars where as, the minimum was in BS+LS+N compared to control. It was clearly inferred that, the newly identified AF found to be less pathogenic compared to in combination.
