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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access INNOVATIVE APPROACHES THROUGH HYDROPONICS AND AEROPONICS FOR HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-12-28) RAJATHA, K. D.; RAJENDRA PRASAD, S.An experiment was designed to evaluate the suitability of the hydroponics (M2) and aeroponics (M3) methods over conventional method (M1) for hybrid seed production of tomato. An initial trial for standardization of nutrients and pH for aeroponics and hydroponics was conducted. Among the 6 different nutrient solutions the crop performance was better in Hoagland’s solution with pH range 5.5-7. The main trial was conducted for hybrid seed production in tomato with 12 treatments comprising 3 methods of production, 2 parental lines (TAG 1F and TAG 2F) and 2 different seed treatment (S1: Control and S2: Thiram @ 2 g kg-1 + chlorpyrifos @3 g kg-). The experiment was laid in FCRD design with three replications. The results of the revealed that, among the parental lines, TAG 1F performed better under all the methods of hybrid seed production. Aeroponics and hydroponics performed better than the conventional method due to better availability of nutrients and aeration, huge root biomass in soil-less system. Aeroponics showed the significantly higher plant length (140.94 cm), LAI (6.99), early fruit maturity (95.23 days), fruit weight (124.54 g), total biomass (106.44mg) and test weight (0.39 g). Similarly hydroponics showed the significantly higher number of fruit plant-1 (45.84), seed yield fruit-1 (13.6mg) and number of seeds per fruit-1 (97.65) but conventional method showed the higher plant spread (87.35 cm). Although the cost incurred was comparatively higher is soil-less method, the gross return was 94.68 per cent higher under aeroponics and 79.22 per cent higher under hydroponics compared to conventional method. The return per rupee (B:C ratio) was found higher in aeroponics (2.08) followed by hydroponics (1.97) and lower under conventional method (1.87). It is inferred that, soil-less agriculture could be a promising tool for quality and healthy hybrid tomato seed production throughout the year with in protected cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SEED DETERIORATION IN GERMPLASM ACCESSIONS OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L. Merrill)(University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Bengaluru, 2018-09-24) SHRUTHI, K.; Siddaraju, R.The field and laboratory experiments were carried out for the characterization and assessment of seed deterioration in germplasm accessions of soybean during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Out of 825 germplasm accessions, a core set of 98 accessions were selected for variability assessment and significant differences were observed for various morphological traits. Qualitative characters like leaf shape, anthocyanin colouration of stem, seed coat and hilum colour were found as useful descriptors with higher variability and quantitative characters like epicotyl and hypocotyl length, plant height at harvest, number of pods per plant and hundred seed weight exhibited the higher components of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Further, a mini core set was developed from a core set and used for molecular characterization and for their seed deterioration studies. Among 20 SSR markers used for the study, six markers exhibited polymorphism and marker Satt687 found as highly polymorphic with higher PIC (0.25) and gene diversity values (0.23). The investigation on seed deterioration studies in soybean mini core set revealed the clear genotypic variability with respect to seed vigour among the genotypes. Among them seven genotypes viz., EC-76756, EC-57042, IC- 501268, TR-5, PB-5, EC-101549 and DS-72-244 were identified as superior genotypes for seed vigour. Based on their seed germination performance under accelerated ageing conditions they are grouped into high vigour (≥ 75), medium vigour (70 to 75 %) and low vigour genotypes (≤ 70 %). Whereas the seed amelioration treatments such as α- tocopherol (1 %) and ascorbic acid (1 %) are the suitable treatments to improve seed germination percentage (from 61 to 74 %), seedling vigour index-I (from 783 to 1292), seedling vigour index-II (from 330 to 446), amylase activity (from 0.089 to 0.105 mg maltose released/ ml/min.) and super oxide dismutase (from 0.167 to 0.202 unit/ml/g of seeds) in low vigour genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF PROVENANCE, FUNGICIDES AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS ON PLANT GROWTH, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF HYBRID RICE KRH-4(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-02-20) SIDDARUDH, K. S.; SIDDARAJU, R.Experiment were carried out to study the influence of different provenance and foliar application of micronutrients on seed yield and quality of hybrid rice KRH-4. Among the provenance Karimnagar found to be best suited for seed production due to optimum climatic conditions results in seed quality attributes like germination (92.00 %), test weight (16.87 gm), Mean seedling length (27.22 cm), SV-I and SV-II (2490 and 809 respectively). The effect of Zn and B as foliar spray on growth and yield of paddy studied at Madarhalli, Mandya district during 2015 and 2016. Among the micronutrients, zinc in the form of zinc sulphate as zinc source and boron in the form of boric acid were applied as foliar spray at three different stages of plant growth i.e transplanting, tillering and grain formation. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design. The mixed foliar application treatment (Zn and B 0.05 % each) recorded the highest mean values of all yield characteristics compared to control. The combination of Zn and B as foliar spray influenced significantly increase in the plant height (68.67 cm), maximum number of tillers / m2 (28), chlorophyll content (15.50), seed germination (91.25 %), seedling vigour index II (580) and paddy seed yield (16.75 q ha-1) was obtained. In vivo assay revealed that the least PDI was observed in variety Jaya bioprimed with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens USABR9 (1.10 %) compared to control (4.95 %). In case of KRH-4 least PDI (0.55 %) was recorded seed bioprimed with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens USABR9 (1.0 %) compared to control (4.62 %). The storability of the hybrid rice KRH-4 seeds could be enhanced by treating the seeds with polycoates and storing them in super grain bag to maintain seed quality up to sixteen months.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHARACTERIZATION OF MAIZE GENOTYPES AND SEED TREATMENTS ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF HYBRID MAIZE (Zea mays L.) -HEMA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2018-01-28) KIRAN, S. P.; Channakeshava, B. C.The field and laboratory experiments were carried out to study the characterization of maize genotypes and seed treatments on seed yield and quality during Kharif 2015 and 2016 at ZARS, V. C. Farm, Mandya and UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. Twenty eight maize genotypes were selected for characterization studies and seed treatment as well as foliar sprays in combinations (ZnS04, Thiourea and Salicylic acid) were experimented with hybrid maize-Hema.Further the same seeds were stored for sixteen months by treating seeds with different chemicals (Halogen mixture, Thiram, and Imidachloropid), botanical (Sweet flag powder) and stored in cloth bag, polythene bag (700 gauge) and super grain bag and seed quality parameters were recorded. The results of the study revealed that the twenty eight maize genotypes were classified based on physical, morphological and biochemical approaches as per the DUS guidelines. The hybrid maize-Hema seeds treated with ZnS04 @ 2 g / kg of seed + ZnS04 @ 2 % spray at 30 and 45 DAS recorded maximum plant height (158.04 cm), cob length (16.85 cm), seed yield (37.53 q ha-1), seed germination (99.00 %), TDH activity (1.666 A480), with low electrical conductivity (178.83 μSppm-1) over control. In seed storage studies the seeds treated with Thiram @ 2 g / kg and stored in polythene bag (700 gauge) recorded higher germination (89.75 %), mean seedling length (29.00 cm), seedling vigour index–I (2610), TDH activity (0.828 A480) with low electrical conductivity (193 μSppm-1) and lowest seed infection ( 0.707 %) as compare to untreated seeds stored in cloth bag (74.00 %, 24.25 cm, 1802, 1.487 A480, 369μSppm-1, 1.996 % respectively) at the end of 16 months of storage period.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CULTIVARS BY USING BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-11-11) RANJITHA, H. P.; RAME, GOWDAGenetic purity assessment is an important criteria in seed production and seed certification programme. Therefore, simple and reliable techniques need to be developed for variety identification and seed genetic purity testing. An attempt was made to characterize thirty rice cultivars and hybrids along with their parental lines based on their morphological, biochemical and molecular markers during 2014 to 2017. Seed morphological characters were used for the broader classification of rice. Both standard and modified phenol tests with FeSO4 and CuSO4 were found effective in identifying some of the rice cultivars like MSN-36 (R) from CRMS-32(A) and KRH-4. Besides, KOH test was useful in identification of red kernel cultivars like CTH-1, CTH-3, JGL- 1798 and Jyothi. The zymogram of total soluble seed protein found to be useful in distinguishing the rice cultivars, parental lines and hybrids based on the relative intensity and mobility of bands. Among the tested isozymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) banding pattern found useful in differentiating the cultivars like CTH-1, IR-30864 and IR-64 at Rm value of 0.54 based on the intensity of bands. Out of 84 markers studied, 63 markers found to be polymorphic and 37 markers were unique for the cultivars and parental lines used in the study. These cultivar specific markers found useful for cultivar identification and characterization. Seven markers were confirmed hybridity of KRH-2 with its parental polymorphism and in case of KRH-4, 20 markers were confirmed hybridity of KRH-4 with its parental polymorphism. Unique markers were identified for the KRH-2 (RM164 and 263) and KRH-4 (RM21, RM 1385, RM 444 and RM 400). These primers can be effectively used for genetic purity assessment in KRH-2 and KRH- 4. This was the unique study to assess the genetic purity of these line at the seed/seedling stage and very useful in rice hybrid seed industry.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF SEED TREATMENT WITH NANOPARTICLES ON MORPHO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-11-02) HARISH, M.S.; RAME, GOWDAIn view of the wide spread cultivation of groundnut in India and in other parts of the world, both laboratory and field experiments were carried out to examine the influence of seed treatment with nanoparticles on ‘morpho physiological and biochemical changes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)’ during 2014-15 and 2015-16. In laboratory experiment, medium vigour groundnut seeds were separately treated with four nano particles and four bulk micro nutrients viz., nano Zinc Oxide (ZnO), FeO NPs, CaCO3 NPs, TiO2 NPs and Bulk ZnO, Bulk FeO, Bulk CaCO3, Bulk TiO2 . Among the different treatments imposed, seed treatment with nanoscale ZnO (25 nm) @1000 ppm significantly promoted seed quality attributes of germination (82%), root length (9.02 cm), shoot length (18.7 cm) and SVI (2280), SVI-II (1903), TDH (0.40 A480 nm) with lower seed infection (6.75%) when compared to control (64%, 6.75 cm, 14.28 cm, 1349, 1117, 0.34, 16.17%, respectively, for above parameters). Besides, the positive impact of nanoparticles seed treatment was also observed for the changes in biochemical attributes both in laboratory and pot culture experiments. The amylase activity (22.97 & 23.97 mm), peroxidase activity (0.30 & 0.28 μmol/ml) super oxide dismutase (8.23 & 9.67 unit/mg) catalase activity (0.32 & 0.39 μmol/ml) were found to be higher in Zinc oxide nanoparticles @ 1000 ppm compared to control (20.73 & 20.53 mm, 0.27 & 0.22, 7.93 & 7.67 unit/mg, 0.3, 0.3 μmol/ml). In field experiment, plant growth parameters viz., field emergence (82.9%), plant height at 45DAS, 60DAS, harvest (21.78, 28.86, 37.33 cm), number of branches at 45, 60, 90 DAS (4.82, 5.72 & 6.78), days to initiation of flowering (25 days) and yield parameters like, pod yield plant-1 (29.2 g), number of pods plant-1 (23.5) and haulm yield plant-1 (192 g) SMK % (88 %), shelling per cent (79.6) also differed significantly with ZnO (25 nm) @1000 ppm compared to traditional source of Zn application with ZnO @ 30 g/15 liter of water + RDF with the foliar application and seed application. The inhibitory effect noticed with higher dose of nanoparticle @2000 ppm suggested the need of judicious usage of these nano-particles in such applications. The first ever report on the effect of nanoscale elements on plant growth and yield of groundnut revealed the positive influence and that could be used as seed treatment to enhance yield and quality of seeds.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of seed production strategies in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-04-24) ARVIND, KUMAR; CHANNAKESHAVA, B.C.Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is popularly known as lucerne and rightly called as “Queen of Forage”. It has been cultivated under wide range of climatic and soil conditions throughout the world. In Karnataka it is popularly called as Kudre masale or Kudare menthe. Alfalfa is cultivated over an area of 22 million hectares in the world with an average green fodder yield of 50 - 125 t ha-1 year-1 with 8 - 12 cutting frequencies and seed yield ranging from 300 - 800 kg ha-1 (Asaadi et al., 2014). In addition, the crop also fixes 83 - 594 kg ha-1 of atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. In India, it occupies an area of one million hectares and provides 60 to 130 t ha-1 of green forage. It is a major crop in Gujarat, Western districts of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Punjab. After sorghum and berseem, alfalfa is the third important forage crop in India (Pandey and Roy, 2011). In Karnataka it occupies an area of 3121.23 ha which accounts for 0.03 % of net cropped area (Elumalai Kannan, 2012).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON VARIETAL CHARACTERIZATION, FORTIFICATION ON SEED YIELD, QUALITY AND LONGEVITY IN PIGEONPEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.](UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-01-17) NAGARAJ, HULLUR; Channakeshava, B. C.The field and laboratory experiments were carried out to study the characterization of cultivars, seed fortification and longevity in pigeonpea during kharif 2014 and 2015. Twenty pigeonpea cultivars selected for characterization study and significant differences were observed for various morphological traits. Mottled seed colour pattern distinguished BRG-1 and BRG-3 cultivars from all cultivars having uniform pattern. Dens pattern of streak on standard petal differentiated the cultivar TS 3R from all the cultivars. Similarly, sesame kind of leaf shape differentiated cultivar JKM-189 from all the cultivars. Based on total soluble proteins zymogram, Region A (> 97.4 KD), B (66.0-97.4 KD), D (29.0-43.0 KD) and E (20.0 to 29.0 KD) were found useful to distinguish most pigeionpea cultivars. Among 12 SSR markers used to differentiate the cultivars, four markers viz., CCB-8, CCB-9. PB-3 and PB-8 were found highly polymorphic. The experiment on seed fortification with ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg + Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seed recorded higher plant growth, seed yield and quality attributes viz., plant height at 40, 80 DAS and at harvest (59.2, 118.0 and 191.8 cm, respectively), seed yield (1355 kg / ha), seed germination (89 %), seedling vigour index-I and II (3217 and 997, respectively), and low electrical conductivity of seed leachate (158 μS ppm-1) as compare to control. BRG-2 and ICP8863 seeds treated with spinosad 45 SC (2 ppm) and stored in super grain bag recorded higher germination (91 and 87 %, respectively) and other seed quality attributes as compare to untreated seeds stored in cloth bag (58 and 76 %, respectively) at the end of 12 months of storage. Whereas the seed amelioration treatments such as GA3 (400 ppm) and IAA + NAA (150 ppm each) are the suitable amelioration treatments to improve germination and vigour of aged and marginal quality pigeonpea seed lots.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SEED FORTIFICATION, POLLINATION AND STORAGE OF SUNFLOWER HYBRID KBSH-53(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2016-12-14) MANJUNATHA, B.; Channakeshava, B. C.Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) belongs to the family Astreaceae and it is one of the world‟s most important sources of vegetable oil. The native of sunflower is reported to be southern parts of USA and Mexico. Sunflower ranks third, next to groundnut and soybean in total production. In world it is cultivated in an area of 25.56 million hectares with an annual production of 40.64 million tonnes with productivity of 1590 kg ha-1 during 2015 (Anon., 2016). Sunflower was introduced to India during 1969 as a supplement to traditional oilseed crops to bridge the gap of recurring edible oil shortage in the country. The commercial cultivation of sunflower was started in India during 1972-73 with an introduction of Russian varieties from USSR and Canada. Now, the crop is well adopted because of attributes such as short duration, photoperiod insensitivity, adoptability to wide range of soil and climatic conditions, drought tolerance, higher seed multiplication ratio (1:50) having high percentage of edible oil (45-50 %), which contains polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).