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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY STUDIES OF Rhizoctonia solani CAUSING SHEATH BLIGHT IN RICE AND ITS MANAGEMENT(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2018-07-01) KIRAN KUMAR, N.; Narendrappa, T.Sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive diseases in rice contributing to significant yield loss. Morphological variability of twenty isolates of R. solani from rice revealed maximum hyphal width of 7.21 μm in the isolate MYRS 1and the minimum hyphal width of 3.45 μm was observed in HARS 1. The highest mycelial growth of 54.8 mm was noticed in MYRS 3 and the least growth was observed in MYRS 2 (15.8 mm). The twenty isolates under study except HARS 7 produced sclerotial bodies and many produced dark brown, micro sized and separate sclerotia on the surface of the medium. The highest relative lesion length of 51.2% was observed in MARS 5 and the least relative lesion length was observed in HARS 7 (10.5%). The genetic diversity of twenty R. solani isolates using 19 ISSR markers showed 100 per cent polymorphism and were grouped into 5 clusters. The R. solani isolates recorded negative infectivity on ragi, maize, jowar and tomato plants except MYRS 1, MYRS 2, MARS 2, MARS 6 and HARS 1 isolates that showed infectivity on beans. The highest in vitro inhibition of growth of R. solani (51.1%) was observed in cabbage and the least inhibition was 21.93% with radish at 1:1 dilution. The highest inhibition of growth of R. solani was observed in Trichoderma viride (38.88%) and the least inhibition was noticed in case of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis which recorded 18.88% inhibition over control. Foliar application of propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 % at 30 DAT and 60 DAT was found most effective in suppressing the disease (3.70%) followed by soil application of mustard leaf @5 g/100 g soil before transplanting and foliar application of P. fluorescens @ 5 g/L at 30 DAT (6.48%). Under field evaluation, foliar application of propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 % at 30 DAT and 60 DAT was most effective with least mean disease severity (12.59%) with highest yield (4992 kg/ha) followed by soil application of mustard leaf @ 5 kg/plot before transplanting and foliar application of P. fluorescens @ 5 g/L at 30 DAT with 17.77% mean disease severity and 4433 kg/ha yield.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FALSE SMUT [Ustilaginoidea virens (COOKE) TAKAHASHI] OF RICE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-12-14) SAVITHA, A. S.; NAGARAJA, A.False smut recently has become a threat for the successful production of rice. Roving survey of disease affected areas revealed that the disease severity ranged from 3.95 to 18.59 per cent and 3.89 to17.04 per cent during Kharif 2017 and 2018, respectively. Twenty isolates were obtained from five rice ecosystems of Karnataka and cultural variability of five selected representative isolates from each ecosystem revealed that the isolate Uv-12 recorded maximum colony diameter of 43.90 mm on potato sucrose agar (PSA) with typical yellowish white colony. Amongst 20 isolates of U. virens, isolate Uv-15 recorded maximum colony diameter of 70.00 mm on PSA media with raised flat, whitish to dark green colony and brown coloured chlamydospores. Maximum mycelial width of 6.37 μm was recorded in Uv-19 with the chlamydospore size of 28.82 to 90.16 μm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed hyaline, globose to irregularly rounded, ornamented chlamydospores with prominent spines. Among the ideal carbon and nitrogen sources, while Uv-1 recorded maximum growth on glycerol as carbon source, but Uv-12 did so on media supplemented with sodium nitrate. The higher number of chlamydospore germination was recorded in 2 per cent sucrose at 24 h of incubation. The DNA of 20 U. virens isolates was successfully amplified at 600-700 bp with ITS1 and ITS4 primers and the dendrogram drawn based on sequence data separated these isolates into two major clusters. The size of RAPD-PCR amplified products of U. virens isolates ranged from 290-3400 bp with Jaccard similarity coefficient values of 0.00 to 0.79. Foliar application of trifloxystrobin 25 % + tebuconazole 75 WG or tebuconozole 250 EC or azoxystrobin 25SC or propiconazole 25 EC at booting or at 50 % panicle emergence was effective for the management of false smut of rice.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY IN PIGEONPEA STERILITY MOSAIC VIRUS (PPSMV) AND ITS INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2018-11-15) PRABHAVATHI; RAMAPPA, H.K.Sterility mosaic disease is considered as the “green plague of pigeonpea” caused by pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) and the virus is vectored by eriophyid mite, Aceria cajani ChannaBasavanna. Survey results revealed the occurrence of sterility mosaic disease (SMD) incidence in the range of zero to 100 per cent in Karnataka. Highest average incidence of 61.50 and 41.60 per cent was observed in Yadgiri district during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Disease incidence was more on sole crop compared to intercrop and three kinds of symptoms observed viz., severe mosaic, mild mosaic and ringspot on different varieties. Based on the pigeonpea host differential reaction to PPSMV, distinctly six strains where identified viz., Bengaluru, ICRISAT, Coimbatore, Rahuri, Badnapur and Varanasi isolates were identified.Out of 243 pigeonpea genotypes screened, twelve genotypes viz., BRG 3, Bahar, ICP 7035, IPA 8F, MAL 6, MAL 13, BRG 16-2, ICPL 99095, IPA 8F, ICPWS 1606, ICPWS 1621,KPL 43 were identified as resistance (0-10 %) and fourteen genotypes viz., ICP 12752, ICPL 20123, ICPL 99099, BRG 1, BAUP 14-1,IPA 16F, IPA 20 121,KPL 44, MAL 44, 45, 46, 47, PUSA 161,16 showed moderately resistance (10.1-30.00 %). Sowing on June 2nd fortnight, use of moderately resistant variety, BRG 1 and spraying of fenpyroximate 5 % EC @ 1 ml L-1 was found effective in both vector and disease management. Pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease can be effectively managed by adopting moderately resistant variety (BRG 1) and three sprays of fenpyroximate 5 % EC @ 1 ml L -1 at 25, 40 and 55 DAS.Sterility mosaic disease is considered as the “green plague of pigeonpea” caused by pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) and the virus is vectored by eriophyid mite, Aceria cajani ChannaBasavanna. Survey results revealed the occurrence of sterility mosaic disease (SMD) incidence in the range of zero to 100 per cent in Karnataka. Highest average incidence of 61.50 and 41.60 per cent was observed in Yadgiri district during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Disease incidence was more on sole crop compared to intercrop and three kinds of symptoms observed viz., severe mosaic, mild mosaic and ringspot on different varieties. Based on the pigeonpea host differential reaction to PPSMV, distinctly six strains where identified viz., Bengaluru, ICRISAT, Coimbatore, Rahuri, Badnapur and Varanasi isolates were identified.Out of 243 pigeonpea genotypes screened, twelve genotypes viz., BRG 3, Bahar, ICP 7035, IPA 8F, MAL 6, MAL 13, BRG 16-2, ICPL 99095, IPA 8F, ICPWS 1606, ICPWS 1621,KPL 43 were identified as resistance (0-10 %) and fourteen genotypes viz., ICP 12752, ICPL 20123, ICPL 99099, BRG 1, BAUP 14-1,IPA 16F, IPA 20 121,KPL 44, MAL 44, 45, 46, 47, PUSA 161,16 showed moderately resistance (10.1-30.00 %). Sowing on June 2nd fortnight, use of moderately resistant variety, BRG 1 and spraying of fenpyroximate 5 % EC @ 1 ml L-1 was found effective in both vector and disease management. Pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease can be effectively managed by adopting moderately resistant variety (BRG 1) and three sprays of fenpyroximate 5 % EC @ 1 ml L -1 at 25, 40 and 55 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON ROLE OF SEAWEED BIOFORMULATIONS IN MANAGEMENT OF FUNGICIDAL STRESS AND BLAST DISEASE IN RICE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2018-10-30) SAHANA, N. BANAKAR; RANGASWAMY, K. T.Rice is an important food crop cultivated all over the world. India occupies first and second position in area and production respectively. Fungicidal stress which is abiotic stress and blast disease a biotic stress, are constrains in the rice production. This study aimed at managing these stresses through tropical red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) bioformulations (LBS-6 and LBD-1). Foliar application of fungicides alone led to negative physiological changes (stomatal closure and leaf temperature) which were positive in combinations. Biochemical analysis of ROS, antioxidants and plant minerals revealed that the seaweed bioformulations alleviated the production of H2O2 and O2 -1 due to fungicidal stress by inducing the activity of antioxidants viz., APX, CAT, GR, POD and SOD. Increased levels of Ca+ and K+ interacted with cellular signalling systems of ROS and stomatal closure respectively. RNA sequencing revealed the growth and defence related expression of genes in different treatments. A total of 3498 differentially expressed genes (DEG’s) were identified. Among them 1116 DEG’s were specifically regulated in MG-01 inoculated treatments. Gene expression using qPCR showed the increased expression levels of OsPR1#012, OsPR1#021, OsPR1#022, OsPR1#074, OsPR1#121, PAL-6, PR1-5 and PR-15 transcripts and least disease severity in plants primed and challenge inoculated with MG-01 under glass house condition. Expression level of different stress transcripts viz., E2F, HSFA2A, HSFB2B, HSFB4C, HSFC1A and ZIP12 was less in case of combination treatments compared to sole application of fungicides. LBD-1 a defence bioformulant was found to be on par with tricyclazole in curtailing the blast disease under field condition. Increased chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant height, productive tillers and panicles were recorded in LBS6 treated plants. Results of tricyclazole residue analysis revealed that, seaweed bioformulations were efficient in drastic reduction of tricyclazole residue (0.016 mg Kg-1 ) in rice grains. Overall growth and yield parameters directly impacted on straw and grain yield.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WHITEFLY VECTOR AND TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS INFECTING TOMATO AND THEIR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT(University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Bengaluru, 2018-09-24) RAGHAVENDRA ACHARI; RANGASWAMY, K. T.Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) population and Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) isolates collected from different locations of Karnataka including endemic region of Maharashtra (Narayanagaon) and subjected for phylogenetic analysis. The partial genome sequencing (~1200 bp) of ToLCV revealed the presence of six species ToLCV viz., Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBV), Tomato leaf curl Kerala virus, Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJoV), Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus, Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and Tomato leaf curl virus. The ToLCBV was more common (40.43 %) in both the endemic areas, whereas ToLCVND found only in Narayanagaon region. Phylogenetic analysis of mtCO1 gene (~866 bp) sequences of whitefly population revealed the presence of five genetic subgroups viz., Asia I India (more common - 65.50 %), MEAM1, Asia II 5 Bangladesh Joydebpur, Asia II 8 India and Asia II 5 India (less common - 3.45 %). Highly invasive MEAM1 whitefly population only detected dominantly in Narayanagaon region (84.19 %). In Kadur region, both ToLCJoV and its probable specific vector (Asia II 5 Bangladesh Joydebpur) were detected. Six segregating population (COHBTTF1/11-4, COHBTTF1/86-4, COHBTTF1/99-2, COHBTTF1/99-5, COHBTTF1/132-1 and COHBTTF1/253-1) from cross DMT2 X COHBT24 consistently recorded resistance reaction, whereas COHBTTF1/95-7 recorded slow progression of disease both under glasshouse and field screening studies. Among the four modules evaluated, the newly formulated ultra-integrated module (UIM) comprising use of virus free seedlings, barrier crop (maize), inter-cropping with marigold-yellow flower, foliar application of Streptocycline, Metarhizium anisopliae, silicon, IIHR Vegetable special, crude neem oil, and use of both stationary and mobile yellow sticky traps found effective in significantly reducing whitefly population, per cent incidence and per cent disease index of disease, whereas found safe for natural enemy like general predator, Chrysoperla zastrowi. The UIM module recorded highest gross and marketable fruit yield during both summer 2017 and 2018.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BEGOMOVIRUSES CAUSING TOBACCO LEAF CURL VIRUS DISEASE IN KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Bengaluru, 2018-09-24) GURUDEVI, V. NAVALI; RANGASWAMY, K. T.Tobacco leaf curl virus disease (TbLCVD) is one of the important viral diseases of tobacco. Survey of six major tobacco growing areas of the state was carried out to record the incidence of TbLCVD and to collect the virus isolates for the identification of viruses associated with the disease. Survey revealed occurrence of the disease in the range between 12.54 to 38.95 and 17.03 to 35.85 per cent during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The highest incidence of the disease recorded in Shivamogga district (31.81 %) followed by Belagavi district (24.88 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequence of the TbLCV-MYS, TbLCV-MAN, TbLCV-CHN, TbLCV-SHG, TbLCV-DVG and TbLCVBEL isolates revealed the association of five distinct begomoviruses viz., Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus (ToLCKV), Tomato leaf curl Kerala virus (ToLCV-K5), Tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus (TbLCYV-Y143), Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) and Chilli leaf curl Multan virus (CLCMV). TbLCV-MYS and TbLCV-DVG clustered with ToLCKV, TbLCV-BEL clustered with ToLCV-K5, TbLCV-CHN clustered with TbLCYV-Y143, whereas TbLCV-SHG and TbLCV-MAN clustered with the CLCMV and SLCMV, respectively. The transmission characters were determined for TbLCV-SMG and TbLCV-MAN isolates by using whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) with 12 h each of acquisition access period and inoculation access period. Minimum of ten adult whiteflies were required to transmit 100 per cent disease. All the six isolates were successfully transmitted to tobacco, tomato, chilli, datura, goat weed, sunflower, sesamum and milk weed by using whiteflies but TbLCV-MAN and TbLCV-SHG isolates closely related to CLCMV and SLCMV, respectively were able infect jatropha and cassava which were not infected by other four isolates. Nine Nicotiana species evaluated against TbLCV, N. stocktoni and N. rapanda showed resistant reaction. Four different SSR markers (PT52937, PT40035, PT60080 and TM10654) were identified based on the polymorphism which clearly resolved the Nicotiana species in to resistant and susceptible.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DETECTION AND NON CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT OF PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS IN PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-02-05) VIJAYALAKSHMI, G.; NAGARAJU, N.Papaya ringspot virus became a major constraint for papaya cultivation worldwide. The highest PRSV incidence (90%) was recorded in Bengaluru rural and Mandya district and lowest (35%) in Hassan district during 2015-16 in surveyed districts of southern Karnataka. Development of mutants through various mutagens like, UVradiation, sodium salts (0.1M sodium acetate and 0.4M sodium nitrate), sodium azide (0.1 and 0.2%) and ethyl methane sulphonate (500 and 1000 ppm) showed mild mosaic, mosaic and chlorosis at 15 days after treatment (DAT) but became severe at 30 DAT. In DAS-ELISA, PRSV showed strong reaction with PRSV specific antibody indicating no mild strain development. RT-PCR detection showed decreased PRSV concentration (4.179) in papaya plants treated with combination of fresh milk (5%) and sea plant extract Kappaphycus alverezii-1(0.4%) compared to control (11986714). PRSV inoculated plants sprayed with K. alverezii-1 showed high chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, total sugars, total phenols total proteins and lower transpiration rate. Among the major nutrients, nitrogen found significantly decreased with increased phosphorus and potassium in addition to micronutrients viz., magnesium, iron, boron, zinc and manganese compared to PRSV infected plants. Growing two rows of African tall maize 40 days before planting as live barrier around papaya field + silver reflective mulch row cover + soil & foliar application of micronutrients at 15th day after transplanting (DAT) + neem leaf extract (5ml.L-1) at 30th DAT + neem oil (5ml.L-1) at 45th DAT + K. alvarezii-1(4ml.L-1) at 60th DAT + K. alvarezii-2 (6ml.L-1) at 75th DAT and synthetic nucleoside (0.25mg.L-1) at 90th DAT (T10) and repeated the same treatments in similar sequence till 9th month was found significantly efficient in reducing PRSV infection (86.76 per cent disease control) with an average plant height (4.40 ft) and yield (48.52 kg/ plant) with B.C ratio of 1:51.ThesisItem Open Access INDUCED DEFENSE AGAINST CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS (CMV) DISEASE IN CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.)(2019-02-05) KAVYASHRI, V. V.; NAGARAJU, N.Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), considered as a most important virus disease infecting chilli (C. annuum L.). Among 111 chilli hybrids/varieties/germplasm evaluated against CMV both under greenhouse and field conditions, AVPP 0906, AVPP 1110, Aparna, Susanjoy, Phule Jyothi and Tumkur local showed highly resistant (HR) reaction with no disease symptoms. CMV inoculated chilli reacted positively for CMV specific antisera through DAS-ELISA and it was confirmed by RT-PCR (~600bp). Different biotic defense inducers viz., red seaweed extract (Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C.Silva), plant extracts (Mirabilis jalapa L. and Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.), biocontrol agents (Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and synthetic nucleoside, chitosan and virex-H were tested for their efficacy on CMV infection in susceptible chilli var. Pusa jwala. Among them, highest reduction of CMV infection was recorded at 0.1 per cent chitosan (78.28%) sprayed plants followed by 0.4 per cent K. alvarezii (72.84%) and 0.25 per cent synthetic nucleoside (72.31%) and found significantly superior over untreated control under greenhouse conditions. CMV inoculated chilli plants primed with chitosan (0.1%) showed enhanced defense enzyme activities i e., 1.48 fold increase in PO, 1.68 fold in PPO, 1.22 fold in PAL, 1.60 fold in total phenol and 1.33 fold in chlorophyll content and increased accumulation of Phytohormones such as SA (156535.32 ng.g-1FW), ABA (54.78 ng.g -1FW), IBA (2.18 ng.g-1FW), zeatin trans isomer (46.83 ng.g-1 FW), GA3 (9.70 ng.g-1 FW), GA4 (723.31ng.g-1FW) and GA7 (0.19 ng.g-1FW) followed by K. alvarezii, P. fluorescens and synthetic nucleoside compared with untreated control. Significantly less PDI (35.29 %) and AUDPC (1238.33) was recorded in plants treated with Chitosan (0.1%) with increased plant height (49.19cm), number of branches (19.52), number of fruits per plant (187.87), individual fruit weight(2.44g), fresh fruit yield (483.56g.plant-1), fresh weight (4.59t.ha-1), dry weight (1.38t.ha-1) during Kharif 2016-17 and Kharif 2017-18 under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY IN Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. AND EVALUATION OF FINGER MILLET RILs FOR BLAST RESISTANCE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2019-02-02) JABBAR SAB; NAGARAJA, A.Finger millet blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph= Pyricularia grisea) results in excessive crop loss from seedling to head stage. Sixty-eight leaf and neck blast isolates from different varieties and regions of India were used for studying the cultural and morphological characters. Carrot agar and ragi yeast lactose agar (RYLA) were the best solid media for culturing P. grisea as higher growth (7.78- 8.13 cm) and fair amount of sporulation (>15 conidia/microscopic field) was recorded. Colony colors on RYLA medium was variable viz., grey, whitish grey, greyish black, blackish grey and buff whitish grey with regular and irregular margins. The colony diameter ranged between 8.93 cm in BHullubele (L) to 6.23 cm in BHR374 (L) isolate. The isolates took 7-13 days for sporulation with 5-40 conidia per microscopic field. Size of the conidia (L×B) varied from 20.80μm × 7.60μm to 3.56μm×1.59 μm. Of the eleven markers, only three SSR markers showed polymorphism and a total of 23 alleles detected with 2 to 3 alleles per locus. No heterozygosity was detected among the different isolates. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.1542 (Pyrms 15 and 16) to 0.3538 (Pyrms 61 and 62). Virulence assessment based on leaf blast severity of 29 isolates from different regions on 10 cultivars revealed five pathotypes. Five hundred F5, F6 and F7 RILs generated from the cross between Uduru Mallige × GPU48 were evaluated for leaf, neck and finger blast at Vizianagaram (AP). In F7 generation 13 RILs were found highly resistant, 133 RILs resistant and 178 RILs were found moderately resistant to leaf blast. For neck and finger blast none of the RIL showed highly resistant to resistant reaction where as six RILs showed moderately resistant reaction to neck blast and four RILs for finger blast.
