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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT OF MAIZE CAUSED BY Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) SHARANAPPA I. HARLAPUR; M.S. KULKARNITurcicum leaf blight disease of maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum symptoms were recognised by long spindle shaped necrotic lesions with grey colour centre, immature and chaffy ears. The disease appeared in severe form in most of the maize growing areas of Kamataka. Crop loss estimation studies revealed that, avoidable grain and stover yield losses in susceptible genotype were to the extent of 52 and 40 per cent, respectively. Linear regression crop loss models were developed. Arabhavi isolate recorded high virulence. Sixty-five days old plants found vulnerability to infection. An incubation period of 28 hours was found ideal for more than 90 per cent spore germination. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. was identified as a potential alternative host to E. turcicum and plays an important role in the epidemiology of TLB in Karnataka. Significantly maximum disease severity was noticed in crop sown on 16^ September. Crop sown between Februaiy and April found least affected. The weather factors, viz., minimum temperature (11.3-21.4®C), maximum temperature (26.3-29.4°C), relative humidity (58.7-84.5%) and rainfall (47.104 mm) were highly favourable for disease epidemic. The locations, viz., Arabhavi, Dharwad, Devihosur, Sankeshwar and Nagenahalli were identified as "hot spots' in Kamataka. Significant and positive correlation existed between rainfall and relative humidity with spore load. The genotypes, viz., Allrounder, IB-8501, Cargill 900M, Hi-Shell, NAC-6004, C-111, KH-517, Kaveri 235 and NK-6240 were identified as slow blighters. The disease was responsible for photosynthesis loss to the extent of 89.40 per cent in susceptible genotype. Fourteen inbrei lines were identified as highly resistant sources. The QPM genotypes HQFM-4 and HQPM-5 found highly resistant. Integration of 'olerant hybrid DMH-2 and seed treatment with carboxin power (2 g/kg) or combined seed treatment with Azospirillum sp. (25 g/kg) and T^choderma harzianum (6 g/kg) followed by three sprays with mancoze? (0.25%) was found to be the most effective IDM package for the management of TLB of maize.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGAL DISEASES OF SUNFLOWER AND THEIR MANAGEMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ALTERNARIA BLIGHT(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) LAXMINARAYANA RAO M. S.; SRIKANT KULKARNISeed health testing of sunflower seed samples collected from different parts of Karnataka revealed the dominance of Altemaria helianthi and Rhizoctonia bataticola. Among the different seed health testing methods, modified P.O.A method was found to be good for detecting the seed-borne infection of A.helianthi, A.altemata and R.bataticola. Infected sunflower seeds exhibited poor germination and vigour. The pathogenic ability of seed-borne A.helianthi and R.bataticola was proved in seedling symptom test and transmission study. Altemaria helianthi, A.altemata and R.bataticola were confined to only pericarp and endosperm, but not embryo. In epidemiological studies, significant difference in blight incidence was noticed between three different seed inoculum levels at different dates of sowing and maximum incidence was observed in July second fortnight sown crop at 30 and 60 DAS at a seed inoculum level of 8000 conidia per ml. Seed dressing fungicide viz., Carbendazim + Iprodione, bioagent- Pseudomonas fluorescens and botanical Azadirachta indica were found most effective in eliminating seed-borne infections of Altemaria, Rhizoctonia and other fungal contaminations. In the integrated seed treatment options, though the seed treatment with Carbendazim + Iprodione at 0.3 per cent in Poly Ethylene Glycol along with foliar spray of hexaconazole recorded least per cent disease index, seed treatment with Carbendazim + Iprodione at 0.3 per cent in water along with foliar spray of hexaconazole was found most effective in managing Altemaria blight with maximum benefit cost ratio. In storage, seeds treated with Carbendazim + Iprodione at 0.3 per cent and stored in 700 gauge poly ethylene bags maintained satisfactory germination and seedling vigour up to ten months of storage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SERODIAGNOSIS, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SUNFLOWER NECROSIS VIRAL DISEASE IN NORTHERN ICARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) ANAND V. HALAKERI; A. S. BYADGlSunflower necrosis is a major virus disease of sunflower cau^sed by Tobacco Streak Virus. It was first reported from Kolar district of Kamataka State during 1997. The roving survey for disease incidence in Northern Kamataka was undertaken cmd disease map was developed, which revealed the presence of disease in all the three seasons. The disease was severe in Bijapur, Raichur and Koppal districts showing 15-20 per cent incidence. Infected plants showed mosaic, marginal necrosis and malformation of leaves, calyx and earhead, early infected plants showed partial seed filling. TSV -S had wide host range and its Thermal Inactivation Point was 45°C, Dilution End Point 10-4 and Longevity in vitro of 8 h. The epidemiologieal studies indicated positive correlation of disease with thrips population and also with maximum temperature. The vims was purified by extraction in Phosphate buffer, PEG precipitation, density gradient centrifugation and ultra centrifugation. Electron microscopic observations revealed isometric shaped particles in decoration method. Immunizing rabbit with purified TSV -3 produced the antisemm. SDS-P AGE revealed 30 Kda Protein band when stained with coomassie brillant blue. Direct Antigen Coating Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay indicated presence of vims particles in samples of sunflower, cowpea, peas, green gram, tomato, soybean, black gram and red gram but not in seeds of diseased plant. In Immunodiffusion test precipitation line appeared around wells containing diseased samples. RT-PCR yielded 800 bp length coat protein gene. The disease had a drastic effect on yield parameters of sunflower. Germplasm lines GMU-209, GMU-244, GMU-249, and GMU-259 exhibited some degree of tolerance properties with less than 10 per cent disease incidence. Crop could be protected from heavy loss due to vims infection by Imidacloprid seed treatment (@ 5 g/kg) + spray (@ 0.25 ml) at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing and sorghum as border crop.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIBATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY, EPIOEMiOLOGY AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF RHIZOME ROT COMPLEX OF GINGER AHO TURMERIC(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) SHALINI D. SAGAR; SRIKANT KULKARNIThe major constraint for cultivation of ginger and turmeric is the rhizome rot disease. The rhizome rot incidence of ginger was noticed in all the locations surveyed with the range from 5.50 to 45.60 per cent. The major diseases diagnosed were iHz., soft rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp, wet rot caused by Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi, Sclerotium rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo and root knot caused by Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood. The individual pathogen can cause rhizome rot or combination of pathogens also can cause rhizome rot. Pythium aphanidermatum was isolated from all the locations collected and found to be most predominant pathogen. Ralstonia solanacearum was detected only from the southern districts of Karnataka i.e., Kodagu, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Mysore, and Sagar. The incidence of rhizome rot of turmeric was meager as compared to ginger. The inoculum level studies revealed that, increase in per cent inoculum level increased the per cent disease incidence. In sequential inoculation studies, in case of both the crops i.e., ginger and turmeric, when first inoculated with Meloidogyne arenaria followed by other pathogens showed maximum disease incidence as compared to individual inoculations. The results of isozyme analysis of three i.e., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase studied for variability indicated that, there was slight amount of variation. RAPD data distinguished the twelve isolates into two major clusters A and B. The results revealed that, geographical locations of isolates were closely related. Maran and Vardha ginger varieties were considered as moderately resistant. CO-1 variety was considered as moderately resistant. Sowing in March significantly showed less disease incidence at both the locations of Sirsi and Bidar, which recorded 8.25 and 9.00 per cent respectively. The field experiment conducted at farmer field revealed that, there was significant increase in the per cent germination of rhizomes in solarized plot when compared to non solarized plot. Among the different treatments, rhizomes treated with Metalaxyl MZ @ 0.3 per cent+Soil application of T. harzianum @ 10 kg along with 25 t FYM/ha+Soil application of Eupatorium @ 10 t/ha recorded the highest per cent germination, lesser disease incidence, higher yield of 11720.20 kg/ha and more benefit cost ratio.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS (ToLCV) IN NORTHERN KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) ANJANEYA REDDY, B,; M. S. PATILTomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) disease is one of the most important viral diseases of tomato and causes substantial losses every year. Survey results revealed that ToLCV was present in all the fields visited in Belgaum, Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri districts. The disease incidence ranged from 4-00 per cent during rabi 2005 and 60-100 per cent in summer 2006. A few natural weed hosts inz., Parthenium hysterophorus (Parthenium), Euphorbia geniculata (Bhedi soppu), Ageratum conyzoides (Oorala gida), Acanthospermum hispidum (Kadale mullu), Blainvillea rhomboidea (Ervapalha) Cass. and Lachnera pusilla L. showed positive for ToLCV infection in the PCR detection. The results of the cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the coat protein gene revealed that isolates from Belgaum, Dharwad and Haveri showed 95.10 to 99.60 per cent homology indicating they are closely related to each other. However, these isolates showed wide variation of upto 46.50 per cent divergence with some of the isolates of North Western Indian ToLCV 17 Nasik (AJ 10356) and North Indian ToLCV 19.Patna (AJ 810358). The survey, bioassay and RAPD-PCR analysis of whitefly vector revealed the prevalence of Bemisia tabaci-B-biotype in addition to the indigenous type in Dharwad region. Tomato planted during August and November showed slow progress of the disease and less incidence as there was high humidity and high rainfall, which suppress the vector activities whereas, maximum incidence was recorded in February and May planted crop. In the management of disease the sequential application of Imidachloprid (0.005%) - Triazophos (0.15%)-Thiamethaxam (0.05%)- Econeem (0.5%) found effective with low disease incidence and better yield. The Clerodendron inermis and Glyricidia leaf extract application also found effective. In the field screening cultivars such as Nandi, Vybhav, Sankranti, and hybrids Utsav, HY 558, HY 530, NS-719 and NS-563 showed resistance reaction and the commonly cultivated Megha showed susceptible reaction.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ALTERNARIA BLIGHT OF SUNFLOWER CAUSED BY Altemaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki and Nishihara(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) RAGHAVENDRA, K. MESTA; V.I. BENAGINo AbstractThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON LOSS ASSESSMENT, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF POWDERY MILDEW OF CHILLI CAUSED BY Leveillitla taurica (Lev.) Arn.(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-08-31) SUDHEENDRA, A. ASHTAPUTRE; SRIKANT, KULKARNIPowdery mildew of chilli caused by Leveillula taurica (Lev.)Arn. is major menace for chilli cultivation prevalent in chilli growing areas of Kamataka. Survey work revealed that, the average disease severity was found more in Bellary district (79.12%) followed by Gulbarga (75.63%) and least in Belgaum (43.05%). The obsei-vations on loss estimation revealed that, comparatively lower disease index with increase in dry chilli yield and also maximum BCR was recorded in plots receiving three sprays of Penconazole. Yield loss of 42.82 per cent was noticed due to powdery mildew in unsprayed plotsThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF JATROPHA MOSAIC VIRUS(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Banglore, 2007-06-06) ASWATHANARAYANA, D.S; K. V. KESHAVA, MURTHYNo AbstractThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF JATROPHA MOSAIC VIRUS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BANGALORE, 2007-06-06) ASWATHANARAYANA, D.S; KESHAVA MUTHRY, K.VEuphorbiaceae. The bark of the plant yields a dark blue dye, which is used for colouring cloths, fishing nets etc. Jatropha is affected by many pests and diseases. Mosaic disease caused by begomovirus is the most important among the diseases. The causal virus of the mosaic disease was characterized by symptomatology, vector transmission, EM, and by partial sequencing DNA-A component of the virus genome. Mosaic infected Jatropha plants exhibit symptoms of light chlorotic specks lareas , crinkling, blistering of leaves and severe stunting of plants. Flower abscission and malformation of fruits are observed on plants infected prior to flowering. The disease was found to occur in all the Jatropha growing areas of Karnataka state with the incidence ranging from 2.08 to 46.66 per cent. The disease incidence was lowest in Mysore district. Hassan district recorded the highest incidence. Analysis of the whitefly B. tabaci samples for B biotype using molecular technique revealed the prevalence of B biotype in all the areas. However , the vector population was relatively low on Jatropha (3-61plant). The disease was successfully transmitted through whiteflies B. tabaci, grafting and dodder (Cuscuta subinclusa), but not through seeds. The B biotype whitefly required less acquisition access period (AAP), inoculation access period (lAP) and number of whiteflies to transmit JMV when compared to indigenous whiteflies. Hundred per cent transmission of virus was achieved with 5 B biotype whiteflies as compared to 10 indigenous whiteflies. Jatropha mosaic virus was detected in the vectors whitefly B. tabaci, and Dodder (C. subinclusa) by PCR tests using Deng primers which primed PCR products of size ~500 bp specific to begomoviruses. The virus was detected in whitefly after separation from virus source up to 8 days (until their death) with decrease in the virus concentration indicating a persistent circulative virus- vector relationship. Jatropha Mosaic Virus was successfully transmitted to the plant species viz , Nicotiana tabaccum cv. Samsun, N. benthamiana, N. tabaccum, Euphorbia geniculata including Jatropha curcas and J gossypifolia. Electronmicroscopic observation of partially purified preparations from JMV infected leaf tissues revealed the association of geminate virus particles measuring 15-18 X 30 nm. Phylogenetic analysis of core CP nucleotide sequences of 575bp grouped JMV (B) and JMV (D) in a separate cluster next to cassava mosaic virus from India and Sri Lanka. They were 94 per cent similar to each other and shared highest nucleotide identity (93.9 %) with both ICMV (Tri) and SLCV (Ker) isolates. JMV from Puerto Rico and Jamica grouped separately from JMV from India, and shared 72.8 to 75.2 per cent core nucleotide identities. On the basis of symptomatology, particle morphology, Nucleotide sequence similarity with other begomovirus sequences, the causal agent of mosaic disease on Jatropha is identified as distinct Gemini virus transmitted by whitefly B. tabaci.