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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF DROUGHT RESPONSIVE REGULATORY GENE IDENTIFIED FROM INDIAN MULBERRY (Morus alba L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-10-27) ANJU, K.; Nataraja Karaba, N.Abiotic stresses limit plant growth and development. Faced with scarcity of water, drought is a serious threat to crop productivity and food security. Concerted efforts are being made to improve drought tolerance traits of crops. Stress tolerance depends on the coordinated regulation of several stress-related genes and associated acclimation pathways. Among several stress responsive genes, transcription factors (TFs) act as one of the major regulators which regulate the expression of down-stream genes involved in the acclimation process. From previous studies, basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) type of TFs were found to be associated with many biological processes, including abiotic stress response in plants. In a recent study, a stress responsive bHLH, MabHLH144-like has been cloned from mulberry and two transcript variants designated as MabHLH144a-like and MabHLH144b-like of size 1512bp and 1419bp, respectively have been identified. The variants were found to be differentially expressed in leaf tissues of mulberry maintained under different levels of drought stress by gravimetric approach. The 93bp deletion in one of the variants caused significant difference in the temporal distribution of expression in mulberry. To functionally validate the gene, transgenic Arabidopsis and Tobacco plants were developed to express MabHLH144b-like gene under a constitutive promoter. In-vitro regeneration assay of the transgenic Tobacco under salt (NaCl) stress condition produced tolerant phenotypes suggesting improvement in cellular tolerance, and the relevance of the gene in imparting stress tolerance. Critical analysis of the transgenic lines developed would give indications on the role of MabHLH144b-like in abiotic stress tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE VARIATION IN SPIKELET STERILITY/FERTILITY IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-10-12) RAKESHA, CHIGATERI; Mohan Raju, B.Stress induced spikelet sterility is one of the serious problems in aerobic rice which causes significant yield losses. Therefore, it warrants the development of suitable rice varieties with reduced spikelet sterility for cultivation under aerobic conditions. In this regard, the present study aimed at characterizing the rice germplasm under moisture stress condition leading to identification of genotypes with reduced spikelet sterility. Accordingly, genotypic variations in spikelet fertility/sterility was observed which paved way for identification of contrasting germplasm differing in spikelet fertility/sterility. Besides sterility, variation in growth and yield attributes including pollen viability and leaf temperature was observed among rice germplasm. In fact, stress induced spikelet sterility was found to be negatively correlated with pollen viability. In addition, seed number and seed yield including relative stress tolerance to both desiccation and salt stress was significantly more for high spikelet fertility genotypes than low fertility genotypes. Further, although there was significant variation exists among rice germplasm for methyl viologen induced oxidative stress, pollen viability and spikelet sterility are not related to the oxidative stress tolerance of rice genotypes. Finally, with genotyping data, QTLs for spikelet fertility and filled seed weight were identified which incidentally fallen in line with already reported QTL’s.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDNUT TRANSGENIC PLANTS CO-EXPRESSING THREE REGULATORY GENES TO IMPROVE DROUGHT RESISTANCE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-09-11) SWETHA, T.N.; Chandrashekara Reddy, P.Adaptation of groundnut crop under rain fed conditions can be achieved by improving suitable plant traits such as efficient water mining and cellular level tolerance (CLT) mechanisms. Pyramiding these drought adaptive traits by simultaneous expression of genes regulating root growth and sustaining cell metabolism by maintaining protein turnover has phenomenal relevance in improving stress. From this context, Groundnut transgenic plants expressing Alfin1, a root growth-associated transcription factor gene, heat-shock factor (PgHSF4) and PDH45 involved in protein turnover and protection have been developed. Emphasis in the present study is to identify superior promising events that possess higher root growth, tolerance and productivity. The transgenic plants showed more root growth at different developmental stages under both stress and non-stress conditions. Further, the transgenic plants exposed to diverse stresses like salinity, DTT and moisture stress, showed significantly superior performance compared to wild type. The productivity of transgenic lines was more compared to wild type under both stress and non-stress conditions. Based on stress tolerance with improved root growth and productivity eight promising lines were identified. Further, to decipher the molecular mechanism associated with improved root growth and tolerance the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analysis was done in wild type and transgenic plant. From the transcriptome data it is evident that many root related genes and several heat shock genes were up regulated in transgenics under stress condition. In proteomics data, several root related and CLT associated proteins were up regulated. The metabolic profiling is integrated with proteomic and transcriptome data which provided basic leads in identifying key pathways contributing for improved adaptation, tolerance and productivity under stress condition. The data clearly demonstrates that over-expression of two or three regulatory genes improve drought adaptation by improving water relation and CLT mechanisms.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NANO NUTRIENTS ON GERMINATION, GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-21) SANTOSH, BIRADAR; NAGARATHNA, T. K.Sunflower is one of the important oil seed crops in the world and it is grown for its oil. Production and productivity in sunflower is decreasing mainly due to lack of photosynthetic activity during seed filling and improper translocation of photosynthates due to deficiency of micronutrients like zinc (involved in photosynthesis) and boron (sugar translocation) as the soil application leads to formation of complex and makes unavailable to plants. Hence, nano zinc oxide and boron nitride were used to know the effect on germination, growth and productivity of sunflower along with bulk nutrients. Nano zinc @ 100 ppm and boron @ 50 ppm for one and half hour soaking resulted in early germination, higher seedling length and seedling vigour and there was no significant results at higher concentrations (500 to 1000 ppm) and longer soaking period. In field study, combination of seed treatment and foliar spray @ 100 ppm of zinc oxide and 50 ppm of boron showed early germination, increased plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, total biomass, seed yield per plant and harvest index as compared to control and bulk nutrients. Biochemical parameters like oil content, fatty acid profiling, seed protein and lipid did not vary between the treatments. Seed treatment with nano boron enhanced seed yield and additional foliar spray with 50ppm nano boron resulted in higher seed yield. Hence nano nutrients can be recommended as seed treatment and foliar spray to increase the productivity in sunflower.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATION ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF COMMONLY CULTIVATED RICE VARIETIES ACROSS INDIA(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-16) SHREESHAIL, BETAGERI; Shankar, A.G.Cereals are the major staple food crops worldwide and particularly rice in most of the asian countries. To meet the food demand due to population explosion researchers mainly focused on yield aspect during the green revolution and subsequent years. In the last two decades, nutritionists have brought to light the importance of micronutrients and anti-nutritional factors present in the food grains of humans and animals. Micronutrients play vital role in the metabolism, healthy growth and development. Phytic acid, acts as anti-nutritional factor by tightly binding with mineral nutrients forming a phytate complex and affecting bioavailability of mineral nutrients in the human diet. In the present study an attempt was made to study the nutritional composition and seasonal variation in zinc, iron, calcium, phosphorous and anti-nutritional factor, phytic acid in 54 commonly cultivated rice varieties. Initially, seeds were procured from Indian Institution of Rice Research (I.I.R.R), Hyderabad and analyzed nutritional composition (Zn, Fe, Ca, and P) and anti-nutritional factor (phytic acid) in dehusked grains. Results showed significant variability in nutritional composition and anti-nutritional factor in the rice varieties. Further, all the varieties were cultivated in kharif and rabi in 2016 at GKVK, UAS, Bengaluru. The results indicate that nutritional composition and antinutritional factor varied in greater extent between two consecutive seasons due to influence of environmental factors and soil nutritional status. RT-PCR study revealed the expression levels of Zn transporters in low and high Zn varieties. Hence, genetic and environmental interactions plays a vital role in nutritional status in rice varieties.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF MESOPHYLL CONDUCTANCE AND CARBOXYLATION EFFICIENCY IN DETERMINING WUE IN FINGER MILLET AND RICE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-14) AFSANABANU, MANIK; Sheshshayee, M.SPhotosynthesis is predominantly a diffusive process. Diffusion of CO2 from atmosphere to the carboxylation site in the chloroplast is controlled mainly by the conductances through stomata (gs) and mesophyll tissue (gm). It is hypothesised that interdependence of stomatal and mesophyll conductances for CO2 and H2O would subsequently modulate WUE in crop plants. Further mesophyll thickness and/or carboxylation efficiency (CE) are expected to bring in differences in gm. To understand the role of leaf thickness in CO2 transfer and hence photosynthetic efficiency, a study was undertaken using 14 rice and 9 ragi genotypes differing in SLW. We analysed differences in gas exchange, CE and gm, among the three rice and three ragi genotypes which showed significant and consistent variation. The soil moisture content of these lines was maintained by gravimetric approach and several growth parameters were recorded. Ragi showed lesser gm despite higher SLW as compared to rice, which had higher gm with thinner leaves. The WUE of ragi was significantly higher than that of rice. The higher CE due to CO2 concentrating mechanism in ragi may have driven CO2 diffusion, hence in C4 crops variation in leaf thickness has less relevance. However in rice increase in SLW decreased gm. The result of this investigation indicated that carboxylation efficiency determines the CO2 diffusion and genotypes with higher carboxylation efficiency would maintain higher WUE without substantially reducing photosynthesis and biomass accumulation.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS FOR YIELD POTENTIAL UNDER OPTIMAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT IN FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L) Gaertn)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-08) POORNIMA, ANGADI; Nanja Reddy, Y. A.The crop yield has reached a plateau in recent years. Further improvement is possible through incorporation of physiological traits rather than yield per se alone. Therefore, it would be appropriate to analyze critically the yield components and exploit the germplasm for such traits. Hence identification of germplasm accessions for physiological traits attributing to higher grain yield and their incorporation in breeding programme would be highly effective. Therefore, a large set of 348 germplasm accessions including popular varieties were characterized for physiological and yield attributes. Biomass (0.74) and harvest index (0.535) had direct positive influence on grain yield and were determined by mean ear weight, productive tillers and threshing percent. Among the physiological traits, the LAI, SPAD and leaf temperature indirectly influenced the grain yield through biomass production. The superior accessions over the GPU-28 for higher LAI were GE-1026, GE-1855, GE-4398, GE-4963; for higher SPAD were GE-50, GE-292, GE-824, GE-1013, GE-1126, GE-1360, GE-2216, GE-2650, GE- 4004, GE-4597, GE-5117 and Sharada (> 41.7) and for lower leaf temperature were GE- 824, GE-1013, GE-1360, GE-3314, GE-4962 and GE-4983 (< 22.9 °C) with higher seed yield as compared to the GPU-28. These donors as multi-parents can be used to develop MAGIC population and subsequent selection for improved grain yield. Selected high yielding genotypes showed higher seedling vigour, phytic acid and hydrolytic enzyme (DHA) as compared to the low yielding genotypes. These parameters may be used as surrogate for preliminary screening of large number of germplasm for yield potential in finger millet.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF TATA BOX BINDING PROTEIN (TBP) ASSOCIATED FACTORS (TAFs) FROM FINGER MILLET IN REGULATING ABIOTIC STRESS ACCLIMATION RESPONSE(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-05) RAKSHITHA, H. C.; Nataraja Karaba, N.Plants in nature often are exposed to a wide range of stress. To cope with these stress conditions, plants evolved diverse mechanisms. Stress acclimation in plants involves activation of many stress responsive upstream and downstream genes. In finger millet (Eleusine coracana) drought specific transcriptome analysis indicated the importance of basal transcription factors in transcriptional stability under stress conditions. In a previous study, a stress responsive basal regulatory protein, called TBP associated factor (TAF6), which is a component of TFIID complex, was cloned from finger millet and partially characterised. In the present investigation, an attempted was made to examine the stress responsiveness of other TAFs and validate TAF6. For 15 different TAFs, e-northern analysis was carried out using Arabidopsis and rice expression data, to select abiotic stress related TAFs. This in-silico expression analysis revealed that TAF2, TAF4, TAF6, and TAF13 are highly stress responsive, which were shortlisted for the expression studies in finger millet. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that the select TAFs are induced in finger millet leaf tissue under drought. The expression of TAF13 and TAF4 was significantly higher under stress as evidenced by quantitative RTPCR. In seedlings, these TAFs were up-regulated under NaCl and Poly Ehtelyne Glycol (PEG) PEG-induced stresses. Arabidopsis transgenic plants developed in an earlier study, to over-express EcTAF6 cloned from finger millet were screened and subjected for molecular characterization. The transgenic plants carrying EcTAF6 exhibited superior phenotype compared to the wild type under mannitol- and NaCl-induced stresses indicating the relevance of the TAF in stress acclimation.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ENDOPHYTES FOR THEIR ABILITY TO ENHANCE EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH IN SELECTED CROP PLANTS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-08-03) JANARDHANA, B; Uma Shaanker, R.Endophytes are microorganisms (bacterium, fungus) that live symbiotically with plants without causing any symptoms of disease. Endophytes have been reported to impart biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to crop plants, enhance plant growth as well as yield by promoting nutrient availability, biological nitrogen fixation, and the production of phytohormones. However, these fungal endophytes are inhibited by the application of fungicides. Systemic fungicides are routinely used for seed treatment and as foliar application in conventional agriculture to control fungal diseases. Besides the desired effect on fungal pathogens, the fungicides also affect non-targeted beneficial endophytic fungi. Against this background, the present study was taken up to evaluate the effect of endophytes on modulating early seedling growth in nursery grown plants such as chilli, tomato, brinjal and paddy. A total of 10 endophytes were used for the study. Paddy enriched with Fusarium sp. (SF-1, SF-5 and IP-13) and Trichoderma sp. (JL-4) enhanced root and shoot length in these plants. Further, the effect of systemic fungicide (bavistin, 0.2%) on growth and development in cowpea, soybean, green gram, paddy and ragi plant system was studied. Application of systemic fungicide showed negative effect on seed germination, plant height, biomass and yield of these crops. It also reduced pod weight, seed weight, seed coat weight and number of seeds per pod. Further studies on the effect of fungicide on native endophytes at different developmental stages can provide insight into the molecular mechanism affecting seed-borne endophytes.