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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF NON PATHOGENIC STRAINS OF FUSARIUM SPP. FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRYSANTHEMUM (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) WILT CAUSED BY Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2019-12-28) SWATHI, M.; Krishna Naik, L.A study was carried out to evaluate the non pathogenic strains of Fusarium spp. for the management of Fusarium wilt of Chrysanthemum. Out of 67 Fusarium cultures isolated from rhizosphere soil of Chrysanthemum fields, five Fusarium isolates proved to be non pathogenic to Chrysanthemum and other non host crops. Morphological, cultural and molecular characterization of non pathogenic Fusarium cultures was performed and among five isolates, two were identified as Fusarium chlamydosporum, two as Fusarium oxysporum and one was Fusarium solani. Antagonistic inhibition in growth of the wilt pathogen was showed by non pathogenic Fusarium cultures UASB NPF-I, UASB NPF-II and UASB NPF-III under in vitro dual culture study. The culture filtrate extracts and volatile compounds of non pathogenic cultures showed substantial results on inhibition of pathogen in vitro. Increased levels of total protein, phenols and defense enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase were observed in the plants treated with non pathogenic Fusarium cultures. Higher levels of defense enzymes got induced in the plants inoculated with non pathogenic Fusarium isolates followed by challenged inoculation of pathogen. All the non pathogenic Fusarium cultures were positive for phosphate solubilization and production of IAA and GA. Under greenhouse conditions significant increase in plant growth parameters, reduced wilt disease incidence and better root colonization by non pathogenic Fusarium cultures was observed. The treatments which received non pathogenic Fusarium + pathogenic Fusarium showed a slight increase in the plant growth parameters compared to inoculation of non pathogenic Fusarium isolates alone. The isolate UASB NPF-III performed better than other isolates throughout the studies.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT INOCULANT CONSORTIUM FORMULATIONS ON FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) AND GREEN GRAM (Vigna radiata L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2018-12-24) VIJAYKUMAR GANGARADDI; Brahmaprakash, G. P.An investigation was carried out to study the survival of agriculturally important microorganisms (Azotobacter chroococcum, Rhizobium sp. Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in four different formulations (alginate based, fluid bed dryer based, lignite and liquid formulations) and their effect on plant growth promotion. After 180 days of survival study, it was evident from the results that the consortia of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded higher population in triple inoculants followed by dual and single inoculants in liquid formulation followed by alginate, lignite and fluid bed dryer based formulations. Similar trends were observed in triple inoculants (Rhizobium sp., Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens) recorded maximum populations followed by dual and single inoculants in liquid formulation followed by alginate, lignite and fluid bed dryer based formulations. Green house experiment revealed that the maximum plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, shoot and root nitrogen concentration, shoot and root phosphorus concentration, shoot and root biomass and total biomass in finger millet was recorded in plants receiving triple inoculants of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In green gram, plants treated with triple inoculants of Rhizobium sp., Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded maximum plant growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves) chlorophyll content, shoot and root nitrogen concentration, shoot and root phosphorus concentration, shoot and root biomass and total biomass. The current study revealed that the microbial inoculants perform better in liquid formulation.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED SMALL MILLETS AND THEIR ROLE IN PLANT GROWTH(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2018-10-01) RAVEENDRA REDDY, M.; Shivaprakash, M. K.Bacterial endophytes occur inside a plant and act as plant growth promoting bacteria. The present study was carried out to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria residing inside the small millets and evaluate their role as plant growth promoters. Total thirty-two bacterial endophytes were isolated from the roots, shoots and leaves of the six small millets (Barn yard, Finger, Foxtail, Kodo, Little and Proso millet).The diversity study was carried out by culture dependent techniques. Through culture based methods even genera were identified. The genera identified are Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Alcaligenes, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces and Stenotrophomonas and Providencia and two other genera which were yet to be characterized. Through 16S rRNA sequence using specific primers, it was confirmed that there are seven genera associated with the small millets. Most of the isolated endophytes showed plant growth-promoting (PGP) ability like nitrogen fixing ability, phosphate solubilizing activity and production of gibberellic acid (GA), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), cytokinin, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) and siderophores. Twelve isolates (BMR7, BML1, FMR7, FMR12, FTMS4, FTMS5, KMS1, KMS5, LMR4, LML4, PMR6 and PML3) showed antagonistic effect against Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Helminthosporium monoceros, and Pyricularia oryzae. Five isolates FMR7, FMR12, KMS1, KMS5 and PML3 were selected for greenhouse study. These bacterial endophytes either individually or in combination with reduced amount of fertilizers improved plant growth and yield of the Foxtail Millet. These results strongly suggest that the endophytic bacteria characterized in this study could be successfully used to promote plant growth and inducing fungal resistance in plant.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MICROBIALLY ENRICHED SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE FOR CROP GROWTH(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, GKVK BENGALURU, 2018-12-15) DAKSHAYINI, G.; MALLESHA, B. C.nvestigation using paddy straw, sugarcane trash and their combination as substrates for the cultivation of oyster and milky mushroom species was carried out. Early bud initiation was observed in paddy straw substrate (17.83 days) followed by the combination of paddy straw and sugarcane trash (23.16 days). The highest yield in oyster mushroom species Hypsizygus ulmarius (524.33 g/bag), Pleurotus eous (411.83 g/bag) and Pleurotus florida (396.00 g/bag) was observed on paddy straw substrate whereas, in milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) combination of paddy straw and sugarcane trash recorded highest yield (446.50 g/bag) and bio-efficiency (111.63 per cent). Spent mushroom substrate obtained after mushroom cultivation was analysed for nutrient content and it showed increase in the N P K content and narrow C:N ratio in the spent mushroom substrate over the initial observations. Spent mushroom substrates were enriched with plant growth promoting microorganisms (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Trichoderma harzianum). Trichoderma harzianum showed better survivability in mushroom spent substrate. Microbially enriched spent mushroom substrate application had positive effect on the overall growth parameters and yield of the Capsicum annum and Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches) shoot biomass, root biomass, number of flowers and yield parameters (number of fruits, fruit diameter and fruit yield) found to be maximum in the treatment Talc + Consortia inoculum followed by in the Milky SMS based consortia and oyster SMS based Consortia inoculum. In both the crops N, P and K content and uptake was significantly varied among the treatment as influenced by the application of microbially enriched spent mushroom substrate.ThesisItem Open Access SILKWORM PUPAL RESIDUE COMPOST AND ITS EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD OF FRENCH BEAN AND TOMATO(University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Bengaluru, 2018-09-24) VIDYASHREE, D.N.; Brahmaprakash, G. P.A study was conducted to isolate the efficient microorganisms to hasten the process of silkworm pupal residue degradation and evaluation of silkworm pupal residue compost on growth and yield of french bean and tomato. Among the twelve microbial cultures screened during silkworm pupal degradation, four efficient cultures were selected to prepare the consortium based on their ability to produce enzymes, carbon and nitrogen mineralization efficiency which included two fungi (Aspergillus aculeatus and Penicillium simplicissimum), one bacterium (Bacillus licheniformis) and one actinobacterium (Streptomyces noursei). Composting was carried out by mixing agricultural wastes with silkworm pupal residue in 1:2 ratio treating microbial consortium. Composting using silkworm pupal residue waste with silkworm litter and vermicompost was an ideal substrate combination. The lowest C:N ratio of 10.09 was recorded in the treatment T3 (T2+silkworm litter) with highest per cent N (2.82%). Highest dehydrogenase (198.1 μg TPF g-1 hr-1) and urease activity (448.3 μg NH4+- N g-1hr-1) was observed in the treatment T3 (T2+silkworm litter), whereas maximum acid and alkaline phosphatase activity was recorded in the treatment T7 (T2+vermicompost) and T3 (T2+ silkworm litter) (160.6 and 185.67 μg PNP g-1hr-1 respectively). Application of compost prepared with silkworm pupal residue waste with silkworm litter and vermicompost to french bean and tomato resulted in higher plant growth and yield which was on par with the plants received recommended dose of fertilizer with bio-fertiliizer. Application of compost prepared with silkworm pupal residue waste in combination with silkworm litter and vermicompost enhanced the chemical and biological properties of soil compared to the soil which received inorganic fertilizersThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL AND ORGANIC FORMULATIONS FOR GROWTH PROMOTION AND BIOCONTROL ACTIVITIES IN BABY CORN (Zea mays L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2018-10-29) LATHA, B; SHIVAPRAKASH, M. K.The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the microbial and organic formulations for growth promotion and biocontrol activities in baby corn (Zea mays L.) under greenhouse and field condition in Department of Agricultural Microbiology, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. To identify the best combinations of microbial and organic formulations to enhance plant growth, nutrient supply and biocontrol activities. Among the biocontrol agents tested Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum per cent inhibition against selected pathogens and jeevamrutha organic liquid showed maximum per cent inhibition against respective pathogens. Among all entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and panchagavya organic liquid showed highest pathogenic effect on Helicoverpa armigera and Chilo partellus. Biocontrol efficiency, seedling vigour index and mortality per cent were tested in seedling tray experiment using selected microorganisms under green house condition. Higher biocontrol efficiency and seedling vigour index was observed in plants treated with Pathogen + Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus + Bacillus megaterium + Piriformospora indica + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis +Trichoderma harzianum on six pathogens of baby corn and higher mortality per cent was found in larvae infested plants sprayed with Beauveria bassiana + Photorhabdus luminescence + Bacillus thuringiensis on two pests of baby corn. Multiple combination of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus + Bacillus megaterium + Piriformospora indica + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis +Trichoderma harzianum showed positive influence on growth of baby corn in pot culture experiment under green house condition and significantly increased plant growth, chlorophyll and nutrient content, plant biomass, yield and quality parameters and established better under field condition with less pest and disease incidenceThesisItem Open Access UNRAVELLING THE ROLE OF ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES IN SOIL BORNE PATHOSYSTEM OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, 2018-09-12) PRAMOD KUMAR, SAHU; Brahmaprakash, G. P.This study was undertaken for deciphering biocontrol mechanisms of bacterial endophytes against three soil borne pathogens of tomato viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. A total of 310 bacterial endophytes were isolated from four districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Preliminary screening led to identification of 45 potential antagonists against any of the three pathogens and 15 most potent isolates were selected among all the antagonists. These isolates were characterized for biocontrol related traits like production of ammonia, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, volatile organic compounds and lipopeptide surfactant. The highest suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii was observed with isolate 2PR9b (78.02%), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by isolate 2P2 (74.56%), and Rhizoctonia solani by isolate 3TR2b1 (70.81%) in dual plate assay. Molecular identification based on 16s rRNA gene and characterization for chiAf2, srfAA2, pks and ituC genes were done to assess antimicrobial potential of endophytes. Initial studies indicated that there were a few endophytic antagonists against collar rot pathogen (Sclerotium rolfsii) and it was having stable virulence, therefore, chosen as model pathogen. Three endophytes viz. Bacillus wiedmannii 1PR7a, Bacillus sp. 2P2 and Bacillus altitudinis 2PR9b were potent antagonist against Sclerotium rolfsii. The antibiotic resistance profile of the three cultures were developed and used to confirm the identity following re-isolation from the plants. The re-isolation studies from inoculated plants confirmed the endophytic nature of the bacteria. The liquid formulations containing single, dual or triple culture with a shelf life of 6 months and 108 CFU/ml were prepared using one per cent each of PVP, PEG-6000 and PEG- 4000 as additives. In-planta trial for biocontrol of Sclerotium rolfsii was done using three endophytes along with Trichoderma as standard biocontrol agent. Inoculation with Bacillus sp. 2P2 gave highest protection against collar rot. In-vitro suppression of pathogen by Bacillus sp. 2P2 was also observed through scanning electron microscopy. Endophyte inoculation elicited induced systemic resistance was assessed through activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate oxidase. Endophytes reduced reactive oxygen species level and alleviated stress as evident from enhanced dry matter accumulation. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) also indicated biocontrol by Bacillus sp. 2P2. This study indicated the potential of bacterial endophytes for control of soil borne pathogens of tomato particularly Sclerotium rolfsii.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MICROBIAL MANAGEMENT OF STALK ROT OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2018-08-02) RAMESHA, V.; KRISHNA NAIK, L.Of late, maize stalk rot has become a serious threat in maize crop and causes yield loss up to 35 per cent, the present investigations on microbial management of stalk rot of maize were carried during the year 2014-17. Studies were carried with respect to survey, Isolation and pathogenicity of stalk rot causing pathogens, isolation and evaluation of antagonists against pathogen. A survey on incidence of stalk rot of maize in southern Karnataka revealed that maximum disease incidence was recorded in Chikkaballapura district (23.55%). Pathogens were isolated from the disease samples collected from different locations viz., Gouribidanur (F-1), Thondebhavi(F-2), Periyapatna(F-3), Chennapatna(F-4), Chennarayapatna(F-5), Tarikere(F-6), Kallalli(F-7), Gama(F-8), Hinduvalli(F-9 ) and Hirekerur (F-10). The isolate F-2, was recorded the maximum disease rating (9.0). This isolate was confirmed as Fusarium solani by National Center of Fungal Taxonomy. Hence F-2 isolate was carried for further studies under green house and field conditions. From the collected soil samples 24 fungal and 29 bacterial isolates of biocontrol agents were isolated from rhizosphere soil and 19 fungal and 18 bacterial isolates were obtained from non rhizosphere soil. Based on in vitro screening against F. solani, five fungal and 10 bacterial efficient strains were selected for further studies. The fungal and bacterial antagonists screened against F. solani under in vitro condition. Maximum per cent inhibition of pathogen (91.37) was observed with fungal isolate CNF10. Based on the morphological and biochemical characterization of efficient fungal and bacterial antagonists, they were identified as Trichoderma sp. Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. Among the different antagonists and method of application tested against the pathogen, application of Trichoderma sp. as seed treatment + soil application (T9) showed better plant growth and yield with least disease incidence.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus isolated from different field crops and its interactive effect with microbial consortia on growth and yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.)(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES GKVK, BENGALURU, 2017-12-02) SANTOSHA GOWDA, G. B.; EARANNA, N.The Gluconacetobacter species are known to fix large amount of nitrogen without the formation of nodules in monocot plants particularly in sugarcane. This led to recognition of its importance in agriculture. In the present study, four Gluconacetobacters were isolated from Finger millet (R-01), Maize (MZ-01), Sorghum (SO-01) and Sugarcane (SU-01). The four isolates produced brown pigments on PDA and GYC media and orange pigment on LGI-P medium. Besides, they also produced IAA, solubilized P and Zn. These isolates were identified as Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus by 16S rRNA gene sequence and screened for their efficiency on increasing growth and yield of maize and finger millet under glass house conditions. The isolate of maize (MZ-01) and its consortium consisting of G. diazotrophicus MZ-01 + B. megaterium + G. fasciculatum was found more efficient in enhancing the growth and yield. Therefore, the G. diazotrophicus MZ-01 and its consortia with 50 % recommended dose of fertilizers were selected for field studies. In the field experiment also the consortium of G. diazotrophicus MZ-01 + B. megaterium + G. fasciculatum + 50 % RDF NP found on par with 100 % RDF NP. Further, microbial population including beneficial microbes increased as the age of the plants increased and found maximum at flowering stage in both pot as well as field experiments. Thus, the G. diazotrophicus MZ-01 found superior bacterial inoculant for field crops and could save 50 % nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.