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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of processing and enzyme supplementation in pearl millet based broiler diets(LUVAS, 2006) Udeybir; Yadav, K.R.The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of processing and enzyme supplementation in pearl millet based broiler diets. Four hundred commercial broiler chicks in ten treatments in experiment-1 and four hundred forty broiler chicks in eleven treatments in experiment-2 were randomly distributed with two replicates of twenty birds each. Ration containing 52 percent maize was formulated to be used as control (T1) during starter phase (0 - 4 week) while 66 percent maize was used during finisher phase (4 - 6 week). The other rations were: T2- 66% maize replaced with pearl millet, T3 - 100% maize replaced with pearl millet, T4- T1 + multi-enzyme, T5 - T2 + multi-enzyme, T6- T3 + multi-enzyme, T7 - 66% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T8- 100% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T9 - T7 + multi-enzyme and T10- T8 + multi-enzyme for experiment-1. In experiment-2 all the diets were in pelleted form except T1 which was in mash form as under experiment-1, T2 Control - maize based ration, T3 - T2 + multi-enzyme, T4 - 66% maize replaced with pearl millet, T5- 100% maize replaced with pearl millet, T6 - T4 + multi-enzyme, T7 - T5 + multi-enzyme, T8 - 66% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T9 - 100% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T10 - T8 + multi-enzyme and T11 - T9 + multi-enzyme. In experiment-I significantly higher body weight gain, better FCR and higher performance index were observed at 66 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diets. Similar feed intake was observed in 66 and 100 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet with or without enzyme supplementation. Non-significant differences were observed in protein efficiency in all the treatments. Dry matter retention significantly increased when pearl millet was incorporated at 66 percent level and reconstituted pearl millet at 66 and 100 percent level. The significantly higher nitrogen retention was observed in pearl millet based ration. Significant difference in gross energy metabolizability was observed in pearl millet based diet. The excreta moisture was significantly higher in treatments T2, T3, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10. The intestinal viscosity, dressed yield, eviscerated yield, drawn yield, giblet yield, thigh muscle and breast muscle composition, weight (% live weight) of liver, heart and gizzard were non-significant in various treatments. In experiment-II, significantly higher body weight gain in all the pearl millet based diets (except T5) as compared to T1 were observed. But when compared to T2 significantly higher body weight gain was observed in 66 percent pearl millet based diet (with or without enzyme) for overall period. Significantly lower feed intake was observed in pearl millet based pelleted feed as compared to T1 (control). Feed intake in pearl millet based pelleted diet without or with enzyme supplementation did not differ significantly as compared to T2 (control) except T8 for overall growth period. Significantly better feed conversion ratio was observed in T4, T6, T8 and T10. Pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet with or without enzymes at 66 percent level had significantly better performance index. Significantly higher protein efficiency in 66 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet with or without enzyme supplementation and non-significant at 100 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet with or without enzymes were observed. The pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet pelleted broiler ration had significantly higher dry matter retention as compared to T2 except 100 percent reconstituted pearl millet based diets (T9 and T11) with or without enzyme supplementation. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher in pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet with or without enzyme supplementation (except T5 and T7) as compared to maize based pelleted feed (T2). There was a significant difference in gross energy metabolizability in pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet without or with enzyme supplements as compared to T2. Significantly higher excreta moisture was observed in T5, T7 and T9 as compared to T2. The intestinal viscosity, dressed yield, eviscerated yield, drawn yield, giblet yield, thigh muscle and breast muscle composition, weight (% live weight) of liver, heart and gizzard were non-significant in various treatments. The relative profit was higher in pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet than maize based diet.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of litter type and stocking density on the performance of broilers and composition of used litter(LUVAS, 2007) Sreehari. S; Sharma, R.K.Broiler farming can be made more profitable by the use of cheaper litter materials which can be recycled after use without affecting the performance adversely. Stocking density also influences welfare of broilers and thereby contributes to the growth and overall profitability of the operation. Few studies have been conducted in Indian conditions. The present study may provide an answer to whether or not chaffed paddy straw or wheat straw can be used as litter materials, and the stocking density of the birds so that the resulting litter material might be profitably recycled as ruminants feed. Two hundred and forty (240) day-old unsexed, commercial broiler chicks were procured from the private hatchery in February, 2007 and reared on deep litter following standard managemental practices. The experiment was conducted in two phases. In the first phase the chicks were reared on two different litter materials viz., paddy straw and wheat straw at different stocking densities of 0.15 sq.m./bird and 0.18 sq.m./bird. Each treatment had four replications with 15 chicks in each replicate. In the second phase of the experiment the litter from the various treatments were made into stacks, covered with polythene sheet and ensiled for three weeks after addition of molasses and with or without inoculation with fermented milk. The parameters studied were body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, moisture content of litter, pH of litter, proximate composition of litter, carcass characteristics, economics of the various treatments, proximate composition of the litter before and after ensiling and pH of the silage. The use of wheat straw as litter material together with a floor space allowance of 0.18 sq.m./bird was found to be most profitable for rearing broilers. The use of fermented milk as a source of lactobacilli during ensiling of broiler litter was found effective in reducing dry matter losses and loss of protein during ensiling of litter. It is concluded that broiler may be safely reared on chaffed wheat straw litter at a stocking density of 0.18 sq.m./bird and the litter material after ensiling for three weeks duration with fermented milk retains much of its nutritive value.ThesisItem Restricted Genetic studies on performance traits of Hariana cattle under progeny testing(LUVAS, 2006) Sanjeet Kumar; Malik, C.P.The present investigation was carried out for genetic studies on performance traits in Hariana cattle under progeny testing. The data on first lactation performance records of 422 Hariana cattle maintained at Germplasm unit, CCS HAU, Hisar; Govt. Livestock Farm, Hisar; Kurukshetra Gaushala, Hisar; Gaushala Bhiwani and Gaushala Jind over a period of 12 years from 1993 to 2004 were analysed for estimation of least squares means, effects of various genetic and non-genetic factors, heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations. The breeding values of different sires for various performance traits were estimated and product moment and rank correlations among estimated breeding values were calculated. The traits studies were age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation length (FLL), first lactation peak yield (FPY) and first dry period (FDP). The least squares means for AFC, FSP, FCI, FLMY, FLL, FPY and FDP were 1599.08±16.93 days, 210.60±07.09 days, 492.02±07.09 days, 875.27±25.49 kg, 245.35±04.98 days, 5.03±0.21 kg and 248.47±07.52 days, respectively. The set of sire and period of calving significantly affected AFC and FPY only, while the effect of herd was significant for all the traits. Effect of season of calving and regression of all the traits on AFC was found to be non-significant. BIBLIOGRAPHY The estimates of heritability of AFC, FSP, FCI, FLMY, FLL, FPY and FDP were 0.19±0.08, 0.13±0.07, 0.14±0.07, 0.14±0.07, 0.13±0.07, 0.14±0.07 and 0.08±0.06, respectively. Correlation of AFC with other reproductive traits were low positive while, genetic correlations among FSP, FCI and FDP were positive and high. Among production traits genetic correlations of FLMY with FLL and FPY were moderate and positive while, phenotypic correlations of FDP with FLMY, FLL and FPY were significant and negative. AFC had negative correlation with FLMY and FPY while, there was moderate positive genetic correlation between FSP and FLMY. The estimated breeding values of sires for AFC, FSP, FCI, FLMY, FLL, FPY and FDP were ranging from -790.11 to 439.77 days, -73.56 to 71.59 days, -75.29 to 78.62 days, -454.07 to 437.00 kg, -59.52 to 56.14 days, -2.42 to 8.57 kg and -83.02 to 95.78 days, respectively. In general, lowest ranked sires were in first set and top ranked sires were in set 4. Product moment (-0.31) and rank correlation (-0.32) among estimated breeding values for sires for AFC with FLMY were moderate in magnitude. It may be recommended that to improve over all reproduction and production traits in Hariana cattle selection should be based on family and/or progeny testing and in addition to selection better feeding and managemental practices should be adopted. Sequential selection should be recommended first on the basis of age at first calving and then on the basis of first peak yield, first lactation length and first lactation milk yield for overall improvement in Hariana cattle.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on the effects of ochratoxin - A ,ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate on the pathology and pathogenesis of hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicken(LUVAS, 2004) D. Madhuri; Verma, P.C.A study has been conducted to find out the effects of ochratoxin–a, ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate on the pathology and pathogenesis of hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicken. A total of 320 , day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups of 80 chicks each. The chicks in group AC, ZC and OC were given ascorbic acid@330 ppm , zinc sulphate @700 ppm and ochratoxin A @1.5 ppm in the feed ,respectively from day 1 till the end of the experiment. Group XC served as control. At the age of 21, chicks in all the groups were further divided into 2 subgroups XC & XH, AC & AH, ZC & ZH and OC&OH respectively. The birds in groups XH, AH, ZH and OH were inoculated with 0.5 ml of diluted HPSL inoculum subcutaneously at day 21 of age . Except for decreased growth rate in OC group no other clinical signs were observed in control groups. Following infection with HPSL inoculum chicks in infected groups exhibited clinical signs which were more severe in group OH followed by XH, ZH and AH in descending order. A high mortality (60.60%) in group OH, moderate (30.30 %) in group XH and low mortality (12.12%&18.18%)was observed in groups AH and ZH. Significant decrease in body weights in group OC was observed as compared to other control groups. Within infected groups decrease in body weight was more in groups OH &XH as compared to groups AH & ZH. Serum enzymatic analysis showed significant decrease in TSP, albumin and globulins in OC group birds as compared to other control groups. A significant decrease in TSP, albumin and increase in AST, ALT &LDH activities was observed in all infected groups as compared to their respective control groups. Among infected groups incorporation of feed with ascorbic acid or zinc sulphate caused improvement in enzymatic activities whereas ochratoxin A caused increase in severity of disease. Immunological studies indicated decrease in humoral and cell mediated immune response in infected groups as compared to their respective control groups. Grossly, the lesions were similar in all infected groups though they persisted for long duration in OA treated birds .However ,less number of birds showed gross lesions in ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate supplemented groups and recovery from infection was also early in these groups. Significant increase in relative liver and spleen weight and decrease in bursa weight was observed in infected groups as compared to control groups. Histopatholgical alterations comprising basophilic I/N inclusion in the hepatocytes, depletion of lymphocytes in bursa, spleen, thymus ,degenerative changes in kidney tubules and necrosis of myocardium were more severe and persisted for longer duration in OH group birds whereas these were less severe in AH and ZH groups birds. In conclusion ochratoxin A enhanced the severity whereas ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate supplementation reduced the mortality, development of lesions in HPS infected birds.ThesisItem Restricted Study on buffalo management practices followed in urban, peri-urban and exterior area of national capital region In haryana(LUVAS, 2008) Inder Jit Singh; Verma, A. K.This investigation was undertaken to determine the potential of urban, peri-urban and rural buffalo husbandry ion the selected areas of the ‘National Capital Region’ of Haryana. The dairy household in urban areas of the district head-quarters of district (Rohtak, Sonepat and Panipat) were chosen and a comparison of these were made with households laying in a cluster of three villages, both in peri-urban and deep rural pockets of all of these three districts. Sixty four per cent of respondents being below 45 years of age in the entire sample and average rate of illiteracy of the respondents (18.5%) is far below the average of illiteracy in Haryana and 85.12 per cent of the respondents falling in ‘small to medium family sizes’ with bardy 1.5 per cent of the respondents having land-holdings of more than 7.5 acres and about two third of the sample being general or unreserved category, with about half of the total respondents (51.9%) being agricultural labourers. The category or location of the respondents had significant (ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of selection strategies for improving productivity of egg type chickens(LUVAS, 2006) Godara, Ajay; Singh, R.P.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of crop residue based complete feed blocks in ruminants(LUVAS, 2004) Sunda, Surender Kumar; Lohan, O.P.The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study the effect of replacing wheat straw with different crop residues and leguminous hay in complete feed blocks on milk yield, growth rate and rumen metabolites. The in vivo study was completed in three experiments. Experiment-I Sixteen crossbred lactating cows randomly divided into 4 groups of 4 animals in each and fed on dry roughage based complete feed blocks. The wheat straw plus mixed berseem and cowpea hay (1:1) + concentrates complete feed blocks offered in T1. Wheat straw was further replaced with paddy straw in T2, sugarcane bagasse in T3 and mustard straw in T4 at 50 percent level and offered for 90 days. The roughage to concentrate ratio was maintained at 60:40. The roughage portion of feed was treated with 15 per cent molasses before mixing with concentrates mixture to increase the adhesive characteristics of roughages. There was no significant effect on milk yield, SNF and total solids content of milk due to different dietary treatments. However, milk protein content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 as compared to other diets. Fat content diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher on T1 and T4 diets as compared to T2 and T3 diets. It was observed that DMI/Animal/d and DMI/100 kg BW/d was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment T1, T2 as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, while there was no significant difference between treatments T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4. The digestibility of DM was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatments T1, T2 and T3 as compared to T4 treatment, while there was non-significant difference in T1, T2 and T3. Similar trend was observed in respect of CP, CF, EE and NFE digestibilities. The NDF digestibilities were not differed significantly. However, ADF digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 and T2 as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, with non-significant difference between T3 and T4 treatments. Experiment-II In this experiment, 18 buffalo heifers were divided into three groups having six in each. The wheat straw in T1 was replaced with mustard straw at 20 (T2) and 30 percent level (T3), respectively. In each treatment roughage to concentrate ratio was kept 60:40. Molasses was added at 15 percent level. Water was added to keep the moisture level between 15-17 percent and the mixture was densified. The daily DM intake was 5.84, 5.71 and 5.22 kg in treatment T1, T2 and T3, and there was non-significant difference among them. The DM intake/100 kg BW was 1.92 kg in T1, 1.91 kg in T2 and 1.69 kg in T3; the differences were statistically non-significant. DM digestibility co-efficient was similar among treatments. Similar trend was observed for crude protein and fibre fractions digestibilities in these diets. The average daily weight gain (g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 (509.80) as compared to T2 (423.53) and T3 (355.00), however, the differences were non-significant between T1 and T2 and between T2 and T3 treatments. Feed consumed per kg gain was 11.90 kg in T1, 14.31 kg in T2 and 14.44 kg in T3. Experiment-III The complete feed blocks developed for experiment-I were also evaluated in rumen fistulated adult cattle in a 4x4 switch over design. The daily dry matter intake per animal, and per 100 kg body weight was significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatment as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, however, between treatment T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4 there was no significance difference. The DM digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatments T1, T2 and T3 as compared to T4 treatment. Protein digestibility was higher in T1 and T2 treatments as compared to treatments T3 and T4, whereas the differences between T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4 were non-significant. Similar trend were observed in EE, NFE and fibre fraction digestibilities coefficients. There was no significant difference observed in rumen pH due to treatments, however, significantly (P<0.05) higher pH was observed at 0 h as compared to post feeding periods i.e. 3, 6 and 9 h. The mean total nitrogen was significantly (P<0.05) higher on T3 diet followed in descending order by T4, T1 and T2 diets. The time of sampling also affected significantly (P<0.056) total nitrogen. The NH3-N concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1, T3 and T4 than in T2 diets. The peak of NH3 production was attained at 3 h post feeding, irrespective of the diets. The protein nitrogen concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 diet followed by T2, T4 and T1 diets. The T2 had significantly (P<0.05) lowest, the treatment T4 the highest production of TVFA, while T1 and T3 treatments had the intermediate value.ThesisItem Restricted Pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of ofloxacin in poultry(LUVAS, 2006) Anil Kumar; Jain, S.K.Ofloxacin, a new second generation fluorinated quinolone, possesses broad antimicrobial spectrum against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens including obligate anaerobes. These excellent antimicrobial characteristics of ofloxacin indicate its high potential in treating common infections such as mycoplasmosis, colibacillosis, pasteurollosis etc. in chicken. For successful therapeutic application, the pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of ofloxacin were conducted in adult female WLH chicken Ofloxacin concentrations in plasma were determined using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by using a non linear iterative curve fitting computer program ‘PHARMKIT’. The disposition of ofloxacin followed two-compartment open model following single i.v. administration (10 mg.kg-1b.wt.) with rapid distribution. The distribution rate constant (), elimination rate constant (), distribution half-life (t1/2) and elimination half-life (t½) values were 8.21 h-1, 0.34 h-1, 0.09 h and 2.09 h, respectively. The values of k12, k21, kel and ClB were found to be 3.35 h-1, 4.16 h-1, 0.61 h-1 and 0.18 L.kg-1.h-1, respectively. The values of AUC, MRT, Vz(area) and tcp(ther) were 63.61 g.ml-1.h, 2.93 h, 0.51 L.kg-1 and 14.09 h, respectively. The disposition kinetics of ofloxacin was adequately described by one-compartment open model after absorption phase following single oral administration (10 mg.kg-1). Ofloxacin was rapidly absorbed and the maximum concentration of Ofloxacin was observed to be 3.40 g.ml-1 1 h t(max). The values of ka, t½ka, and t½ were determined to be 2.69 h-1, 0.27 h, 0.29 h-1 and 2.47 h, respectively. The calculated values of Vz(area), Cl, MRT and tcp(ther) were 0.89 L.kg-1, 0.25 L.kg-1.h-1, 4.43 h and 14.68 h, respectively. Considering MIC as 0.5 g.ml-1, the loading and maintenance doses of ofloxacin were computed to be 1.95 and 0.70 mg.kg-1, respectively at a dosage interval of 6 hours following i.v. route. The values of loading and maintenance doses of ofloxacin following oral administration were determined to be 2.45 and 0.90 mg.kg-1 at the same dosage interval of 6 h in adult WLH chicken. In acute toxicity study, no significant effect was observed on various haematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC at 6, 24 and 72 h following single oral administration of ofloxacin at a dose rate of 20 mg.kg-1 b.wt. in adult WLH chicken. Ofloxacin caused significant decrease in total protein and albumin, but significant increase in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at 24 h. There was no significant effect on creatinine. Mild histopathological lesions were also observed in liver and kidney at 24 h. However, this effect was found to be reversible and all biochemical and histopathological changes became normal at 72 h. In subacute toxicity study, ofloxacin did not cause any significant effect on haematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC on 7, 14 and 21days following daily oral administration at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 b. wt for 14 days. Ofloxacin caused significant decrease in total protein and albumin content. A significant increase in the levels of AST and ALT was observed on 14th day. Ofloxacin did not cause any significant effect on creatinine. Mild to moderate histopathological lesions were observed in liver and kidney on 14th day. However, all the biochemical and histopathological changes became normal on 21st day in adult female WLH chicken.ThesisItem Restricted Genetic diversity between Murrah and Bhadawari breeds of Indian buffalo using RAPD-PCR(LUVAS, 2006) Barwar, Anurag; Sangwan, M.L.The present study was conducted to estimate genetic diversity within and between Murrah and Bhadawari breeds using RAPD-PCR. Genomic DNA was isolated from 20 unrelated animals of each breed. DNA was evaluated for quality, purity and concentration. Optimization of PCR was carried out using various concentrations of different components of reaction mixture. Out of 40 random primers of series OPU and OPV, only 9 were found to be informative and were used further for amplification of genomic DNA. From the amplification profile of these primers, values of band frequency, genetic similarity, band sharing frequency, genetic distance, average percentage difference and mean average percentage difference were calculated. From 9 random a total of 84 bands were amplified between breeds and out of these 51 were polymorphic (60.72%). In Murrah, overall percentage polymorphism of 56.36 was observed, while in Bhadawari it was 57.14. Average number of bands in Murrah was 5.04, while in Bhadawari were 5.03. Higher genetic similarity of 0.81 and 0.80 in Murrah and Bhadawari breeds, respectively, was observed as compared to between breed genetic similarity of 0.31. Genetic distance between breeds was 1.20. MAPD values of 10.72 and 16.10 were observed in Murrah and Bhadawari breeds, respectively, while MAPD of 60.73 was observed between breeds, indicating high genetic diversity between breeds. Six primers (OPU-01, OPU-02, OPU-05, OPU-07, OPU-14 and OPV-14) in Murrah and five primers (OPU-05, OPU-07, OPU-14, OPU-19 and OPV-14) in Bhadawari were found to be specific for these breeds.