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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of processing and enzyme supplementation in pearl millet based broiler diets(LUVAS, 2006) Udeybir; Yadav, K.R.The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of processing and enzyme supplementation in pearl millet based broiler diets. Four hundred commercial broiler chicks in ten treatments in experiment-1 and four hundred forty broiler chicks in eleven treatments in experiment-2 were randomly distributed with two replicates of twenty birds each. Ration containing 52 percent maize was formulated to be used as control (T1) during starter phase (0 - 4 week) while 66 percent maize was used during finisher phase (4 - 6 week). The other rations were: T2- 66% maize replaced with pearl millet, T3 - 100% maize replaced with pearl millet, T4- T1 + multi-enzyme, T5 - T2 + multi-enzyme, T6- T3 + multi-enzyme, T7 - 66% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T8- 100% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T9 - T7 + multi-enzyme and T10- T8 + multi-enzyme for experiment-1. In experiment-2 all the diets were in pelleted form except T1 which was in mash form as under experiment-1, T2 Control - maize based ration, T3 - T2 + multi-enzyme, T4 - 66% maize replaced with pearl millet, T5- 100% maize replaced with pearl millet, T6 - T4 + multi-enzyme, T7 - T5 + multi-enzyme, T8 - 66% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T9 - 100% maize replaced with reconstituted pearl millet, T10 - T8 + multi-enzyme and T11 - T9 + multi-enzyme. In experiment-I significantly higher body weight gain, better FCR and higher performance index were observed at 66 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diets. Similar feed intake was observed in 66 and 100 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet with or without enzyme supplementation. Non-significant differences were observed in protein efficiency in all the treatments. Dry matter retention significantly increased when pearl millet was incorporated at 66 percent level and reconstituted pearl millet at 66 and 100 percent level. The significantly higher nitrogen retention was observed in pearl millet based ration. Significant difference in gross energy metabolizability was observed in pearl millet based diet. The excreta moisture was significantly higher in treatments T2, T3, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10. The intestinal viscosity, dressed yield, eviscerated yield, drawn yield, giblet yield, thigh muscle and breast muscle composition, weight (% live weight) of liver, heart and gizzard were non-significant in various treatments. In experiment-II, significantly higher body weight gain in all the pearl millet based diets (except T5) as compared to T1 were observed. But when compared to T2 significantly higher body weight gain was observed in 66 percent pearl millet based diet (with or without enzyme) for overall period. Significantly lower feed intake was observed in pearl millet based pelleted feed as compared to T1 (control). Feed intake in pearl millet based pelleted diet without or with enzyme supplementation did not differ significantly as compared to T2 (control) except T8 for overall growth period. Significantly better feed conversion ratio was observed in T4, T6, T8 and T10. Pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet with or without enzymes at 66 percent level had significantly better performance index. Significantly higher protein efficiency in 66 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet with or without enzyme supplementation and non-significant at 100 percent pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet with or without enzymes were observed. The pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet pelleted broiler ration had significantly higher dry matter retention as compared to T2 except 100 percent reconstituted pearl millet based diets (T9 and T11) with or without enzyme supplementation. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher in pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet with or without enzyme supplementation (except T5 and T7) as compared to maize based pelleted feed (T2). There was a significant difference in gross energy metabolizability in pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet without or with enzyme supplements as compared to T2. Significantly higher excreta moisture was observed in T5, T7 and T9 as compared to T2. The intestinal viscosity, dressed yield, eviscerated yield, drawn yield, giblet yield, thigh muscle and breast muscle composition, weight (% live weight) of liver, heart and gizzard were non-significant in various treatments. The relative profit was higher in pearl millet and reconstituted pearl millet based diet than maize based diet.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on the effects of ochratoxin - A ,ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate on the pathology and pathogenesis of hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicken(LUVAS, 2004) D. Madhuri; Verma, P.C.A study has been conducted to find out the effects of ochratoxin–a, ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate on the pathology and pathogenesis of hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicken. A total of 320 , day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups of 80 chicks each. The chicks in group AC, ZC and OC were given ascorbic acid@330 ppm , zinc sulphate @700 ppm and ochratoxin A @1.5 ppm in the feed ,respectively from day 1 till the end of the experiment. Group XC served as control. At the age of 21, chicks in all the groups were further divided into 2 subgroups XC & XH, AC & AH, ZC & ZH and OC&OH respectively. The birds in groups XH, AH, ZH and OH were inoculated with 0.5 ml of diluted HPSL inoculum subcutaneously at day 21 of age . Except for decreased growth rate in OC group no other clinical signs were observed in control groups. Following infection with HPSL inoculum chicks in infected groups exhibited clinical signs which were more severe in group OH followed by XH, ZH and AH in descending order. A high mortality (60.60%) in group OH, moderate (30.30 %) in group XH and low mortality (12.12%&18.18%)was observed in groups AH and ZH. Significant decrease in body weights in group OC was observed as compared to other control groups. Within infected groups decrease in body weight was more in groups OH &XH as compared to groups AH & ZH. Serum enzymatic analysis showed significant decrease in TSP, albumin and globulins in OC group birds as compared to other control groups. A significant decrease in TSP, albumin and increase in AST, ALT &LDH activities was observed in all infected groups as compared to their respective control groups. Among infected groups incorporation of feed with ascorbic acid or zinc sulphate caused improvement in enzymatic activities whereas ochratoxin A caused increase in severity of disease. Immunological studies indicated decrease in humoral and cell mediated immune response in infected groups as compared to their respective control groups. Grossly, the lesions were similar in all infected groups though they persisted for long duration in OA treated birds .However ,less number of birds showed gross lesions in ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate supplemented groups and recovery from infection was also early in these groups. Significant increase in relative liver and spleen weight and decrease in bursa weight was observed in infected groups as compared to control groups. Histopatholgical alterations comprising basophilic I/N inclusion in the hepatocytes, depletion of lymphocytes in bursa, spleen, thymus ,degenerative changes in kidney tubules and necrosis of myocardium were more severe and persisted for longer duration in OH group birds whereas these were less severe in AH and ZH groups birds. In conclusion ochratoxin A enhanced the severity whereas ascorbic acid and zinc sulphate supplementation reduced the mortality, development of lesions in HPS infected birds.ThesisItem Restricted Study on buffalo management practices followed in urban, peri-urban and exterior area of national capital region In haryana(LUVAS, 2008) Inder Jit Singh; Verma, A. K.This investigation was undertaken to determine the potential of urban, peri-urban and rural buffalo husbandry ion the selected areas of the ‘National Capital Region’ of Haryana. The dairy household in urban areas of the district head-quarters of district (Rohtak, Sonepat and Panipat) were chosen and a comparison of these were made with households laying in a cluster of three villages, both in peri-urban and deep rural pockets of all of these three districts. Sixty four per cent of respondents being below 45 years of age in the entire sample and average rate of illiteracy of the respondents (18.5%) is far below the average of illiteracy in Haryana and 85.12 per cent of the respondents falling in ‘small to medium family sizes’ with bardy 1.5 per cent of the respondents having land-holdings of more than 7.5 acres and about two third of the sample being general or unreserved category, with about half of the total respondents (51.9%) being agricultural labourers. The category or location of the respondents had significant (ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of selection strategies for improving productivity of egg type chickens(LUVAS, 2006) Godara, Ajay; Singh, R.P.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of crop residue based complete feed blocks in ruminants(LUVAS, 2004) Sunda, Surender Kumar; Lohan, O.P.The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study the effect of replacing wheat straw with different crop residues and leguminous hay in complete feed blocks on milk yield, growth rate and rumen metabolites. The in vivo study was completed in three experiments. Experiment-I Sixteen crossbred lactating cows randomly divided into 4 groups of 4 animals in each and fed on dry roughage based complete feed blocks. The wheat straw plus mixed berseem and cowpea hay (1:1) + concentrates complete feed blocks offered in T1. Wheat straw was further replaced with paddy straw in T2, sugarcane bagasse in T3 and mustard straw in T4 at 50 percent level and offered for 90 days. The roughage to concentrate ratio was maintained at 60:40. The roughage portion of feed was treated with 15 per cent molasses before mixing with concentrates mixture to increase the adhesive characteristics of roughages. There was no significant effect on milk yield, SNF and total solids content of milk due to different dietary treatments. However, milk protein content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 as compared to other diets. Fat content diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher on T1 and T4 diets as compared to T2 and T3 diets. It was observed that DMI/Animal/d and DMI/100 kg BW/d was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment T1, T2 as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, while there was no significant difference between treatments T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4. The digestibility of DM was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatments T1, T2 and T3 as compared to T4 treatment, while there was non-significant difference in T1, T2 and T3. Similar trend was observed in respect of CP, CF, EE and NFE digestibilities. The NDF digestibilities were not differed significantly. However, ADF digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 and T2 as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, with non-significant difference between T3 and T4 treatments. Experiment-II In this experiment, 18 buffalo heifers were divided into three groups having six in each. The wheat straw in T1 was replaced with mustard straw at 20 (T2) and 30 percent level (T3), respectively. In each treatment roughage to concentrate ratio was kept 60:40. Molasses was added at 15 percent level. Water was added to keep the moisture level between 15-17 percent and the mixture was densified. The daily DM intake was 5.84, 5.71 and 5.22 kg in treatment T1, T2 and T3, and there was non-significant difference among them. The DM intake/100 kg BW was 1.92 kg in T1, 1.91 kg in T2 and 1.69 kg in T3; the differences were statistically non-significant. DM digestibility co-efficient was similar among treatments. Similar trend was observed for crude protein and fibre fractions digestibilities in these diets. The average daily weight gain (g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 (509.80) as compared to T2 (423.53) and T3 (355.00), however, the differences were non-significant between T1 and T2 and between T2 and T3 treatments. Feed consumed per kg gain was 11.90 kg in T1, 14.31 kg in T2 and 14.44 kg in T3. Experiment-III The complete feed blocks developed for experiment-I were also evaluated in rumen fistulated adult cattle in a 4x4 switch over design. The daily dry matter intake per animal, and per 100 kg body weight was significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatment as compared to T3 and T4 treatments, however, between treatment T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4 there was no significance difference. The DM digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatments T1, T2 and T3 as compared to T4 treatment. Protein digestibility was higher in T1 and T2 treatments as compared to treatments T3 and T4, whereas the differences between T1 and T2 vis-a-vis T3 and T4 were non-significant. Similar trend were observed in EE, NFE and fibre fraction digestibilities coefficients. There was no significant difference observed in rumen pH due to treatments, however, significantly (P<0.05) higher pH was observed at 0 h as compared to post feeding periods i.e. 3, 6 and 9 h. The mean total nitrogen was significantly (P<0.05) higher on T3 diet followed in descending order by T4, T1 and T2 diets. The time of sampling also affected significantly (P<0.056) total nitrogen. The NH3-N concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1, T3 and T4 than in T2 diets. The peak of NH3 production was attained at 3 h post feeding, irrespective of the diets. The protein nitrogen concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 diet followed by T2, T4 and T1 diets. The T2 had significantly (P<0.05) lowest, the treatment T4 the highest production of TVFA, while T1 and T3 treatments had the intermediate value.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on ovarian follicular dynamics during early postpartum period, anestrus condition and hormonal therapies for induction of estrus in murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)(LUVAS, 2005) Malik, Rakesh Kumar; Pardeep SinghResumption of postpartum ovarian activity is essential for continued cycle of reproduction in order to achieve maximum lifetime production from dairy animals. However, in buffaloes, this period is often intercepted by long periods of ovarian quiescence with serious economic consequences. Therefore, the phenomenon of ovarian follicular turnover during early postpartum period (day 12 - 78) was studied in 12 Murrah buffaloes at an organised farm with alternate day transrectal ultrasonography of ovaries. The study revealed that though the dynamic follicular turnover continued in wave pattern during the early PP period, it was largely suppressed. As the postpartum period increased, the mean diameter of DF in a wave also showed significant progressive increase from 7.40±0.44 mm during <30 days pp to 11.02±0.71 mm in > 60 days pp. Yet, only 3/12 buffaloes ovulated during the period, indicating high incidence of postpartum anestrus – as also indicated by basal plasma progesterone profiles. Maximum diameter of the ovulating follicle was 13.03±1.06 mm with growth rate of 0.83±0.05mm/day and interval from wave emergence to ovulation was 14.0±1.6 days. A total of 52 anovulatory waves were recorded with maximum diameter of DF being 10.24±0.26 mm and growth rate of 0.65±0.02 mm/day. Second part of the study involved assessment of two estrus induction protocols – Crestar-eCG and Ovsynch-Plus (eCG-GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH-FTAI) in two groups of anestrus buffaloes with PP intervals of around 2 or 8 months. Crestar treatment initially exerted a suppressive effect on follicular profiles, but implant withdrawal was followed by accelerated follicular growth, aided by eCG administered at implant withdrawal, leading to ovulations in 14/15 treated buffaloes. Ten buffaloes conceived at induced estrus and three more at subsequent inseminations. Ovsynch-Plus treatment was not so successful. Though ovulations were recorded in all treated buffaloes in response to the first GnRH following initial eCG, but some resulting CL were short-lived leading to lower synchrony of ovulations following 2nd GnRH and lower conception rate of 20% (3/15) to fixed timed inseminations. In conclusion, the problem of postpartum anestrus is rampant in buffaloes due to failure of ovulations in DFs, though it can be managed with suitable hormonal therapies like Crestar+eCG.ThesisItem Restricted Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the oviduct of buffalo during follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle(LUVAS, 2004) Sanjeev Kumar; Gurdial SinghThe present work was conducted on oviduct of five healthy buffaloes each during follicular and luteal phase under scanning and transmission electron microscope. The mucosa of different segments of oviduct was thrown into folds and was mainly lined with ciliated and non ciliated cells. From fimbria to uterotubal junction there was decrease in number and size of ciliated cells whereas the non ciliated cells increased. Secretory droplets during the follicular and luteal phases were observed. In the ampullary and isthmus region the non ciliated cells had microvillous processes which were either thick or plate like. The non ciliated cells in the uterotubal junction has shrunken appearance during follicular phase where as in luteal phase they appeared to be ruptured. In the transmission electron microscope it was observed that in between the cilia microvillous processes were also observed. The nonciliated cells in different segments could be classified as light and dark cells. Large number of protrusions having cytoplasmic organells and pleomorphic granules were also observed.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of enzyme supplementation and processing of high fibre diet on the performance of broilers(LUVAS, 2004) Berwal, Raj Singh; Lohan, O.P.Two experiments of 42 days duration, each, were conducted on day old 320 and 520 commercial broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of crude fibre levels, enzyme supplementation, feed particle sizes and pelleting on their performance. In the first experiment, the 320 chicks were randomly divided into eight treatments. Each treatment had two replications with 20 birds in each replication. The diets were isoproteinic. Metabolizable energy (ME) in 5% CF (T1) diet was as per BIS (1992). In diets T2 (7% CF), T3 (9% CF) and T4 (11% CF) the ME was decreased due to increased CF levels. The diets T5, T6, T7, T8 were formulated by adding commercial multienzyme to T1, T2, T3 and T4 @ 100 g/quintal of feed. The average body weight gain in 42 days of growth trial was 1566.25, 1789.05, 1753.27, 1738.13, 1668.16, 1805.25, 1825.33 and 1754.55g in treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8, respectively, being significantly (P<0.05) higher at higher crude fibre levels than control group (T1). Feed intake was also significantly (P<0.05) higher at higher crude fibre levels than T1. Enzyme supplementation resulted in non-significant improvement in body weight gain, feed intake and FCR than those of corresponding non supplemented groups. Dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability was significantly lowered in T4 than T1, T2, T3 diets and enzyme supplementation resulted in improved dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability. Calcium and phosphorus retention were not affected significantly (P<0.05) due to CF levels. However, phosphorus retention was significantly (P<0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented diets. Enzyme supplementation also resulted in significant (P<0.05) improvement in MEn and GE metabolizability. Increasing CF levels resulted in significant (P<0.05) and gradual increase in intestinal viscosity, which was significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to enzyme supplementation. The relative length and weight of intestine and the weight of pancreas were significantly (P<0.05) higher at higher CF level, which were significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to enzyme supplementation. Mortality (2.18%) was not related to dietary treatments. Increasing the CF level of diet was found to be economical and enzyme supplementation further improved the profit. The maximum profit was observed in T7 treatment. In the second experiment, 9% CF, was kept constant except in T1. In T2, T3, T4 and T5 diets feed ingredients were ground through 3, 5, 6 and 3+6mm (1:1) sieves, Geometric mean diameter (GMD) of particle in T2, T3, T4, T5 was 669, 905, 1142 and 913, respectively. T2, T3, T4 and T5 diets were supplemented with commercial multienzyme and designated as T6, T7, T8 and T9, respectively. T2, T3, T4 and T5 diets were also pelleted and designated as T10, T11, T12 and T13, respectively. Electricity consumption in grinding was estimated and was found to be decreased with increased sieve size of hammer mill. Highest PDI was observed in pellets of feed having 669 GMD. The body weight gain at 905 GMD was non-significantly higher than other particle sizes. Enzyme supplementation and pelleting also resulted in non-significant improvement in body weight gain than mash, un-supplemented groups and significantly (P<0.05) higher than control (T1). However in pelleting diets lower body weight gain was observed than enzyme supplemented diets. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. FCR was non-significantly improved due to enzyme supplementation or pelleting of diets. Dry matter and nitrogen metabolizability was significantly (P<0.05) high at 905 GMD than 669 GMD and comparable to control (T1, 784 GMD). Enzyme supplemented or pelleted diets resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter metabolizability, MEn and GE metabolizability than un-supplemented mash groups. Phosphorus retention was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in 905 GMD than 669 GMD and even control (T1). Particle size of 905 GMD was found to be most economical and enzyme supplementation further improved the profit. It can be concluded that feeding a diet having particle size 905 GMD, 9 percent crude fibre and supplementing with enzyme economizes the broiler production.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of feeding levels and management systems on performance of buffalo calves(LUVAS, 2004) Sahu, Shree Prasad; Yadav, R.S.The present investigation was conducted on 20 female buffalo calves from 8th April to 8th October, 2003 with a view of study the effect of two levels of feeding and management systems on their growth performance. The treatments were 100 per cent ICAR feeding (1985) and routine management (T1), 100 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management (T2), 120 per cent ICAR feeding and routine management (T3) and 120 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management (T4). The silent findings of the present study are: The daily dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients intake were significantly (P<0.05) higher in enhanced level of feeding. The rearing systems had significantly (P<0.05) influenced dry matter and crude protein intake per 100 kg body weight of calves. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 120 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management group because these calves required less nutrients as compared to other groups. Feeding with higher plane of nutrition reflected significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight gain (460g/day) as compared to normal level of feeding (340 g/day). The calves under improved management gained significantly (P<0.05) more (440g/day) than those reared under routine management (360d/day). The effect of treatments on body measurements (body length, height, heart girth and abdominal girth) of calves were not significant. Nutrients digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in enhanced level of feeding and improved management except crude fibre. Respiration rate and pulse rate of the calves in the evening was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by levels of feeding and management systems. But rectal temperature was not significantly influenced by treatments. No significant difference was observed in feeding behaviour of calves under different treatments. The labour requirement for feeding and washing of calves was significantly (P<0.05) higher in improved management than routinely managed calves. The cost of raising a calf was lowest in 120 per cent ICAR feeding (Rs. 27.00) and improved management (Rs. 28.00) than normal ICAR feeding (Rs. 33.45) and routine managed (Rs. 31.80) calves. The age at first breeding was less in 120 per cent ICAR feeding (761 days) and improved management (795 days) than 100 per cent ICAR feeding (1029 days) and routinely managed (972 days) calves. Thus raising of calf with 120 per cent ICAR feeding and improved management is more economical as compared to other systems.
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