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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Mapping the mutational events in the sheeppox and goatpox viruses by cultivation in the cell lines of heterologous host species origin(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-05-28) Chandel, Swati; Chahota, RajeshSheeppox virus (SPPV) and Goatpox virus (GTPV) are highly contagious and host specific viruses but sometime cross infections may occur, which need further investigations. The present study was conducted to understand the genetic adaptation or mutations undergoing in the SPPV and GTPV, while growing in a homologous and heterologous host cell systems. Primary cell culture of kid testicular (KT) and lamb testicular (LT) cells were prepared and used for serially passaging (n=15) SPPV strain SP3 and GTPV strain SP5. Different cytopathic effects were observed on 3rd, 5th and 7th day post inoculation. Scoring was given based on the percentage of cells affected. Non-parametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that both SPPV and GTPV have significantly higher infectivity in LT cell line as compared to KT cell line. Mutational events mapping on the whole genome sequences of SP3 and SP5, passaged on KT cells showed 65 variations in SP3/SKT-P15 and 129 in SP5/GKT-P15. Total 61 indels in SP3/SKT-P15 and 114 in SP5/GKT-P15 and 4 SNVs in SP3/SKT-P15 and 15 SNVs in SP5/GKT P15 were also observed. The terminal regions containing host range and virulence genes showed more mutational events i.e, 67.44% mutations in SP5/GKT-P15 and 56.92% mutations in SP3/SKT-P15. Some genes were found to have comparatively more mutations e.g. ANK gene showed the maximum 7 mutations, followed by late transcription factor VLTF-4 gene (n=6) and superoxide dismutase gene (n=5) in SP5/GKT-P15, while in SP3/SKT-P15, 3 mutations were detected in ER-localized apoptosis regulator gene and EEV maturation gene. This may be indicating their predominant roles in viral replication/adaptation under in-vitro growth conditions. Some genes like EEVg, which was found mutated after serial passaging in heterologous cell types only, along with altered phenotypes (extensive cell aggregation), may be required for long term spread and survival of the virus. This study showed different mutational trends in SPPV and GTPV, while growing in homologous and heterologous cell types. Different genes showed varied degrees of mutations indicating their pivotal role in replications under altered conditions. To confirm the biological roles played by these mutations to the advantage or disadvantage of the virus, while growing in different cell type/host, further experiments are required.ThesisItem Open Access Antiviral effect of Himachali Pahari cattle urine against Canine parvovirus(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2024-01-21) Ravi, Himani; Dhar, PrasenjitViral diseases are common in all animal species including dogs and among them Canine Parvovirus (CPV) infection is a deadly disease of dogs leading to severe gastroenteritis including death and only symptomatic treatment is done as specific antivirals are not readily available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find alternative therapeutic agents that would be cost effective, efficacious and easily available. Cow urine has been used since ancient times in India and has been shown to have many therapeutic properties. So, focusing on this aspect, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral effect of Himachali Pahari cattle urine against CPV. Urine samples were collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant animals of Pahari and Jersey breeds of cattle. Various formulations of urine, e.g. raw urine, Cow urine distillates (CUD), and extracts using hexane and butane were prepared for the study. Cytotoxicity of these formulations of urine in different dilutions were tested using the MTT assay on MDCK cells. CPV was isolated from diarrheic dogs and adapted to MDCK cells and enumeration of virus was done using TCID50 assay. The safest dilution of CUD was found to be 1:8 dilution and safest concentrations of hexane and butane extracts of urine were found to be 0.2mg/ml and 1mg/ml respectively while raw urine was found to be toxic for cell. These formulations were then tested against 106.31 TCID50/ml of virus. It was found that Pahari pregnant CUD was effective in inhibiting virus replication up to 72 hours while other formulations were found to be ineffective against CPV. 100μg/ml of standard antiviral acyclovir was also tested against CPV which inhibited CPV replication and CPE up to 72 hours, and reduced virus titre from 106.31 to 102.18 TCID50/ml. Pahari pregnant cow urine distillate (CUD) exhibited mild inhibitory effects on CPV as exhibited by titre reduction from 106.31 TCID50/ml to 105.68 TCID50/ml, as evidenced by CPE inhibition. Therefore, it was concluded that the Pahari pregnant CUD had mild inhibitory effect against CPV but were not comparable to the efficacy of acyclovir against CPV.ThesisItem Open Access A Clinical appraisal of the orthopaedic conditions of coxofemoral joints in dogs(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2024-04-06) Sharma, Mridula; Tyagi, S.P.The study was conducted to diagnose and manage the conditions of coxofemoral (CF) joints in dogs and to record its regional hospital occurrence. During the study period, 61 dogs were diagnosed with CF joint conditions with the incidence rate of 3.07%. The conditions were broadly classified into ‘Fractures’ (13) and the ‘Other conditions’ (48). Among the CF fractures, the standalone involvement of femoral head and neck was observed in 8, acetabulum in 4 and simultaneous femoral neck and acetabulum in 1 dog. In ‘Other conditions’ category, the CF luxations was observed in 14 dogs, Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD) in 33 and CF tumours in 1. The properly positioned radiographs of dogs above 1 year of age diagnosed with CHD were subjected to hip scoring as per British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC) guidelines. BVA/KC takes in to account 9 different anatomical parameters while scoring hip joints so, it is a more precise and effective method of diagnosing CHD. Management of coxofemoral joint conditions was done either surgically or conservatively. Surgical correction of femoral head and neck fracture was done in 7 CF joints of 5 dogs. Triple pinning was performed in 4 instances and excision of femoral head and neck in 3. Though, interfragmentary compression cannot be achieved but fixation of femoral head and neck fractures by triple pinning was considered an effective method in providing adequate fixation at site to bring about fracture healing. The conservative management of fresh cases of CF luxations was done by closed reduction and Slocum sling application. Surgically reduction and fixation of CF luxation was done using Toggle pinning technique. Closed reduction of CF luxations was considered suitable only for fresh cases in co-operative animals in remaining cases toggle pinning was considered an effective method. Femoral head osteotomy was performed in cases where the femoral head was damaged beyond repair. The conservative management of Canine Hip Dysplasia improved the clinical signs to some extent but it did not halt the progression of the disease.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of the effect of feeding different animal protein sources on the biological performance of broilers(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-13) Gupta, Shreya; Sharma, ArunA study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different animal protein sources viz. fish meal, meat bone meal and earthworm meal in the broiler diet under complete randomized block design. Day old broiler chicks (n=180) of vencobb-400 strain were divided into four treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3 which were further divided into three replicates with 15 chicks in each. All the birds were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric standard diet. The birds in control group T0 was offered with standard poultry diet maize soy flake-based ration, T1 offered standard diet with inclusion of 5% fish meal, T2 offered standard diet with inclusion of 5% meat bone meal and T3 offered standard diet with inclusion of 5% earthworm meal. The result obtained from the study revealed that animal protein source supplementation with 5% earthworm meal significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth, feed intake, feed gain ratio and nutrient utilization, during both starter and finisher phase. In pre starter phase, supplementation of 5% meat bone meal significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth, feed intake and improved the feed gain ratio. Overall, supplementation of 5% earthworm meal exhibited higher live weight gain and better feed gain ratio. Highest dressing percentage, increased breast yield and low abdominal fat was recorded with improved organoleptic factors viz. flavour and juiciness of the meat. Hb and RBC values among blood parameters were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 group while other haematological parameters did not exhibit any significant differences. Increased phosphorus and calcium concentration were recorded with 5% earthworm supplementation in diet. Among biochemical parameters, significant difference (P<0.05) in protein and globulin concentrations were recorded, while plasma cholesterol and uric acid concentrations were significantly low (P<0.05) with 5% earthworm supplemented T3 treatment. Increased diameter of tibial bone positively influencing the thickness of tibial bone was observed in 5% earthworm supplemented treatment. Overall economic analysis revealed that broilers supplemented with 5% earthworm meal exhibited 25.30% higher gross profit as compared to the control as well as other treatment supplemented with fish meal and meat bone meal in terms of the body weight gain and feed efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Minimally invasive osteosynthesis for management of radius/ulna and tibial fractures in dogs.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-23) Kaur, Ashmeet; Kumar, AmitThe present study was done for diagnosis and classification of long bone fractures in dogs and application of minimally invasive osteosynthesis (Supracutaneous bone plating) for management of radius/ulna and tibial fractures in dogs. Out of total 139 cases of long bone fractures, 127 cases had singular fracture whereas 12 cases had multiple fractures. The overall incidence of long bone fractures was 10.15 per cent among all cases of dogs. The incidence and distribution of long bone was found more in male dogs and in juvenile age-group. The majority cases were of non-descript dogs and automobile accident was recorded as major singular cause of long bone fractures. Femur was the most affected long bone with fracture (46.10 %). According to AO/ASIF classification: 12A3 (Diaphyseal simple transverse fracture) was the most common type of fracture in humerus (40%), 22A3 (Diaphyseal simple fracture of both radius and ulna) was the most common type of fracture in radius/ulna (51.52%) and 32A3 (Diaphyseal simple transverse fracture (< 30°) was the most common type of fractures found in femur (38.03%) and 42A3 (Diaphyseal simple transverse fracture) was the most common type of fracture found in tibia/fibula (43.24%). Management of radius/ulna fractures and tibia/fibula fractures was done in two phases. First, the standardization was done on dog cadaver and then on osteomized bones. Then clinical application was done in nine fracture cases: two radius ulna and seven tibia-fibula fractures in dogs. Supracutaneous bone plating technique was used with Locking head - limited contact-dynamic compression plate and self-tapping locking head cortical screws. Status of fracture reduction and fracture fixation was fair to good (2-3) and all dogs had full weight-bearing during standing as well as during walking phase at final reappraisal day. The supracutaneous plate was tolerated well by all dogs. There was no implant related complication other than loosening of single screw in two cases. Supracutaneous bone plating provided rigid fixation resulting in to minimum amount of callus formation at the fracture site. The implant removal was done under sedation without the need of general anaesthesia.ThesisItem Open Access Clinical adaptation of Tiletamine and Zolazepam drug combination for conducting different diagnostic and surgical procedures in dogs(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-06) K, Vijaya Mahantesh S; Kumar, AmitThe study was conducted for the clinical evaluation of Tiletamine-zolazepam when used alone and in combination with inj. atropine, inj. butorphanol and either xylazine or dexmedetomidine in 26 client owned dogs divided into 3 groups group 1 (n=8), group 2 (n=8) and in group 3 (n=10). Dogs presented for various minor and non invasive surgical manipulation were placed in group 1 and for ovariohysterectomy were placed in groups 2 and 3. The drug regime for group 1 (n=8) involved administration of tiletamine-zolazepam at the dose rate of 7.0 mg/kg alone whereas inj. butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg and inj. atropine @ 0.04 mg/kg were used in for group 2 and 3 followed by inj. xylazine @ 1.0 mg/kg along with tiletamine-zolazepam @ 3.3 mg/kg in group 2 and dexmedetomidine @ 10 µg/kg along with tiletamine-zolazepam @ 4.5 mg/kg in group 3 were used. These doses were standardized after pilot trails. All the animals received 100 per cent oxygen throughout the study period. Parameters under investigation included intra-operative behaviour and sedation parameters in group 1 and analgo-clinical observations, cardiovascular parameters, pulmonary parameters, haemato-biochemistry, electrolytes and recovery parameters. Animals in all the three groups showed smooth induction with adequate muscle relaxation and analgesia. Significant decrease in rectal temperature was noticed in all the three groups which improved during recovery. ECG parameters did not show significant difference from physiological values in majority of animals. Significant increase in heart rate was noticed after induction in all the three groups which came back to normal value at the end of the study period. Non-invasive blood pressure showed non-significant increase in all the three groups initially and later decreased lesser than the baseline value. SpO2, EtCO2 and FiCO2 values remained within the normal range throughout the procedure. Significant decrease in respiration rate was noticed in group 2 and group 3 with no incidence of apnea. Hematological parameters reduced non-significantly at the end of the study period when compared with baseline value in group 2 and 3. Biochemical parameters and electrolytes did not vary significantly throughout the study period except for glucose which showed a significant increase throughout the study period in both the groups. Recovery period was longer in group 3. Post-operative vocalization, paddling, curling of tongue and nystagmus was noticed in animals of group 1 and vocalization with ataxia and head bobbing was noticed in some animals of group 2 and group 3 which abolished after recovery without any adverse consequences. The above protocol used in the study provided safe and adequate anaesthesia for different surgical manipulations that can be performed under 60 minutes in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Rocuronium and its reversal by Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate combination in Propofol-Isoflurane anesthetized dogs.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-04) Rana, Yudhvir; Kumar, AdarshThis study was executed in the clinical setup to document the effects of Rocuronium and its reversal by Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate combination in Propofol-Isoflurane anaesthetized dogs. Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was applied to 21 clinical cases. Out of which 19 cases of orthopaedic surgeries and 2 cases of ovariohysterectomy were performed. Every animal included in this study was premedicated using Inj. Butorphanol tartrate at the dose rate of 0.2mg/kg b.wt I/M, then after a gap of 30 minutes Inj. Atropine sulphate was administered at the dose rate of 0.02mg/kg b.wt I/M, again after a gap of 10 minutes animal was premedicated with Inj. Diazepam at the dose rate of 0.5mg /kg b.wt. I/V and followed immediately by Inj. Propofol I/V(to the effect), for the induction of general anaesthesia. Soon after induction, the animal was maintained on a mixture of Isoflurane and oxygen. After the animal had stabilized, the relaxation of muscle was induced using Inj. Rocuronium at the dose rate of 0.5 mg /kgb.wt. I/V. Immediately IPPV was provided in volume control mode, with settings, a respiration rate of 15 breaths per minute, tidal volume at 10ml/kg body weight and inspiratory expiratory ratio as 1:2. Neuromuscular blockade was reversed at the first sign of asynchrony on the bellow and the multipara monitor. A single syringe combination drug Inj.Myopyrolate I/V having both Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate was administered at the dose rate of 0.05mg/kg b. wt. and 0.01mg/kg b.wt respectively. Rocuronium caused the centring of the ocular globe gradually within 30 seconds. The central position of the ocular globe facilitates many kinds of surgical interventions and examinations in the eyes. During orthopaedic surgeries, the reduction of fractured ends became effortless. Easy reduction of the fracture without tissue trauma was observed. In ovariohysterectomy surgeries, the appropriate level of abdominal muscle relaxation further helped in the easy exteriorization of the ovarian stump. The onset time for Rocuronium was 17.64±1.10 sec and it provided muscle relaxation for 27.82 ± 0.72 min. The use of Rocuronium along with IPPV caused minimal alteration of the physiological parameters with no consequences clinically and thus can be considered a complication-free anaesthetic protocol for interventions demanding muscle relaxation.ThesisItem Open Access Radiography of skull in dogs(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-05) Manish, Jain Shivani; Tyagi, SPThe present study was done with the objectives of standardization of skull radiography in dogs and the appraisal of the clinical conditions of skull in dogs. Standardization of skull radiography in dogs involved development of assorted positioning devices, formulation of a radiographic technique chart, establishing a standard operative protocol and the development of a ready reckoner atlas of skull radiology. Healthy dogs for either sex and variable age that were presented to the department for different elective procedures were utilized for formulating a kVp variable technique chart and for development of a ready-reckoner atlas of skull radiology in dogs. SOPs for radiography of skull in dogs was established during the standardization phase and was followed strictly during the entire study period. Standard protocol for sedation and general anaesthesia were followed. All the radiographs for formulation of technique chart and development of ready reckoner atlas were taken under general anaesthesia. Standard and ancillary radiographs of skull of healthy dogs were used to prepare the ready-reckoner atlas. The results of the study revealed that at least 16 mAs is required to produce diagnostic quality radiographs of skulls of dogs whereas the kVp obtained as per standard Sante’s rule is sufficient. No influence of skeletal density on requirement of different radiographic factors for skull radiography was found and hence, it was recommended that a uniform technique chart can be employed for both skeletally mature and immature dogs for such purposes. The use of general anaesthesia and assorted radiographic positioning devices was found essential for obtaining diagnostic quality radiographs in complex radiographic views of skull in dogs. Ancillary radiographic views of the skull aided in demonstration of specific structures of skull with less superimposition and hence, found useful in diagnosis of specific conditions. The radiographic details of the frontal sinus of dogs was better visualized in a specialized caudo-dorsal view. The regional occurrence of skull conditions in dogs was 2.83% with a higher distribution in adult dogs (49%). The most common condition of skull was fracture (30.18%) followed by neoplasia (16.98%).ThesisItem Open Access Operative restoration dentistry in dogs(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-04) Thakur, Kalpna; Kumar, AdarshThe present study was conducted on 111 client-owned canine patients presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India in a time span of 14 months. The objective of the study was the standardization of clinical operative restoration dentistry in dogs. The different orodental affections diagnosed and managed during the study were periodontal disease (54.34%), dental attrition and tooth fracture (10.14%), jaw fracture (8.69%), oral neoplasia (5.07%), mis-aligned and over-crowded tooth (5.07%), gingival hyperplasia (5.07%), pulpitis (4.34%), enamel loss (2.17%), dental caries (2.17%), osteodystrophy fibrosa (1.44%), and oral warts (1.44%). Dental scaling with polishing was found very efficacious to remove every bit of plaque and tartar deposited over the tooth surfaces. Oral tumour cases were managed advantageously by incorporating various methods including CO2 laser ablation, wide-margin excision and buccal or gingival flap technique. The jaw fractures were operated with the goal of maintaining normal occlusion and correct interdigitation of teeth which was obtained by a combination of various internal fixation and axillary stabilization with muzzle taping. Surgical extraction of teeth was carried out in the conditions of severe periodontal affections. The teeth with chronic periodontal disease were subjected to surgical extraction after the diagnosis of periodontal ligament breach with the aid of dental radiography. The multi-rooted teeth were sectioned through furcation into the single rooted tooth for unchallenging extraction. The conventional endodontic therapy which is root canal treatment, was carried out in the affections of tooth fractures. The procedure was performed in 4 steps: access preparation, canal debridement, canal obturation, and final obturation. The root canal treatment turned out to be a potential alternative to the extraction of the tooth and was a safer and aesthetically pleasing treatment that maintained the dentition of the dogs.
