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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonographic and Echo biometric evaluation of canine renal dysfunction.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-23) Ganjoo, Vasvi; Kumar, AdarshThe study was conducted on all the canine clinical cases referred to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, DGCNCOVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The main aim of the study was to assess the sonographic parameters and echo-biometry of renal dysfunctions in dogs. A total of 100 client-owned canine patients were the subject of the study. the ultrasonographic examination included both greyscale as well as doppler ultrasonography to facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic protocols. As the serum creatinine levels increase, there was evidence of an increase in renal cortical echogenicity. There were alterations in renal size concerning various renal dysfunctions. Since both these renal parameters depict irreversible changes, further grading of various dysfunctions like AKI and CKD was also carried out. Significant reduction in renal length was observed in conditions like ESRD and CKD. Contrariwise, a significant increase in renal length was observed in the case of AKI. Pyelectasia was also found to be an important sonographic finding, therefore can be explored while staging chronic kidney disease into grades III and IV. Detection of renal echogenicity was found to be difficult in ESRD, the sonographic topography of great vessels helped in locating almost isoechoic undifferentiated and damaged renal entities. Doppler examination revealed increased vascular resistance in most of the renal dysfunctions. Colour doppler is a very good indicator of the renal vasculature. Renal vascular resistance (RI and PI) was found to be significantly increased in diffuse renal parenchymal abnormalities like AKI, CKD and ESRD. Sonography was found to be a sensitive diagnostic modality used for detecting nephrolithiasis even in asymptomatic dogs (73%) that did not exhibit any pain thus aiding to institute corrective and preventive management.ThesisItem Open Access Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract Affections in Dogs(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-31) H B, Vinay; Katoch, AjayThe present investigation was aimed to study the Diagnosis and Management of Lower Urinary Tract Affections in dogs. A total of 2276 dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. G C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur were screened for lower urinary tract affections. On the basis of history and clinical signs, haematological examination, biochemical analysis, urine examination, radiographic, ultrasonographic and endoluminal imaging studies, 86 cases suffering from lower urinary tract affections were included in the present study representing an incidence of 3.78%. Amongst 86 dogs, 42 dogs were affected with cystitis, 20 dogs with urolithiasis, 6 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and 18 dogs with prostate affections. Incidence of lower urinary tract affections was highest in age group >8 years (34.88%). The incidence of cystitis was highest in the age group >8 years (28.57%), urolithiasis was highest in the age group >8 years (30%), whereas transitional cell carcinoma incidence was highest in 2 months - 2 year and >8 years age group (33.33%) each and prostate affections incidence was highest in the age group >8 years (55.56%). Labrador Retriever, Mongrel, Pug and German Shepherd were the most common affected dog breeds. Haematuria, dribbling of urine and pollakiuria were the most common clinical signs associated with cystitis and urolithiasis, whereas haematuria, dysuria and pollakiuria were commonly observed in dogs suffering from transitional cell carcinoma. Pollakiuria, stranguria, dysuria and rectal tenesmus/tapered stools were the common clinical signs associated with prostate affections. Leucocytosis was observed in all the groups whereas thrombocytopenia was observed in urolithiasis and prostate affections. BUN and Creatinine were significantly increased in urolithiasis with no significant change in cystitis, whereas BUN value was increased significantly in TCC and Prostate affected dogs. The phosphorus value was significantly increased in cystitis, calcium and phosphorus were increased in urolithiasis affected dogs, whereas phosphorus value was increased in prostate affections. Upon urinalysis, the urine pH and urine specific gravity were increased in cystitis, urolithiasis and prostate affections, whereas urine specific gravity was increased in TCC. Radiographically, out of 20 uroliths, multiple cystoliths were detected in 15 cases and in 5 cases stones were present in the urethra whereas in prostate affections, distended urinary bladder along with enlarged prostate was evident in 2 cases and enlarged prostate alone was evident in 11 cases. Ultrasonographically, in cystitis, distended bladder was reported in 35 cases, where the mean urinary bladder wall thickness was 4.47 ± 0.28 mm. In urolithiasis, there was thickened urinary bladder with hyperechoic foci which casted clear one or multiple acoustic shadows, whereas TCC was evident as urinary bladder thickening with lobular mass protruding into the lumen of the bladder. In prostate affections, ultrasound detected 18 cases with prostate affections, out of which 6 cases were prostatic cysts, 7 cases had enlarged prostate, 4 cases had prostate abscess and one case was prostatic neoplasia. In 4 cases, urethroscopy diagnosed stones located in the lumen of the urethra. Venous acid base status of renal failure dogs concurrent with lower urinary tract affections revealed significantly decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3) which were indicative of metabolic acidosis. The ratio of uALP: uCreatinine and uGGT: uCreatinine were 0.05 ± 0.091 and 0.24 ± 0.088. On antibiogram, the bacterial isolates were most sensitive to Meropenem (70%, 28/40), followed by Marbofloxacin (60%, 24/40), Nitrofurantoin (50%, 20/40), Enrofloxacin (47.5%, 19/40), whereas Metronidazole (67.5%) and Oxytetracycline (55%) showed maximum resistance. The survivability rate was 83.33% (35/42) in cystitis, 85% (17/20) in urolithiasis, 33.33% (2/6) in transitional cell carcinoma and 77.77% (14/18) in prostate affections. The overall survivability rate was 79.07% (68/86).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the protective effects of medicinal plant extract against Escherichia coli in poultry(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-21) Choudhary, Sahil; Asrani, R.K.The present experimental study was planned to identify the most potent plant extract through in vitro studies and then test the most effective plant extract against experimental E. coli (O101) organism intraperitoneally in Delham Red (DR) chicks to evaluate the effects on clinical signs, mortality, body weight, serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes. The 70% aqua-ethanolic extract of Artemisia annua (A. annua) showed maximum antibacterial effect against experimental E. coli (O101) organism in vitro. The pilot experiment was conducted to determine the LD50 dose which was found 3.6 x 107 cfuml-1 . In the experiment, a total of 300, day-old Delham Red (DR) birds were randomly divided into 6 groups. The group CX acted as control group, group EX was given E. coli infection only, groups EA, EB and EC were administered with both E. coli and 70% aqua-ethanolic extract of A. annua at the dose rate of 0.5 g, 1.0 g and 2.0 g per litre of water, respectively. The group AX was provided with 70% aqua-ethanolic extract of A. annua only at the dose rate of 2 g/l of water. E. coli (O101) infection was given to the birds intraperitoneally on 7th day of age. The 70% aqua-ethanolic extract of A. annua was given in drinking water to birds from 0 day to day 14. The birds from each group were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 day post infection (DPI). The findings of the present study revealed that group EX (E. coli infection only) exhibited clinical signs of reduced feed and water intake, dullness, depression, huddling, ruffling of feathers, reluctance to move and whitish watery diarrhoea. No clinical signs were observed in group CX and AX. The values of biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST and creatinine were increased, whereas concentrations of total protein and albumin were decreased in group EX (E. coli infection only) as compared to the group CX (control group). However, the clinical signs and serum biochemical values in the groups EA, EB and EC were significantly lower in dose-dependent manner as compared to group EX (E. coli infection only). Mortality was highest in group EX (E. coli infection only) in comparison to treatment groups i.e EA, EB and EC. The body weight was higher in group EC and in comparsion to that in group EX. The gross pathology comprised of fibrinous perihepatitis, fibrinous pericarditis, airsacculitis, splenomegaly and peritonitis with higher severity in group EX and there was significant reduction in the gross lesions in groups EA, EB and EC in dose-dependent manner. Microscopically, the liver and heart of group EX showed severe perihepatitis, pericarditis, vacuolar changes, leukocytic infiltration, degenerative changes and enhanced cytoplasmic granularity. Similarly in group EX, the microscopic lesions in the spleen were characterized by reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia and an increase in eosinophilic coagulum material. Airsacs exhibited varying degree of fibrinous airsacculitis.The microscopic lesions in the liver, heart, spleen and airsacs were of less severity in group EA, EB and EC which were attributed to antibacterial effect of plant extract use in the present study.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on pathology of Escherichia coli infection in bovine calves and exploration of in vitro antimicrobial potential of certain plant extracts(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-17) Priyanka; Patil, R.D.The present study was conducted to determine the pathology caused by Escherichia coli infection in bovine calves in Himachal Pradesh. A total of 222 fecal samples were collected from dead, clinically sick and apparently healthy calves upto one year of age. Necropsy examination of 30 calves upto one year of age including 24 males and 6 females was done during the time period of 1 June, 2021 to 30 June, 2022. Grossly, enteritis was present in 26 (86.67%) calves, ulcerative abomasitis in 5 cases (16.67%), diptheretic enteritis in 1 case (3.33%), milk rumenitis in 1 case (3.33%), nodular abomasitis in 1 case (3.33%) and haemorrhagic typhlitis in 1 (3.33%) case. Histopathologically, vascular changes (congestion, edema, haemorrhages etc.), villous denudation and sloughing, cryptal necrosis, hyperplastic activity of enterocytes, increased goblet cell activity and infiltration of inflammatory cells were the consistent findings. Along with this, macroshizonts and microschizonts of coccidia in tips of villi, bacterial colonies, depletion of lymphocytic element from Peyer’s patches and proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in Peyer’s patches were also found. E. coli was found to be the major cause for gastrointestinal pathologies (55.78%) and responsible for deaths among calves. The prevalence of E. coli in Himachal Pradesh was found to be 47.75% out of which pathogenic E. coli contributed to 40.1%. Molecular pathotyping revealed that enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was present in 57/222 (25.67%) samples, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) was 31/222 (13.96%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was 28/222 (12.61%) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was present in 80/222 (36.04%) fecal samples. 25 different serotypes of all the 106 E. coli isolates were identified with serotype O119 (12.26%) being most common followed by O98 (10.38%) and O126 (9.43%). CST for 106 isolates of E. coli against 16 commonly used antibiotics revealed that highest resistance was shown by Cloxacillin (58.49%) followed by Furazolidone (53.77%). 21 E. coli isolates were found to be resistant against one antibiotic group, 17 were resistant against two antibiotic groups, 26 were found to show resistance against three antibiotic groups and rest 42 samples were resistant to more than three antibiotic groups. Upon screening of 15 plant extracts (50% aqua- alcoholic) for their antimicrobial potential against 6 serotypes of multidrug resistant (MDR)-E.coli, five plant extracts i.e. Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp., Asparagus adscendens Roxb., Phyllanthus urinaria, Physalis peruviana Linn. and Tinospora cordifolia were found to have zones of inhibition of varying diameters at different concentrations. In conclusion, the present study revealed that E. coli infection leading to enteritis was the major cause of death in bovine calves upto 1 year of age in Himachal Pradesh. The plant extracts seem to be future alternative to counteract the antimicrobial resistance in animals and humans.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the protective effects of medicinal plant extract against Salmonella infection in poultry(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-13) Soni, Mridul; Asrani, R.K.The present experimental study was designed with an aim to identify the most potent plant extract through in vitro studies and then subjecting the most potent plant extract against experimental Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium 4, 12:i:1,2 infection in Delham Red birds to observe the effects on clinical signs, mortality, growth response and pathological changes. The 80% methanolic root extract of Saussurea costus showing maximum antibacterial potential was used in the experimental trial. LD50 dose of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was found to be 2x 106 cfu ml-1 during pilot experiment using intraperitoneal route. Day old three hundred Delham Red birds were procured and were randomly divided into six groups : Group (CX) - plain control; Group (DX) - Salmonella Typhimurium infection only; Group (SA) - Salmonella Typhimurium infection + 80% methanolic root extract of Saussurea costus @ 0.5g/l; Group (SB) - Salmonella Typhimurium infection + 80% methanolic root extract of Saussurea costus @ 1g/l; Group (SC) - Salmonella Typhimurium infection + 80% methanolic root extract of Saussurea costus @ 2g/l; Group (SD) -80% methanolic root extract of Saussurea costus @ 2g/l only. The methanolic root extract of Saussurea costus was provided in the drinking water as early as 4th day of age followed by infection at 7th day of age. Sacrifice of the birds in different groups was done at regular intervals i.e.1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 & 21 DPI was done. The clinical signs recorded in the plain infection group included huddling near the light source, dullness, loss of appetite, soiling of the vent and drooping of head and wings. There were no clinical signs in the plain control group and the intensity of signs among infected groups was least in the group treated with highest dose of extract as compared to other groups. Mortality rate was found to be highest in group DX in comparison to other groups SA, SB & SC and no mortality was recorded in the groups CX & SD. Body weight gain was minimal in the group DX and highest in the group SC treated with the highest dose of plant extract. The liver and kidney parameters (ALT, AST, total protein, albumin and creatinine) among different treatment groups SA, SB & SC were significantly generally lowered as compared to the group DX. The gross pathology comprised of hepatomegaly, necrotic foci, liver paleness, splenomegaly and fibrinous pericarditis were reduced in Saussurea costus treated group as compared with group DX. Microscopically the liver in group DX comprised of severe multifocal areas of necrosis, infiltration of heterophils and lymphocytes, sinusoidal dilation, degenerative changes and increased cellular granularity. Severe homogenous eosinophilic areas of necrosis, reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia, depletion of lymphoid follicles and blood-filled sinuses were present in the spleen. The microscopic lesion score intensity was highest in group DX on 5, 7 & 10 DPI. The similar lesions were observed in the treatment groups SA, SB & SC but a significant reduction in the gravity of the lesions was observed among these groups. Preservation of the normal structure of spleen and liver was observed among treatment groups suggesting the antimicrobial and hepatoprotective effect of Saussurea costus against the pathology produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in experimental bird model.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on gastrointestinal parasitism in migratory sheep and goat of Himachal Pradesh(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-14) Singh, Jagvir; Wadhwa, Des RajThe present investigation was carried out to study the incidence of gastrointestinal parasitism in migratory sheep and goats. The study was conducted in 3 migratory flocks. The incidence of gastrointestinal parasitism along with haematobiochemical alteration at different altitudes was studied. A total of 220 faecal samples of goats and 200 faecal samples of sheep were collected. The overall incidence of GI parasitism was 94.09 percent in goats and 86.5 percent in sheep. The mean EPG was 1357±125.30 in goats and 1523.25 ± 98.50 in sheep indicating severe parasitism. In flock 1 Strongyle was the major GIT parasite in both sheep and goats at high altitudes. At mid-hill altitude, mixed infection was more prevalent in goats and strongyle was the major GIT parasite in sheep. At low altitudes, Strongyle was the major parasite in both sheep and goats. Mean EPG at high, mid and low hill altitudes was 758.82±60.34,1190±110.30,1762.42±140.38 in sheep and 1036±80.24, 1653.33±140.36 and 1300±110.20 in goats respectively. Haematologically values of TEC, PCV, Hb and MCV were high at high hill altitude than mid and low hills altitude both in sheep and goats. Biochemically calcium and phosphorus were high at low hill altitude than at high and mid hills altitude both in sheep and goats. The concentration of Iron and glucose were high at high hill altitude both in sheep and goats. A negative correlation was found between Famacha and haemoglobin levels in goats which was significant at mid-hills. A negative correlation was also observed in Body condition score and EPG in goats. The incidence of gastrointestinal parasitism and haematobiochemical profile was carried out in two other flocks (flock II and III) at mid hills altitude. In flock II (goat) 80% of the sample was positive for GIT parasitism in goats and the mean EPG was 1656.67±136.40. In flock III (sheep) 93.33% of samples were positive for GIT parasitism in sheep and the mean EPG was 1470±92.08. Haematologically, animals of both the flocks showed decreased haemoglobin than normal. Biochemically mean values of calcium, phosphorus, albumin, globulin and magnesium were below the normal in both the flocks. Theurepeutic trials were conducted on 90 sheep and 90 goats using closantel, ivermectin and fentas plus in standard doses. The efficacy of ivermectin, closantel and fentas plus was 85.30%, 82.91%, and 73.10% respectively in sheep. In goats efficacy was 81.55%, 85.50% and 70.40% respectively indicating that ivermectin was most effective drug in sheep and closantel was most effective drug in goats against single or mixed parasitic infections.ThesisItem Open Access Electrolyte and Acid Base Imbalances in Common Clinical Disorders in Dogs(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-20) Bhawani, Ishani; Katoch, AjayThe present investigation was aimed to study the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Electrolyte and acid base imbalances in common clinical disorders in dogs. The study was conducted on 2276 dogs presented in the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Palampur. On the basis of history, clinical examination, haemato-biochemical profile, electrolyte profile, acid base imbalances and imaging studies, a total of 328 dogs (14.41%: 328/2276) with electrolyte disorders were found. The overall prevalence from the total dogs presented in the clinics were 5.79% (132/2276) in Renal failure dogs, 3.60% (82/2276) in Canine Parvoviral enteritis dogs, 2.72% (62/2276) in Canine Distemper dogs and 2.28% (52/2276) in dogs with Ascites of hepatic origin. Based upon preliminary screening and final diagnosis, 328 cases of Electrolyte disorders were found. Out of these 328 cases, 132 (40.24%, 132/328) suffered from Renal failure, 82 (25.01%, 82/328) from Parvoviral Enteritis, 62 (18.90 %, 62/328) from Canine Distemper and 52 (15.85%, 52/328) from Ascites of hepatic origin. The prevalence of different Electrolyte imbalances in Renal Failure dogs revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 50.75% (67/132), 36.36% (48/132) and 19.69% (26/132) cases, , respectively whereas Canine Parvoviral Enteritis revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 65.85% (54/82), 36.58% (30/82) and 24.39% (20/82) cases, respectively. The prevalenceof different Electrolyte imbalances in Canine Distemper dogs revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 77.41% (48/62), 51.61% (32/62) and 29.03% (18/62) cases, , respectively whereas Ascitic dogs revealed Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia in 75% (39/52), 30.76% (16/52) and 53.84% (28/52) cases, , respectively. Rest of the dogs were having normal levels of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride. The dogs suffering from Renal failure were anaemic with Hb and PCV as 8.89±0.91 g/dl and 27.26±2.49 %, respectively. The mean values of BUN and Creatinine were significantly higher (141.08±14.26 mg % and 6.50±0.49 mg%, respectively) than healthy animals. The mean values of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride were 147.56±1.18 mmol/L, 3.8±0.25 mmol/L and 105.67±1.16 mmol/L, respectively. The mean value of Sodium was significantly lower than healthy animals. Renal failure dogs were having hyperphosphatemia with mean Phosphorus level as 7.341±0.44 mg/dl. Venous blood gas and acid base status in 22 dogs of Chronic renal failure revealed the mean values of pCO2, HCO3, tCO2 and stHCO3were significantly decreased as compared to healthy dogs indicative of metabolic acidosis in affected dogs. In Canine parvoviral enteritis there was a significant decrease in Lymphocytes and significant increase in Monocyte values i.e. 18.55±1.46 % and 10.99±1.72%, respectively compared with healthy animals. These dogs were suffering from hypoproteinemia with mean Total Protein value as 4.56 ± 0.37g%. The mean values of Glucose increased significantly from 92.01±5.19 mg% after institution of treatment. The mean values of Sodium and Potassium were 141.84± 0.95mmol/L and 3.38±0.08mmol/L which increased non-significantly after the treatment. A significant decrease in mean value of Chloride was present i.e. 103.74± 0.82mmol/L as compared to healthy dogs which increased non-significantly after the treatment. The dog suffering from Canine Distemper had mean values of TEC and PCV as 5.50 ± 0.35 x 1012/L and 29.89 ± 2.46%, respectively which were significantly lower than healthy animals followed by non-significant gradual increase after treatment. The mean values of ALT were 40.14±14.40U/L and 72.39±5.19U/L, , respectively which were significantly higher than healthy animals. Similarly, mean value of Potassium was also significantly lower compared with healthy animals. The dogs suffering from Ascites were having mean values of Hb and TLC as 11.24±0.52g/dL and 12.67±0.49 x 109 /L, respectively. The mean values of ALT were 131.92±25.36 U/L and 98.59±6.10 U/L in pretreatment and posttreatment dogs which were significantly higher than healthy animals. The mean values of Sodium and Potassium were 139.81±1.45 mmol/L and 3.50±0.14mmol/L, respectively. The mean values of Sodium increased significantly after the treatment. A significant decrease in Chloride was observed compared to healthy animals which increased non-significantly after the treatment. Specific treatment of different diseases along with specific fluid therapy as per need resulted in significant recovery of diseased animals.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on clinico-diagnostics of canine dermatological disorders and its management(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-20) Bansal, Abhishek; Sharma, PardeepThe present study was carried out on 2,671 dogs presented at Department of Veterinary Medicine, DGCN COVAS, Palampur over a period of one year two months. Among these, 227 dogs were diagnosed with different dermatological disorders indicating 8.40 per cent overall hospital prevalence. Etiology-wise prevalence were bacterial 34 per cent, demodectic mange 18 per cent, fungal 17.62 per cent, flea 16 per cent, sarcoptic mange 3.52 per cent, atopic, cheyletiellosis, nutritional 2.6 per cent respectively and pemphigus 1.7 per cent. The maximum cases of dermatitis were recorded during the monsoon season (46.69%) followed by the winter season (22.46%). Sex-wise the males (75.33%) suffered more than females (24.66%). Overall age groups with the highest prevalence were those between 1 and 12 months (39.20%). Overall skin affections were more in Mongrels breed (34.36%) and German shepherd (13.22%). Majority of canines had pruritis (80.62%), followed by alopecia (75.33%). In the case of bacterial dermatitis maximum number of dogs confronts erythema (89.74%) and in sarcoptic mange, demodectic mange, fungal dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis was characterized by pruritis 100, 95.12, 75.00, 83.33 per cent respectively. The maximum distribution of overall lesion on dorsal surfaces was seen in lumbar 56 (24.67%) and ventral surfaces on paw 60 (26.43%). Haemoglobin and HCT values reduced significantly in demodectic and sarcoptic mange. Significant leucocytosis was observed in sarcoptic mange, demodectic mange, bacterial and fungal dermatitis and significant lymphopenia observed in sarcoptic mange and bacterial dermatitis and lymphocytosis in fungal dermatitis. Neutropenia was observed significantly in fungal dermatitis. Eosinophilia was observed significantly in bacterial and fungal dermatitis. ALT was significantly higher in demodectic mange, sarcoptic mange, and bacterial dermatitis. AST was significantly higher in bacterial, fungal dermatitis, demodectic and sarcoptic mange. Hyperproteinaemia was observed in demodectic mange, sarcoptic mange, and fungal dermatitis. Staphylococcus spp. was most isolated bacteria and Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, proved to be the most effective antibiotic in treatment of bacterial dermatitis with 57.14 per cent sensitivity on antibiogram followed by Clindamycin (42.86%). In treatment group-I (Ivermectin) on the 28th day, there was moderate erythema, alopecia, crust lesions, mild papular lesions, on the 56th day, there was mild alopecia and mild crust, and on the 84th day, there was complete recovery. All the dogs in treatment groups-II (Fluralaner), III(Sarolaner), IV(Afoxolaner) have severe erythema, alopecia, crust, and papule there was a reduction of clinical signs observed on day 28 there were mild erythema, alopecia, and crust lesions. Mild alopecia was observed on day 56. On day 84, all treatment groups had completely recovered. The mean mite count in group-I was significantly lower on the 28th day with the drug efficacy of 76.80 per cent and there was significant reduction of mean mite count was observed on 56th and 86th when compared with 28th day with the drug efficacy 99.68 per cent and 100 per cent respectively. In group-II, III and IV the mite count was significantly lower on 28th day when compared to the 0th day with the drug efficacy 98.90, 98.70 and 98.50 per cent respectively and non-significant reduction of mite count was observed on 56th day and 84th day in comparison to 28th day with a drug efficacy of 100 per cent. In sarcoptic mange infested dogs Fluralaner was administered @25mg/kg b.wt orally once to all dog. Complete resolution of signs was seen on 56th and 84th day. The mite count of Fluralaner treated dog was significantly lower on the 28th day with the drug efficacy 96.70 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonographic evaluation of pre- and post-pubertal follicular dynamics in Sahiwal and Crossbred heifers(Palampur, 2022-12-07) Sharma, Pururava; Kumar, PraveshThe study was conducted to compare the pre-pubertal versus post-pubertal follicular dynamics in Sahiwal (n=10) and Jersey crossbred (n=10) heifers by using trans rectal ultrasonography. The investigation was carried out in the Livestock Farm Complex of the University from March, 2021 to August, 2022. Irrespective of the pre- or post-pubertal stage, the ultrasonography was done every other day in the both groups of heifers. In pre pubertal heifersthe day of emergence of follicular wave was considered as day 1. Thereafter, the observations were made for 21 days. Absence of luteal tissue was used as confirmation of pre-pubertal stage in both the groups of heifers. All the animals were re-examined for the initiation of puberty after every 20 days and monitored regularly for the exhibition of signs of estrus. In Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers a significant variation (p<0.01) was observed in the body weight at birth (21.2±0.28 and 27.0±0.16 kg), body weight at puberty (335.9±5.75 and 366.5±4.52 kg) and age at puberty (1132.7±53.22 and 932.9±20.95 days), respectively. ROC curve revealed that pubertal weight in Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers was ≥ 308.11 and ≥ 337.17 kg, respectively, with a specificity of 90 and 100 per cent. A significant variation (p<0.01) was recorded during post-pubertal period for back fat thickness in Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers which were 12.86±0.05 and 12.69±0.01 mm, respectively. Follicular dynamics in pre- and post-pubertal stages occurred in a wave like manner. In Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers, the preponderance of two- or three follicular waves were 40 or 60 per cent; 70 or 30 per cent, respectively. The inter-estrus interval in two- and three-wave Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred was 17.50±0.28, 17.85±0.34 and 20.83±0.40, 20.33±0.66 days, respectively which differed significantly (p<0.01) among different waves but not between the breeds. The size of pre-ovulatory follicle in two-wave Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers differ significantly (p<0.01) but not in three wave cycles.
