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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability and interrelationship among horticultural traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)(palampur, 2017-06-30) Sharma, Simran; Singh, YudhvirThe present investigation entitled, “Genetic variability and interrelationship among horticultural traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)” was undertaken at the Research Farm of the „Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture‟, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur during winter season 2015-16. The experimental material comprising of thirty five genotypes of faba bean including one check namely, „Vikrant-B‟ were evaluated in randomized block design over three replications to assess the nature of genetic variability, association among various traits, and their direct and indirect effects on pod yield per plant for effective selection. Data were recorded on nineteen characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, node at which first flower appears, branches per plant, pods per node, nodes per plant, plant height (cm), days to maturity, pod length (cm), pods per plant, pod yield per plant (g), seeds per pod, seed yield per plant (g), seed size (cm), 100-seed weight (g), harvest index ( per cent), total soluble solids (oBrix), dry matter ( per cent), ascorbic acid (mg/100g) and protein content ( per cent). In addition, morphological characterization for seed colour was also recorded visually. The observations were recorded on ten competitive plants which were randomly selected in each entry over the replications. On the basis of mean performance, „Local-1-C‟ was the top ranking genotype for pod yield per plant which significantly outperformed all the genotypes with an increase in yield of 44.58 per cent over check „Vikrant-B‟. In addition, fifteen genotypes produced pod yield similar to that of „Vikrant-B‟. HB-123-B (54.00g), HB-123-C (51.00g), HB-511-C (48.00g), PRT-7-B (46.87g), HB-40-A (46.67g) and HB-193-A (45.33g) were the top performing genotypes among them. The superior performance of these genotypes for fresh pod yield per plant was mainly attributed to their superior/comparable performance for pods per node, nodes per plant, pod length, pods per plant, branches per plant, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight to that of best performing check „Vikrant-B‟. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for node at which first flower appears, pods per plant, harvest index, protein content and pod yield per plant indicating the inheritance of these characters under the control of additive gene action and selection would be more effective for their improvement. Based on correlation and path coefficient analysis, nodes per plant, pods per plant, branches per plant, seed yield per plant, seed size, 100-seed weight, harvest index and protein content could be considered as the best selection parameters for evolving high yielding genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P.(palampur, 2017-07-15) Mehta, Kanika; Guleria, J.S.The present study pertained to economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P. This study is based upon the data collected for the Agricultural Year 2015-16 from 60 tomato (30 open-field and 30 polyhouse) growers, selected through proportional allocation method from Baijnath and Bhedu Mahadev blocks of Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh. The study reveals that under open-field/ natural conditions, among vegetables, the average yield of tomato crop was found to be the highest in the study area. Under protected conditions, the maximum cropped area was found to be under tomato (52.59%) followed by capsicum (21.04%) and cucumber (14.83%). Human labour was found to be the most important component of tomato cultivation under both open-field and protected conditions, accounting for 73.43 per cent and 82.68 per cent of the total variable cost, respectively. Under open-field conditions, the net returns over variable cost was Rs. 2,32,282/ha and output-input ratio stood at 1.50:1. Under protected conditions, it was found that all types of costs viz. variable, fixed and total costs declined with the size of the holding, mainly due to economies of scale. Further, it was found that the returns over total cost and variable cost were higher on small farms in comparison to large farms. The output-input ratio stood at 1.15:1, on overall basis. Protected cultivation contributed 10.68 per cent in the total annual gross household income of the polyhouse growers, at overall level. Large polyhouse category earned higher proportion (14.52%) as compared to small category (7.02%). The income variability of polyhouse growers was found to be less in comparison to the open-field growers. Unavailability of improved varieties at the time of sowing, the high cost of improved varieties, lack of awareness regarding the high yielding and resistant varieties, lack of storage facilities, etc. were the major problems faced by open-field growers in the study area. In case of polyhouse growers, the lack of knowledge about site, orientation, material etc., non-serious approach of construction companies, problem of repairs/spare parts, lack of technical knowhow and training, inadequate extension and advisory services, etc. were the major problems. The study has suggested that efforts are required for creating cold storage facilities to increase the shelf life of tomato. Aside from prolonging the shelf life of the crop, product diversification through processing may enhance the income of tomato growers in the study area. There is a dire need to bring polyhouses under insurance cover to make the scheme more sustainable in future.ThesisItem Open Access Long term effect of Integrated Nutrient Supply System in Rice-Wheat cropping system(palampur, 2017-07-17) Rana, Jyotika; Negi, SCThe field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient supply system in rice-wheat cropping system during 2016-17 at Badhiarkhar Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The treatments comprising of T1 - Control (No fertilizer, no manure), T2 - 50% NPK to both rice and wheat, T3 - 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T4 - 75% NPK to both rice and wheat, T5 - 100% NPK to both rice and wheat, T6 - 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T7 - 75% NPK + 25% N (FYM) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T8 - 50% NPK + 50% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T9 - 75% NPK + 25% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T10 - 50% NPK + 50% N (green manure) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T11 - 75% NPK + 25% N (green manure) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat and T12 -Farmers‟ Practice (40% NPK and FYM 5 t/ha to both the crops) were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, high in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Significantly higher absolute growth rate and plant height, higher dry matter accumulation, number of shoots, CGR & RGR were recorded in T6 incase of rice. In case of wheat, initial plant stand at complete emergence, plant height, number of shoots and dry matter accumulation at different stages were also maximum in T6. The days taken to 50% flowering/earing as well as maturity were minimum in the treatment comprising of 50% NPK along with FYM in rice (T6).The study revealed that T6 resulted in higher tillers, panicles, grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw & biological yield of rice. In case of wheat, higher number of spikes, number of grains per spike, length of spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw and biological yield were found in T6. Pooled data of 22 years from 1994-95 to 2016-17 showed that the maximum yield was recorded in T6. The net returns of the system was maximum in treatment T6 while the benefit cost ratio was maximum in treatment T5. The treatment comprising of 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat (T6)was found to be the best treatment for getting higher productivity and profitability followed by T10 and T5.ThesisItem Open Access Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2017-06-27) Chhavi; Sharma, Pawan K.The present investigation entitled “Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. Under laboratory conditions, C. medinalis completed three generations from August to mid-December. The life cycle of C. medinalis consisted of four distinct stages viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult, each having an average duration ranging between 3.70-4.50, 17.50-20.50, 7.00-7.50 and 6.40-7.40 (female); 2.50-3.30 (male), respectively, during different generations. The fertility parameters worked out for first, second and third generation resulted in the net reproductive rate (R0 ) of 29.16, 17.94 and 17.72 female eggs per female with the corresponding true generation time of 37.06, 37.99 and 39.38 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was maximum in the first generation (0.091) and minimum in the third generation (0.073). The field collected adults of last generation when reared under laboratory conditions to study the survival of pest, failed to lay eggs. However, a few individuals of C. medinalis larvae survived in winter till January on paddy plants and weeds and a limited feeding was observed during this period. Survey for the incidence of C. medinalis and its associated natural enemies in four locations viz., Sundernagar, Nurpur, Jogindernagar and Palampur of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at different time intervals. The pest appearance was noticed in the second fortnight of July at Nurpur, Palampur and Jogindernagar. Whereas, at Sundernagar, the pest activity initiated during first fortnight of July and population of adults was at its peak in the first fortnight of September in all the four locations. From the correlation studies between adult catch and abiotic factors, it was concluded that the temperature (maximum and minimum) favours the C. medinalis build-up. However, RH (maximum and minimum) and rainfall had a negative impact on C. medinalis abundance. During survey, Cotesia cypris (Nixon) was found to be the most dominating larval parasitoid associated with C. medinalis. Fifty natural enemies were encountered in paddy ecosystem of all the four locations, out of which twenty four were found associated with C. medinalis. Spiders viz., Araneus pseudosturmii (Yin et al.), Micropholcus fauroti (Simon) and Runcinia ghorpadei (Tikader) were recorded for the first time from India. Based upon the Shannon index, diversity of natural enemies was maximum at Palampur (2.58-2.65) and minimum at Nurpur (1.52-1.89). The leaf damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to different release levels of C. medinalis viz., 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 larvae per hill released at panicle initiation stage revealed that maximum leaf infestation was 24.48 per cent at highest release level (10 larvae/ hill) and lowest (6.94%) at release level of 2 larvae per hill and per cent avoidable losses varied from 0.94-28.93 per cent. Among forty three genotypes evaluated against C. medinalis, thirty three genotypes were found moderately resistant, nine as moderatey susceptible and one as susceptible. None of the genotypes was found to be free from leaf folder damage. Among the six treatments of Trichogramma chilonis, maximum control was achieved when 1,50,000 parasitized eggs per hectare were released. However, this treatment was found to be at par with 1,00,000 and 1,25,000 parasitized eggs per hectare. Out of six insecticides and one biopesticides evaluated against C. medinalis, flubendiamide (24 g a.i./ ha), indoxacarb (30 g a.i./ ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (12.5 g a.i./ ha) were found to be efficacious. However, biopesticide, Bt (1.5 kg/ ha) was found to be least effective for the control of pest. Incremental output input ratio was highest in case of lamba-cyhalothrin and lowest in BtThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-06) JASWAL, RICHA; Sandal, Sanjeev K.The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur, during the year 2015-16 with the objectives of evaluating the effects of drip irrigation and NK fertigation levels on soil water retention and transmission, plant water, water use efficiency, growth, productivity, quality and nutrient uptake of strawberry under protected condition. The treatments comprised of, (a) Three drip irrigation levels, DI0.6 (Daily drip irrigation at 60 per cent of open pan evaporation), DI0.8 (Daily drip irrigation at 80 per cent of open pan evaporation) and DI1.0 (Daily drip irrigation at 100 per cent of open pan evaporation), (b) Three NK fertigation levels viz., NK50 (50 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval), NK75 (75 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval) and NK100 (100 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval) and (c) Control (C)- 100 per cent RDF applied through conventional method (1/2 N and full PK as basal and remaining 1/2 N in equal split at monthly intervals) with drip irrigation at 1.0 PE. The strawberry cv. Chandler was transplanted on October 03, 2015. The results indicated that DI1.0 and DI0.8 treatment had higher soil water content, soil water stock, profile water recharge in comparison to DI0.6. The DI1.0 treatment due to favorable soil moisture regimes led to higher relative leaf water content and TSS content and NPK uptake while WUE and vitamin C were higher in DI0.6. In case of different NK fertigation treatment, NK100 and NK75 had higher root growth, leaf area index, WUE, FEE, fruit length, breadth and weight, TSS content and higher marketable yield as compared to NK50 treatment. The study concluded that fertigation application of 100 per cent RDF at 0.6 PE level resulted in higher water use efficiency and saving irrigation water. However, the maximum marketable yield, gross and net returns and highest B:C ratio was obtained with DI0.8 NK100.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SOWING PATTERN AND SEED RATE ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum ) SEED IN MID HILL CONDITIONS(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-07-18) KUMARI, PARINITI; Kataria, R.K.Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most important staple food of the majority of world’s population. It is the most important crop of Himachal Pradesh during winter season in low and mid hills of the State. Manipulation of agronomic practices such as planting pattern/geometry and seed rate are considered to be foremost step to achieve proper distribution of plants over cultivated area, thereby better utilization of above and below ground natural resources towards increasing yield. A field and laboratory investigation was undertaken to study the effect of different planting patterns and seed rates on seed production and its quality in wheat by evaluating the yield and quality parameters. The experiment with twelve treatment combinations comprising of four planting patterns (15 cm, 23 cm, 15 x 15 cm and 23 x 23 cm) and three seed rates (100, 120 and 140 kg/ha) was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during Rabi 2015 at the experimental farm of department of Seed Science and Technology. The observations recorded revealed that planting patterns of 23 x 23 cm resulted in significantly more plant height, leaf area index, number of spikes/m2 , spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, biological yield, seed yield, seed recovery percentage, 1000 seed weight and vigour index over other planting patterns. No significant effect of different planting patterns on number of shoots/m2 after complete emergence, days to 50 % heading, harvest index and germination percentage was observed. 140 kg/ha seed rate produced significantly higher number of shoots per m², leaf area index, number of spikes per m², biological and seed yield over 120 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha seed rate.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY AND ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN F4 PROGENIES OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-06-15) SEHGAL, NIDHI; Chadha, SanjayTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important solanaceous vegetable crops grown widely all over the world. Its cultivation in commercial growing pockets of Himachal Pradesh is severely affected due to bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith. Resistant genotypes have been developed at various research centers, located within the country and abroad but these genotypes were not found suitable for growing in Himachal Pradesh as these are lacking in one or other characteristics. The present investigation entitled “Variability and association studies in F4 progenies of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was undertaken by evaluating 18 bacterial wilt resistant F4 progenies viz., (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-1-15, (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-1-16, (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-2-3, (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-2-6, (Hawaii 7998 × Palam Pride)-2-7, (Hawaii 7998 × BWR-5)-3-1, (CLN2070B-1 × 12-1)-2-8, (CLN2070B-1 × 12-1)-2-16, (CLN2123A-1 × BWR-5)-3-6, Avtaar-1-3, Avtaar-1-13, Avtaar-1-15, (12-1 × BWR-5)-1-7, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-2, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-13, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-14, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-18 and (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-19 along with two bacterial wilt resistant standard checks (Palam Pink and Palam Pride) to identify the promising progenies on the basis of nature and extent of genetic variability, association among component traits and marketable yield and direct and indirect effects of each of the component traits on marketable yield. These genotypes were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in summer-rainy season’2016 at the Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, COA, CSK HPKV, Palampur. To ascertain the severity of the disease, two susceptible checks, Roma and Marglobe were planted at every alternate 11th row in the experiment. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits except plant survival. The maximum marketable yield per plant was produced by the progenies Avtaar-1-3 (0.87kg) followed by (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-18 (0.76kg), (Hawaii 7998 × BWR-5)-3-1 (0.75kg), (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-2-3 (0.70kg), (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-1-16 (0.69kg), (CLN2070B-1 × 12-1)-2-8 (0.66kg), Avtaar-1-15 (0.63kg) and (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-14 (0.62kg). These top yielding progenies also excelled in many other horticultural traits. For most of the characters high to moderate PCV and GCV estimates along with high heritability and genetic advance were observed. The estimates of PCV were higher than corresponding GCV for all the characters studied which indicated that the apparent variation is not only due to genotypes but also due to the influence of environment. Marketable yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with total and marketable fruits per plant, gross yield per plant and pericarp thickness at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Days to 50 per cent flowering, locules per fruit, plant height and total soluble solids had significant negative association with marketable yield per plant at genotypic level. Path coefficient analysis revealed that marketable fruits per plant and average fruit weight had the maximum positive contribution (direct and indirect) towards marketable yield per plant, hence these traits require special attention to improve upon marketable yield and other component traits.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF GRAM TO ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS UNDER RAINFED AND IRRIGATED CONDITIONS IN GRAM-OKRA CROPPING SYSTEM(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-07-06) AHMAD, NESAR; Rameshwar, KumarA field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2015-16 at Holta Organic Farm of Department of Organic Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the response of gram to organic and inorganic sources of nutrients under rainfed and irrigated conditions. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments comprising of combinations of four nutrient management practices i.e. organic nutrient management [soil treatment with jeevamrit & seed treatment with Rhizobium + PSB, vermicompost (VC) @ 5 t ha-1 & 3 sprays of vermiwash], inorganic nutrient management (recommended NPK), integrated nutrient management (2.5 t ha-1 VC + 50% of recommended NPK) and farmer’s practice (1.25 t ha-1 VC + 25% of recommended NPK) with two conditions i.e. irrigated and rainfed were tested in split plot design with three replications. Results revealed that growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield of gram were increased with irrigated condition and nutrient management practices. Under irrigated condition, 15.20 per cent higher yield and 10.41 per cent higher net returns per rupee invested were recorded over rainfed condition. Among nutrient management practices, organic nutrient management recorded significantly higher seed yield (1060.1 kg ha -1 ) as compared to other treatments, followed by integrated nutrient management practice. At the same time organic nutrient management recorded highest net returns (₹ 52467 ha-1 ) and 7.10 net returns per rupee invested. Integrated nutrient management was the second best treatments, recorded higher net returns (₹ 32210 ha-1 ) as compared to inorganic and farmers practice. The available nutrient status of soil (NPK) was significantly higher under organic nutrient management as compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF RED SPIDER MITE USING NATURAL PRODUCTS IN CUCUMBER UNDER PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Sudeshna; Sood, Ajay K.Present investigations “Management of red spider mite using natural products in cucumber under protected environment” were undertaken to study acaricidal activity of natural products and to evaluate their field efficacy against, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) under naturally ventilated polyhouse. Seven natural products namely; cow urine, darekastra, fermented butter milk, jeevamrit, panchgavya, tamarlassi, vermiwash and three biopesticide formulations namely; Eupatorium 5EC, Melia 5 EC and Neem Baan 0.15EC were evaluated for toxic, repellenct, feeding deterrent, oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activity using leaf dip method of bioassay under laboratory conditions. Natural products resulted in LC50 of 1.09 to 15.15 per cent with the minimum and maximum corresponding to fermented butter milk and panchgavya, respectively, whereas it ranged from 0.00007 to 0.03 per cent for biopesticide formulations, maximum for Melia 5 EC and minimum for Neem Baan 0.15EC. The repellence varied from 40.00 to 96.67 per cent upto 8 hours after release at the evaluated concentrations in different products. Exposure of adult mites to leaf surface treated with natural products resulted in reduction in feeding based on the number of white feeding specks produced varying from 4.80 to 91.24 per cent, whereas the biopestide formulation Neem Baan 0.15EC exhibited 100 per cent feeding deterrence at 0.00045 per cent concentration. All the evaluated products deterred the oviposition by T. urticae varying from 8.28 to 54.42 per cent, except the panchgavya which acted as oviposition inducer. Ovicidal activity of the products varied from 5.61 to 54.48 per cent. At recommended dose of field use, the natural products darekastra (10%) and tamarlassi (10%) exhibited moderate level of acaricidal activity, whereas it was high for biopesticide formulation, the Neem Baan 0.15EC (0.00045%). Bioefficacy of selected natural products and biopesticide formulations evaluated under polyhouse conditions in summer and autumn crop revealed a low level of mite population when the natural products were used as preventive management measures prior to initiation of mite infestation. The population levels varied from 10.13 to 17.14 and 60.11 to 124.40 mites per leaf in summer crop and 0.45 to 2.07 and 31.89 to 84.33 mites per leaf in autumn crop for preventive and curative mite management measures, respectively. The order of efficacy on the basis of mean mite population in summer crop was darekastra (10%) > Neem Baan 0.15EC (0.00045%) > vermiwash (10%) > tamarlassi (10%) > Eupatorium 5EC (0.015%) > cow urine (5%) > fermented butter milk (10%) > panchgavya (10%). Whereas in autumn crop, the order of efficacy was darekastra > vermiwash = tamarlassi = Neem Baan 0.15EC > Eupatorium 5EC > cow urine > panchgavya = fermented butter milk. Cucumber fruit yield was significantly higher under preventive management measures and it varied from 1429 to 1962 and 1061 to 1586 g per plant and 1152 to 1456 and 1025 to 1348 g per plant under preventive and curative management measures, respectively, during summer and autumn cropping seasons. Economic analysis of the yield revealed the net returns in both the cropping seasons to be significantly higher when the natural products were used as preventive mite management measures. In summer crop, the net returns were maximum in darekastra followed by vermiwash, tamarlassi and Neem Baan 0.15EC, whereas in autumn crop, Neem Baan 0.15EC followed by darekastra, tamarlassi and Eupatorium 5EC resulted higher net returns. On the basis of incremental output-input ratio, darekastra and vermiwash resulted in significantly higher ratio in summer crop whereas in autumn crop the ratio was in favour of darekastra and Neem Baan 0.15EC.The incremental returns for panchgavya (in both the cropping seasons) and cow urine (autumn season crop) were negative. Based on the outcome of investigations undertaken, it was concluded that the natural products possessed varying level of acaricidal activity and were more efficacious as preventive management measures.
