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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2014-12) INDU BALA; Jai DevThe present investigation entitled “Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was ‘j+l’ type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried ‘i’ type epistasis alongwith ‘j+l’ type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK- 472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.ThesisItem Open Access NITROGEN DYNAMICS AS INFLUENCED BY LONGTERM EFFECT OF PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2014-07-07) SHABNAM; Sharma, Sanjay K.The present investigation was carried out in the ongoing long-term experiment on soil test crop response correlation studies (STCR) initiated during kharif, 2007 at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur in randomized block design with eight treatments comprising control, farmers’ practice, general fertilizer dose, conventional soil test based fertilizer application and fertilizer application based on STCR approach with and without FYM for yield targets of 30 and 40 q ha-1 . The soil of the experimental site was Typic Hapludalf, silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in available N, high in P and medium in K at the initiation of the experiment. Soil samples (0-0.15m) taken after the harvest of maize (kharif, 2013) were analyzed for different forms of nitrogen and pH, OC, CEC, microbial biomass carbon and available N, P and K. Grain and stover yields of maize were recorded and uptake of various nutrients by maize was also worked out after the plant analysis. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers either alone or in combination with FYM enhanced the contents of different organic and inorganic nitrogen fractions. However, prescription based fertilizer application involving conjunctive use of fertilizers and FYM for yield targets of 30 and 40 q ha-1 proved superior to general fertilizer recommendation as well as conventional soil test based fertilizer application in influencing various forms of nitrogen. Likewise, highest contents of OC (8.3 g kg-1 ), CEC (13.4 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 ), microbial biomass carbon (119.5 mg kg-1 ), available N (282 kg ha-1 ), P (61 kg ha-1 ) and K (279 kg ha-1 ) were found under STCR (IPNS) based treatment for target yield of 40 q ha-1 which ultimately, resulted in the highest productivity of maize (37.6 q ha-1 ). In general, the contribution of different organic as well as inorganic forms of nitrogen viz., hydrolysable ammonical-N, amino acid-N, serine+threonine-N, hexosamine-N, unidentified-N, non hydrolysable-N, ammonical-N and nitrate-N, towards the total-N was 24.3, 24.4, 5.4, 7, 23, 6.4, 5.5 and 3.6 percent, respectively. Continuous cropping without fertilization resulted in depletion in hydrolysable ammonical-N, amino acid-N, serine+threonine-N, hexoseamine-N, unidentified-N and non-hydrolysable-N to the extent of 24, 17, 23, 3.6, 12 and 8 per cent, respectively. Hydrolysable ammonical-N exhibited highest correlation with available N (r=0.882) and accounted for 78 percent variation in available N. Hydrolysable ammonical-N recorded highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.898) and accounted for about 88 per cent of the variation, whereas, amino acid-N showed the highest correlation with stover yield (r=0.902) and accounted for about 81 per cent of the variation. Different fractions of nitrogen were found to be positively and significantly correlated with one another except non hydrolysable-N.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL EVALUATION OF END THREADED INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING FOR MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN CANINES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-07-17) Chanana, Mitin; Adarsh KumarThe present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of end-threaded intramedullary pinning for management of various long bone fractures in canines. The study was carried out in two phases, managing 25 client owned dogs presented with different fractures. Initially, the technique of application of end threaded intramedullary pinning in long bone fractures was standardized in 6 clinical patients presented with long bone fractures. In this phase, end threaded pins of different profiles i.e. positive and negative, were used as the internal fixation technique. These patients, allocated randomly in two groups, when evaluated postoperatively revealed slight pin migration in group-I (negative profile), which resulted in disruption of callus site causing delayed union in one case and large callus formation in other two cases whereas no pin migration was observed in group-II (positive profile). Other observations in group-I was reduced muscle girth and delayed healing time as compared to group-II. In clinical application phase, on the basis of results obtained from standardization phase, 19 client-owned dogs clinically presented with different fracture, implanted with end threaded intramedullary positive profile screw ended self tapping pin. Immediate post-operative radiograph revealed anatomical reduction, good cortical contact and stable implant fixation whereas muscle girth showed an initial decrease followed by a gradual increase over time. The 21st and 42nd day post-op radiographical follow-up revealed no pin migration in any of the cases and there was no bone shortening or fragment collapse. Based upon the above observations, it was concluded that the end threaded intramedullary positive profile screw ended self-tapping pin used for fixation of long bone fractures in canines can resist pin migration, pin breakage and all loads acting on the bone i.e. compression, tension, bending, rotation and shearing to an extent with no post-operative complications. The implant was found economical and can be easily used in field conditions in managing long bone fractures in canines, as compared to other orthopaedic implants.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF AN EQUINE ABDOMEN(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-07-19) Farooq, Uiase-Bin; Adarsh KumarThe present work on equine abdominal ultrasonography was conducted in two phases. In standardization phase, detailed abdominal ultrasonographic scan was performed on native 10 adult (5horses and 5 mules) healthy equines of either sex to develop baseline topographical data of various organs. In this phase, the organs of right and left hemi-abdomen were topographically located, their echo-architecture was described. A baseline data of landmarks for locating different abdominal organs was elucidated. The sonographic calliper measurements of different organs were generated along with dynamic parameters of alimentary tract to help delineate the pathology. In clinical application phase, 14 clinical cases of equines suspected for abdominal disorders were subjected to ultrasonography for assisting the diagnosis. Colonic impactions were imaged as hyperechoic intraluminal structure casting a strong acoustic shadow. Bull’s eye or sandwich like appearance of intestinal loops was characteristic of intussusceptions and can be imaged transabdominally. Descending colon obstructions were imaged as a large hyperechoic intraluminal masses casting a strong acoustic shadow with loss of normal sacculations and peristaltic movement of descending colon. In case of peritonitis the peritoneum could be imaged as thin echogenic layer with lot of peritoneal fluid present inside the abdominal cavity with marked thickening of jejunal wall. It was concluded that thorough clinical investigation combined with ultrasonography was found to be an important diagnostic imaging aid for diagnosing different abdominal disorders in equines and equips the surgeon/clinician to identify the exact etiology, which helps reach at an accurate diagnosis and formulate a precise and efficient therapeutic plan.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of combination therapies for gastric ulcerations and erosions in dogs(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-04-07) Suresh, Shastri Piyush; Tyagi, S. P.The study was conducted in 2 phases on 24 adult healthy medium sized mongrel dogs divided into 6 equal groups. In phase 1, Inj. Dexamethasone @ 1mg/kg, IV, b.i.d. was administered in all the animals until a predetermined severity of GUE was achieved and thereafter phase 2 commenced in which animals were subjected to no treatment, lansoprazole @1.5mg/kg, Seabuckthorn seed oil @1ml/dog, 40% Aloe vera pulp @ 5ml/dog, Lansoprazole @1.5mg/kg + 1ml Seabuckthorn seed oil and 4ml of 40% Aloe vera pulp + 1ml seabuckthorn seed oil p.o. b.i.d. till complete healing of GUE lesions. The progression of GUE was evaluated by gastro-endoscopic, clinical, fecal occult blood test, hematological and biochemical examinations at regular intervals. Gastro-endoscopic examinations revealed that by 10th day, 58.38% dogs reached the desired GUE index. Clinical examinations revealed a slight fluctuation in rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate but well within the normal limits. It accompanied 12.53% loss in body weight. Subjective assessment revealed a general lack of activity, reduced appetite (n=16/24) and occasional vomiting (n=5/24). The severity of gastric lesions evidenced endoscopically co-related well with melena observed in the dogs from 7th to 16th day with maximum severity on the 10th day (16/19) and there onwards. There was direct correlation between presence of gastric bleeding and positive fecal occult blood test. Haematological studies revealed a marked decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, monocytes and lymphocytes. TLC and granulocytes exhibited significant increase on all observation intervals. Gastro-endoscopically, complete healing of GUE lesions during phase 2 was earliest in group 5 (combination of lansoprazole with seabuckthorn oil) at 7.5 days followed by group 2 (lansoprazole) at 9.0 days, group 1 (negative control) at 9.75 days, groups 3 and 6 (SBT oil and combination of SBT oil + Aloe vera) at 10.5 days, and the longest in group 6 (Aloe vera) at 14.25 days respectively. The severity of melena gradually decreased towards the end of study in all the groups with the animals of groups 5 and 3 showing earliest signs of improvement. Fecal occult blood test was positive in all the animals till there was endoscopic evidence of gastric bleeding. This test was found sensitive in diagnosing subclinical gastric bleeding. Clinical and haematological parameters improved markedly towards the end of phase 2. AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and total protein remained within normal physiological limits throughout the study. It is concluded that the combination of Lansoprazole with SBT seed oil has synergistic therapeutic efficacy in dexamethasone-induced GUE in dogs, as it results in faster healing when compared with either of them used alone.ThesisItem Open Access Clinical evaluation of ketamine, propofol or ketamine-propofol admixture (Ketofol) for induction of anaesthesia in diazepambutorphanol premedicated and isoflurane maintained dogs.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-07-02) Kapil, Neha; Sharma, S. K.The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate ketamine, propofol or ketaminepropofol for induction of anaesthesia in diazepam-butorphanol premedicated and maintained dogs. Thirty clients owned dogs of either sex were randomly divided into three groups BDP (Butorphanol-Diazepam-Propofol), BDK (Butorphanol-Diazepam-Ketamine) and BDKP (Butorphanol-Diazepam-Ketofol). All dogs were premedicated with atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/kg b. wt subcutaneously followed fifteen minutes later with Butorphanol tartarate @ 0.2 mg/kg b. wt IV. 5 minutes later Diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg b. wt IV was administered followed by Propofol, Ketamine or Ketofol “till effect” IV for induction of surgical anaesthesia as per group. After induction, the animals were immediately transferred to isoflurane in oxygen. Observations recorded in dogs included analgo-clinical observations, cardiovascular observations, haemodynamic observations, anaesthetic response and dose, pulmonary responses and haemato-biochemical observations at various time intervals. The induction dose of propofol, ketamine or ketofol in BDP, BDK and BDKP group was 4.5±0.07 mg/kg, 5.0±0.23 mg/kg and 3.0±0.00 mg/kg respectively. Hypothermia was observed in BDP and BDKP group. Increased heart rate and fall in diastolic arterial pressure and increase in mean arterial pressure were observed in BDKP and BDK groups respectively after induction of anaesthesia with no rhythmic disturbance. The CVP remained below normal range in BDK group. SPO2 and ETCO2 remained in physiological limits in all the anaesthetic combinations. Significant respiratory depression occurred in BDKP group after induction. Transient apnea was observed in three animals in BDP group which was resolved after shifting of animal to 100% oxygen. Smoother induction and transfer were achieved by all the combinations. Recoveries were smoother, and excitement free in BDP group. Significant fall in Hb, PCV and TEC occurred in all the groups in early phase. Biochemical parameters remained within normal limits in all the groups. All the combinations used in present study and recommended for different types of surgeries in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access BIOENHANCING EFFECT OF BERBERIS ARISTATA AND CURCUMA LONGA ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF AMOXICILLIN IN CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-07) Tandon, Tamanna; Varshneya, C.The bioenhancing effects of Berberis aristata and Curcuma longa (30 mg.kg-1) were studied on pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in calves. The studies were carried out on six apparently healthy male calves (2-3 months of age). The calves were divided into six groups and amoxicillin was administered at the dose rate of 10 mg.kg-1 by intravenous and oral route in groups I and II, respectively. The animals of group III and IV received extracts of Berberis aristata and Curcuma longa along with amoxicillin, respectively. The animals of group V and VI received only the extracts of Berberis aristata and Curcuma longa, respectively. The blood samples were collected at 2.5 min., 5 min., 10 min., 15 min., 30 min., 1h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h and 12 h following the intravenous administration and samples were collected at 15 min., 30 min., 1h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h and 12 h after oral administration. The samples were analysed for amoxicillin using agar plate diffusion method. The disposition kinetics of amoxicillin followed two compartment open model following intravenous and oral administration. Following a single intravenous injection of amoxicillin, the plasma level was 11.9 ± 0.21 μg.ml-1 at 2.5 min. and the drug was detected above MIC in plasma upto 6 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the distribution and elimination phase of amoxicillin revealed rapid distribution of the drug into body fluids and tissues with a short distribution half life of 0.13 ± 0.01 h. A fair distribution of drug was also reflected by the high values of K12/K21 ratio (1.81 ± 0.05) and AUC (16.13 ± 0.28 μg.ml-1.h). The values of t1/2β, Kel, ClB and MRT were: 2.50 ± 0.07 h, 0.88 ± 0.01h-1, 620.75 ± 10.49 ml.kg-1.h-1 and 3.18 ± 0.08 h, respectively. After oral administration the peak plasma level was achieved at 3 h and the values of AUC, t1/2β, ClB and MRT were: 9.25 ± 0.31 μg.ml-1.h, 1.66 ± 0.05 h, 617.03 ± 10.71 ml.kg-1.h-1 and 3.79 ± 0.06 h, respectively. The simultaneous administration of extracts of Berberis aristata and Curcuma longa altered both the absorption and elimination phases. The findings of the present study revealed that amoxicillin has a bioavailability of 57 percent. The simultaneous administration of extracts significantly (P<0.05) increased the oral bioavailability of amoxicillin.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON AMELIORATIVE POTENTIAL OF SEABUCKTHORN AGAINST AFLATOXIN INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN POULTRY(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014) Sharma, Navjot; Varshneya, C.The present investigation was undertaken to study the ameliorative potential of seabuckthorn (leaves and pulp) in aflatoxin induced hapatotoxicity in poultry. A total of 210, day old broiler chicks were used for studying the growth performance, biochemical parameter and antioxidant status for the period of 4 weeks. 70% methanolic extracts of seabuckthorn leaves and pulp were fed to broiler chicks @ 1000ppm in feed . Glucomannan was mixed in feed @ 1g/kg whereas, aflatoxin was added @ 400ppb. The aflatoxin treatment significantly (P<0.05) reduced weight gain and increased FCR. The seabuckthorn (leaves and pulp extract) alone significantly (P<0.05) improved the growth performance. AF treatment produced a significant (P<0.05) decrease in total serum proteins, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL and significant (P<0.05) increase in AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and total serum billirubin. However, seabuckthorn (leaves and pulp extract) and glucomannan supplementation significantly (P<0.05) restored these biochemical parameters to control levels. In aflatoxin treated groups the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of liver, kidney and blood was significantly (P<0.05) increased whereas, GSH, catalase, SOD and GPx levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased, while there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in levels of MDA, GSH, catalase, SOD and GPx in liver of chicks fed on seabuckthorn. The combined dietary supplementation of AF + SBT leaves , AF + SBT pulp, and AF +GM produced significant (P<0.05) decrease in lipid peroxidation and an increase GSH, Catalase, SOD and GPx level of liver, kidney and blood, respectively. Histopathological lesions in the liver were severe in aflatoxin group with marked congestion of hepatic sinusoids, focal haemorrhages, centro-lobular fatty cytoplasmic vacuolation and or necrosis, biliary hyperplasia, severe degeneration of hepatocytes, dilation of central veins, bile duct proliferation and least severe in group (AF+GM) followed by groups fed with SBT (leaves and pulp extract) and there were no lesions in chicks fed with SBT (leaves and pulp) alone. On the basis of growth performance, biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity and histopathology of liver tissues, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of seabuckthorn is capable of ameliorating the aflatoxin induced hepatotoxicity in poultry.ThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL & TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PACLITAXEL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014) Bhat, Mohammad Aamir; Varshneya, C.The present investigation was conducted to study in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis and changes in cell cycle kinetics induced by paclitaxel on C6 (Rattus norvegicus glioma) and CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovarian carcinoma) cell lines. In this study, percentage cytotoxicity against cell lines was evaluated by Sulphorhodamine (SRB) assay. The percentage of surviving cells fell after 48 hours of treatment and IC50 values were observed between 0.5 to 0.75 and 0.25 to 0.75 μg/ml in C6 and CHO-K1 cells, respectively. Cells incubated in high concentrations of paclitaxel had increased survivability compared with cells treated with lower concentrations of the drug. No significant cytotoxicity was observed after 24 hours of treatment. Paclitaxel induced apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activation and caused accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle in both the cell lines. Upon fluorescent microscopy, both the cell lines lost their morphology, confluency and adherence after 24 hours but the effects were much more pronounced after 48 hours of treatment. In vivo toxicological studies were also conducted in adult wistar rats to evaluate the highest non toxic dose level of intra peritoneal administration of Paclitaxel-Cremophor EL formulation at 0.30 (G1), 1.20 (G2), 2.32 (G3) and 3.20 (G4) mg/kg at 7 day interval over a period of 21 days (3 times in total). In acute toxicity studies alopecia and tachypnea was observed in G4. No other signs of acute toxicity and no mortality was observed in any of the dose groups. After repeated dosing, at 21st day, serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase levels were significantly increased in G3 and G4 and total serum protein, albumin and alkaline phosphatase levels were also increased in G4. No significant changes were observed in serum globulin levels in any of the dose groups. Red Blood cell and lymphocytic count was significantly decreased in groups G3 and G4 and white blood cell, neutrophil count, hematocrit percentage and haemoglobin concentration was also decreased in G4. Histopathological changes were observed mainly as nuclear fragmentation, apoptosis and cellular damage in liver, heart, spleen, kidney, mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs and testes in G3 and G4 but the severity of lesions was much higher in G4. The in vitro data suggested that paclitaxel will be most effective clinically when there is prolonged exposure of tumour to the drug rather than increasing concentration of drug in the biophase. Based on in vivo results, the highest non-toxic dose of formulation was estimated to be 1.20 mg/kg in rats, under this study condition and equivalent human dose was estimated to be 0.1332 mg/kg.
