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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of fruit yield, component and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-05) Sharma, Shaina; Chadha, SanjayThe present investigation entitled “Genetic analysis of fruit yield, component and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV Palampur with the objectives to study the nature and magnitude of gene action of fruit yield, component and quality traits of triple test cross progenies, and to identify the potential parents and cross combinations on the basis of combining ability and heterosis in tomato. The experimental material comprised of 24 triple test cross hybrids derived by mating 08 lines with three testers namely 12-1, Palam Pride and their single cross F1 (12-1× Palam Pride). 24 cross combinations, 11 parents along with standard check- 1 (Avtar) were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during summer-rainy season of 2021. Tester F1 i.e.12-1× Palam Pride was identified as promising cross combination at CSKHPKV, Palampur during the past years and was also used as standard check -2 for the estimation of standard heterosis. Susceptible checks (Punjab Chhuhara and Roma) were included at every 11th row alternatively to ensure the presence of uniform distribution of bacterial wilt disease inoculum. The observations were recorded on five competitive plants marked at random in each entry over the replications on different quantitative traits viz. plant survival on the basis of bacterial wilt disease incidence, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first harvest, average fruit weight (g), fruit shape index, pericarp thickness (mm), total fruits/plant, marketable fruits/plant, marketable yield/plant (kg), total yield/plant (kg), locules/fruit, plant height (cm), duration of fruit harvest (days). Data were recorded on some visual traits fruit shape, fruit colour, fruit shape at pedicel area, fruit shape at blossom end and blossom end scar. Biometrical analysis was done for the characters TSS (0Brix), ascorbic acid (mg/100g), lycopene content (mg/100g), titrable acidity, dry matter content, pH content, moisture content, carotenoid content (mg/100g) and TSS- AR ratio. Epistasis was discovered to be a crucial component of genetic variation for majority of the traits including marketable fruit yield/ plant. Epistasis has been found to be invariably present for all the examined attributes except days to first harvest. Both (i) and (j+l) type of interactions were significant for days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, total fruits/ plant, gross yield/ plant, marketable fruits/ plant, marketable yield/ plant, locules per fruit, pericarp thickness, fruit length, fruit shape index, TSS, titrable acidity, carotenoid content, dry matter content, moisture content and TSS-AR ratio.Additive component was more pronounced than dominance component for all the traits except pericarp thickness, locules per fruit, dry matter content and moisture content. Degree of dominance was in the range of incomplete dominance for all the traits except pericarp thickness, locules per fruit, dry matter content and moisture content. Genetic variance revealed from triple test cross progenies can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components as well as epistasis. Line × tester analysis revealed the preponderance of non-additive gene effects for most of the traits viz. days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first harvest, duration of fruit harvest, plant height, fruit length, fruit width, fruit shape index, pericarp thickness, locules/fruit, total fruits/plant, marketable fruits/plant, total yield/plant, TSS, ascorbic acid content, titrable acidity, pH, carotenoid content, dry matter content, moisture content and TSS-AR ratio while additive gene effects for marketable yield per plant. Lines DPT 4 and DPT 1 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross-combinations DPT 1×12-1, DPT 1× Palam Pride, DPT 4×12-1 and 2015/TOINVAR-4×12-1 exhibited high heterosis, SCA and per se performance for majority of traits, therefore were rated as potential crosses. As a result, it would be helpful to exploit tomato hybrids, particularly those that showed high SCA in the current study for the development of hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmsochus esculentus (L.) Moench)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-10-25) Shweta; Sood, SoniaThe present investigation entitled “Line × tester analysis for fruit yield and component traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur with the objective of gathering information on heterosis, combining ability and gene action by using line × tester mating design involving nine lines and three testers. Lines, testers, their 27 cross-combinations, along with standard check 1 ‘Samrat’ and standard check 2 ‘Shakti’ were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during Summer season 2020 (E1), Summer season 2021 (E2) and Rainy season 2021 (E3). The data were recorded on different phenological and structural traits, fruit yield and yield attributing traits, quality traits and disease incidence of Cercospora leaf spot. Sufficient genetic variability was recorded for all the traits in three environments. Significant genotype × environment interactions were recorded for all the characters indicated role of environment on the performance of genotypes and cross-combinations. The analysis of variance for line × tester design revealed significant differences due to females, males and female × male interaction for most of the traits in three environments and under pooled over environments indicating substantial diversity in the experimental material. A large variation in magnitude and direction of heterosis was observed for most of the traits studied. Hybrids ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘VRO-4 × Hisar Unnat’ and Palam 5 ridged × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising crosses exhibited significant desirable standard heterosis for fruit yield and related traits and displayed maximum reliability by retaining their ranking among top five crosses over the environments. Lines ‘Palam Round’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti’ and ‘VRO-4’, and tester ‘Hisar Unnat’ were recorded good general combiners for fruit yield per plant and related traits. ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’, ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’, ‘9801 × P-8’, ‘Kashi Pragati × Palam Komal’ and ‘HPO-1 × P-8’ were the most promising cross-combinations on the basis of SCA effects for yield and component traits. The dominant component of variance was higher than additive component for most of the traits, indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action. Based on per se performance, SCA effects and standard heterosis ‘Palam Round × Hisar Unnat’ and ‘Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat’ were the most promising cross -combinations for developing superior progenies. These cross-combinations had good amount of mucilage, ascorbic acid, produced green colour fruits with downy pubescence. Palam Round × Hisar Unnat was ridgeless, resistant to Cercospora abelmoschi and highly resistant to Cercospora malayensis whereas Kashi Vibhuti × Hisar Unnat had five ridges per fruit and resistant to both species of Cercospora leaf spot. These cross-combinations can be released as hybrids after further field testing and their exploitation in future breeding programmes. Single seed descent method, recurrent selection and bulk method can be the best breeding strategy to obtain maximum number of transgressive segregants with high fruit yield.ThesisItem Open Access Response of different varieties to diverse nutrient management practices in chilli-garden pea sequence(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-14) Noori, Rafiullah; Sharma, AkhileshThe present investigation was undertaken to assess the response of different nutrient management practices on different varieties of garden pea and chilli. The field experiment comprised of 15 treatments which was conducted in chilli-garden pea sequence during two consecutive growing seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 following split plot design, replicated thrice. The main plot treatments consisted of five nutrient management practices (75, 100 and 125% of recommended NPK, organic farming and natural farming) while sub-plot treatment comprised of three varieties each of chilli and garden pea. Different nutrient management practices and varieties significantly influenced yield and majority of its attributes in both the crops along with NPK uptake and available N, P and K content in soil. The interaction effects between nutrient management practices and varieties were also significant for yield (fresh/red ripe/dry in chilli and fresh/seed in pea), many important traits, N, P and K uptake, monitory gains in respective crops and chilli equivalent yield. Application of 20 tonnes/ha + 125% NPK resulted in significantly higher mean marketable green, red ripe and dry fruit yield of 254.22, 209.64 and 57.30 q/ha with net returns of Rs. 2.89, 3.27 and 6.62 lakhs/ha, respectively over years in chilli. Similarly, this treatment when applied in pea genotype DPP SP-6 also resulted in maximum average pod and seed yield of 166.64 and 27.25 q/ha along with net returns of Rs. 2.53 and 1.60 lakhs/ha, respectively in pooled data over years. Natural farming practice showed least performance for all the traits in both the crops while organic farming practice found better than natural farming. The maximum N, P and K uptake was recorded in treatment supplemented with 20 tonnes of farmyard manure + 125% of recommended NPK in both the crops. At the end of the experiments, treatment supplemented with 125% NPK increased available N, P and K levels in the soil by 55.96, 8.05 and 44.14 kg/ha over the initial status of the soil. Application of 125% NPK resulted in significantly highest chilli equivalent yield of 510.48 q/ha in Him Palam Mirch 2 mean over years with an increase of 8.3% over recommended practice of 100% NPK in the same variety. Therefore, it can be concluded that treatment supplemented with 125% NPK resulted in maximum yield advantage and economic returns in chilli-garden pea sequence while organic farming performed better than natural farming.ThesisItem Open Access Weed Management in Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-05) Sharma, Kshitij; Singh, RavinderAn experiment on Weed management in elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) was conducted at Experimental Farm of Research Sub Station of CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya at Berthin of Bilaspur district during Kharif 2021. The experiment was laid out by planting elephant foot yam variety Palam Zimikand-1 in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment comprising of eight weed management treatments viz., Pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence, Pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence + HW at 60 DAP, Incorporation of cowpea as green manure after 45-60 days of planting, Plastic mulch (biodegradable double shaded), Dry mulch @ 5 tonnes/ha, HW at 30 and 60 DAP, Weed free and Control (No weeding). The predominating weed species recorded during experimentation was Cyperus rotundus. Among different weed management treatments, use of biodegradable double shaded plastic mulch was the best treatment with respect to girth of pseudo stem, canopy spread, leaf area index, corm yield, yield and quality attributes, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio and it was followed by weed free and HW at 30 and 60 days after planting treatments. Among herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence + HW at 60 DAP (T2) is better over pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence (T1), whereas unweeded treatment was lowest for most of the traits due to more crop-weed-competition. The use of biodegradable double shaded plastic mulch is the best treatment for weed management in elephant foot yam for achieving higher productivity and profitability under low hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity in bacterial wilt tolerant genotypes of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) using agro morphological and molecular markers(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-18) Sood, Tamanna; Sood, SoniaThe present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of variability, associations among traits and characterize the bell pepper genotypes using agro-morphological and molecular markers to identify superior genotypes for future breeding programmes. The experimental material comprised 24 genotypes, including one susceptible (California Wonder) and two resistant (EC-464107 and EC-464115) checks, evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during the summer rainy season, 2021. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on mean performance, BWT-39-DR exhibited the highest marketable fruit yield per plant followed by BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L. These genotypes were also promising for other traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking, harvest duration, fruit width, average fruit weight, marketable fruits per plant, capsanthin content, TSS and ascorbic acid content. High PCV and GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance were observed for fruit shape index, marketable fruits per plant and marketable fruit yield per plant suggesting that selection would be effective for these traits. Marketable fruit yield per plant showed a significant and positive correlation with marketable fruits per plant, harvest duration, capsanthin content, ascorbic acid content, average fruit weight and primary branches per plant. Marketable fruits per plant and average fruit weight were the best selection indices for increasing marketable fruit yield per plant. Principal component analysis revealed that the first five significant principal components explained 83.19 per cent of the variation. Genetic divergence analysis using the D 2 statistic grouped the genotypes into 11 clusters, whereas the genotypes were divided into two clusters using the UPGMA clustering method indicating that the population structure was primarily based on genetic origin along with moderate to high gene flow. Twelve genotypes viz., BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, BWT-39-DR, BWT-29, BWT-3Y, BWT-3Y-4L, Kandaghat Selection, BWT-48-AC, BWT-49-AC, BWT-22-HY, EC-464107 and EC-464115 were found common on comparing the agro-morphological and molecular clusters demonstrating the congruence between the morphological and SSR data. Thus, based on combined approach of agro-morphological and molecular characterization, it can be concluded that the genotypes viz., BWT-39-DR, BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L can be used either directly as varieties after multi-location testing as they are possessing high yields, superior quality traits and resistance to bacterial wilt, or as parents in hybridization programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of genetic diversity in onion (Allium cepa L.) using agro-morphological and molecular markers(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-19) Kapoor, Shorya; Sood, SoniaThe present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of variability, associations among marketable bulb yield and contributing traits and characterize the onion genotypes using agro morphological and molecular markers. The experimental material comprised of 49 genotypes including two checks ‘Palam Lohit’ (red) and ‘Him Palam Shweta’ (white) that were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during rabi season, 2020-21. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on mean performance, genotypes CITH-0- 2 followed by PRO-8 and ON20-30 in red category and ON20-74 in white category were best performing for marketable bulb yield. These genotypes were also found to be promising for other traits viz., plant height, leaves/plant, bolting percentage, equatorial diameter, average bulb weight, biological yield, total bulb yield, pyruvic acid, protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, boron, stemphylium blight incidence percentage and thrips incidence percentage. High PCV and GCV along with high heritability and high genetic advance were observed for bolting percentage, A grade bulbs, D grade bulbs, double bulbs, total sugars, zinc, manganese and sprouting percentage indicating that selection on the basis of these traits would be effective. A significant and positive correlation was found between marketable bulb yield and average bulb weight, total bulb yield, biological yield, equatorial diameter, polar diameter, plant height, neck thickness, A grade bulbs, leaves/plant and moisture content while total losses with rotting percentage, potassium, total sugars, sprouting percentage, manganese, copper and sulphur. In view of direct and indirect contribution of component traits, selection on the basis of total bulb yield, average bulb weight and D grade bulbs would be paying preposition for evolving high yielding genotypes and their improvement. The study revealed considerable genetic diversity among genotypes which were grouped into seven clusters (horticultural basis) and ten clusters (quality basis). Principal component analysis revealed that total 81.84 per cent variation was contributed by first six components. Genetic divergence study using UPGMA (NTSYS) with molecular markers divided the genotypes into two clusters. Sixteen genotypes were found to be common on comparing agro-morphological and molecular clusters demonstrating the congruence between morphological and ISSR data among which 12 were red onion viz., ON20-47, ON20-45, ON20-50, ON20-51, CITH-0-2, VL Piaz-3, Sona, Sandeep, ON20- 41, PRO-9, Bhima Shakti and NHO-920, whereas four were white onion viz., W-355, Agrifound White, W 340-EL-8 and DOGR-HT-4. Thus, from the present investigation it can be concluded that three genotypes from red onion viz., CITH-0-2, PRO-8 and ON20-30 while two genotypes from white onion viz., ON20-74 and DOGR-HT-2 were found to be the most diverse and can be directly used after multi-location testing as they posess inherent ability to produce high yields and have superior quality traits or can also be used in breeding programmes to exploit heterosis or to isolate transgressive segregants with desirable traits.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sowing time and integrated weed management on growth and yield of garden pea(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-15) Walia, Shriya; Katoch, VivekaThe present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of sowing time and integrated weed management on growth and yield of garden pea. The experiment comprising of 20 combinations i.e. four sowing dates (3rd week of October, 1st week of November, 3rd week of November and 4th week of November) and five weed control treatments viz. weedy check, weed-free (3 hand-weedings), imazethapyr 100g/ha (pre-emergence), imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) followed by clodinafop 60g/ha ( post-emergence 45-60 DAS) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre emergence) + hand weeding was conducted in complete randomized block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur during rabi 2021-22. Date of sowing and weed control treatments exhibited significant variation on different growth and yield parameters of garden pea. Results revealed that weed count and dry matter accumulation increased with advancement of crop growth and delay in sowing time from 3rd week of October to 4th week of November. Weed-free (3 hand-weedings) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) + hand weeding provided better weed control compared to the other treatments. Among sowing dates, 3rd week of October resulted in maximum number of primary branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, pod yield per hectare, shelling percentage, protein content, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio. Among weed control treatments, weed-free (3 hand-weedings) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) + hand weeding were the most promising treatments for number of pods per plant, pod yield, shelling percentage, haulms yield, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight. Three hand-weedings (weed-free) gave highest gross returns (2.80 lakh/ha) but highest net return was found in imazethapyr 75g/ha + hand weeding (1.86 lakh/ha). Highest benefit cost ratio was found in imazethapyr 75g/ha + hand weeding (3.08) due to the high labour cost. The interaction effect between sowing dates and weed control treatments reaveled that the new genotype of garden pea, APL5-55 must be sown between 3rd week of October and 1st week of November with application of imazethapyr 75 g/ha + hand-weeding.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic evaluation of carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-22) Sharma, Himanshu; Chadha, SanjayThe present investigation entitled “Genetic evaluation of carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes” was conducted during Rabi season, 2021- 22 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Palampur, HP. The experimental material consists of fifteen genotypes of carrot including three check varieties. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications to identify promising genotypes based on nature and magnitude of genetic variability for root yield and related attributes and to find out the inter relationship among traits and their direct and indirect contribution on marketable yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the traits studied except days taken to marketable maturity. On the basis of overall mean performance of the genotypes the maximum marketable root yield per plot was found in genotype KTC 9 (4.11kg) and was found statistically at par with two check varieties Pusa Nayanjyoti (4.11kg) and Pusa Yamdagini (3.67kg). From quality point of view KTC 17 had highest TSS (11.7o brix) and dry matter content (13.7), KTC 3 for β-carotene (5.0mg/100g) and vitamin A (16811.1I.U.). Higher estimates of genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for root-top ratio, unmarketable root percentage, marketable root yield per plot, ascorbic acid, number of marketable roots per plot and total sugar contents. High heritability accompanied with high or moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for the characters viz. ascorbic acid content, total sugar content, β-carotene content, vitamin A, marketable root yield per plot, biological yield per plant and leaf weight. Marketable root yield per plot had significant and positive correlation both at phenotypic and genotypic level with number of marketable roots per plot, leaf weight, biological yield per plant and root length whereas, at genotypic level only with moisture content. Further, path coefficient analysis revealed that the maximum positive direct effectstowards marketable root yield per plot wasrecorded for marketable root weight per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic level. Thus, indicating importance of selection for bringing improvement in yield.ThesisItem Open Access Herbicide combinations for the management of complex weed flora in garlic (Allium sativum L.)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-16) Sharma, Ankush; Chaudhary, Desh RajA field investigation was conducted at Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Rabi, 2021-22 to infer about the suitable pre/ post-emergence herbicide (s) or their combination for the management of complex weed flora in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam, acidic, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Twelve treatment combinations namely, oxyfluorfen 150 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post emergence), oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, metribuzin 400 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence), metribuzin 320 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, imazethapyr 100 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence), imazethapyr 80 g/ha (pre emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (pre emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence), pendimethalin 1200 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (pre-emergence) + 2 HW, hand weeding thrice, weed free ( 4 HW) and weedy check. The major weed flora observed in the experimental field was comprised of Spergula arvensis (27.7%), Tulipa asiatica (22.6%), Coronopus didymus (19.2%), Veronica sp. (8.4%) Euphorbia sp. (8.4%) and Phalaris minor (7.3%). Results of the study revealed that Weed free (4 HW) and Oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW effectively reduced the count and dry matter of weed species. Highest weed control efficiency of 86.19 per cent was obtained from weed free (4 HW) treatment followed by 77.86 per cent with oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW. The treatment weed free (4 HW) also produced significantly higher bulb yield (11.4 t/ha), higher gross (₹ 4,26,562) and net (₹ 3,76,763) returns due to weed control. Amongst herbicidal treatments, oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post emergence) + 1 HW proved best as it resulted in significantly higher bulb yield (10.8 t/ha), gross (₹ 3,84,433) and net (₹ 3,71,137) returns due to weed control. The treatment, oxyfluorfen 150 g/ha (pre emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence) gave the highest marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) of 58.16. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was concluded that the treatments, weed free (4 HW) and oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post emergence) + 1 HW were the best options for obtaining higher bulb yield and management of complex weed flora in garlic.
