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Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Drip Irrigation Scheduling and Fertigation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa(2022) Jangir, Manisha; Meena, K.K.The field experiment to study the “Effect of Drip Irrigation Scheduling and Fertigation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa” was conducted at Horticulture farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura (Jaipur-Rajasthan) during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was executed in Factorial Randomized Block design and replicated 3 times with 12 treatment combinations consisting of 3 drip irrigation levels i.e. I1 (50% irrigation at PE), I2 (75% irrigation of PE), I3 (100% irrigation of PE) and 4 fertigation levels F1 (100 % RDF as basal dose plant-1 ), F2 (100 % RDF at weekly interval plant-1 ), F3 (75 % RDF at weekly interval plant-1 ) and F4 (50 % RDF at weekly interval plant-1 ), The treatment of different irrigation levels were given from July to November and fertigation levels were through water soluble fertilizer grade (WSF19:19:19) in 10 splits from fruit set to maturity stage and remaining nitrogen was supplemented through urea. The experimental results revealed that among different treatment combinations, maximum values for the vegetative growth characters such as gain in plant height, plant spread [(E-W) and (N-S)], Leaf area index and minimum values for Initiation of flowering (days) after pruning and Fruit set to maturity (days) was found under the treatment 100% irrigation at PE level+100% RDF through drip (I3F2) which was found the best for vegetative characteristics Yield and yield attributing characters such as fruit retention (%), No. of fruits plant-1 , average fruit weight (g), fruit diameter (cm.)ThesisItem Open Access In vitro Regeneration of Desert Medicinal Plant Ghrit Kumari [Aloe barbadensis Mill.](2022) Sarfraz Ahmad; Jakhar, M. L.Aloe barbadensis Miller (syn. Aloe vera L.) is a succulent desert medicinal plant and has great importance in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Its large scale cultivation through natural mean of shoot/ suckers is problematic due to insufficient availability. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out with the objectives for optimization of the condition of shoot proliferation, root induction, callus proliferation and regeneration of Aloe barbadensis to generate large number of planting material in short time. Effect of culture media, antioxidants, photoperiod and genotypes were also studied to enhance regeneration proficiency. Different levels of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were used for shoot proliferation, callus induction, organogenesis and root induction. The best identified PGRs were further used to study the different factors affecting the in vitro culture. The cultures were incubated at 25±2°C temperature under 14 hours light followed by 10 hours dark period with light intensity of 3000 lux. The analysis of variance showed wide variation among the different treatments/levels of PGRs for all the studied characters. For direct shoot proliferation, BAP alone at 3.5 mg/l in MS medium was found best as it showed highest shoot multiplication rate with 100 per cent regeneration frequency. Profuse and viable callus proliferation was obtained at 2.5 mg/l 2,4-D, while a combination of 2.0 mg/l Kn + 1.0 mg/l NAA was found most responsive for highest number of shoot regeneration per callus culture in shortest period. Maximum number and longest root induction was obtained at 1.5 mg/l IBA and survival rate during hardening and acclimatization process was also highest in IBA derived rooted plantlets of Aloe barbadensis. Among all the studied culture media, MS medium was found best for direct shoot proliferation, while Woody Plant Medium (WPM) was most optimum for root induction, callus proliferation and regeneration in callus. Incorporation of all the levels of activated charcoal (AC) in MS media was advantageous while PVP reduces the efficacy of micropropagation of Aloe. The identified doses of AC for maximum response in MS medium were 175 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 100 mg/l and 225 mg/l for shoot multiplication, root induction, callus proliferation and regeneration, respectively. Among different photoperiod regimes, light and dark hour‘s period of 16: 8 for direct shoot induction, 14: 10 for root multiplication and 12: 12 for callus proliferation and regeneration were found best. Genotype JA-2 showed maximum regeneration response for shooting, rooting, callusing and organogenesis while genotype JA-3 was found least responsive. The above protocol may be used for large scale multiplication of genetically uniform plants of Aloe barbadensis to minimize the cost of production.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nitrogen Management in Garlic (Allium sativum L.)(2022) Choudhary, Rajesh; M.R. ChoudharyField experiments were conducted under loamy sand soil during rabi seasons of 2020- 21 and 2021-22 at the Horticulture farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. The experiment comprising six treatments of nitrogen management through organic manure, inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer (100 % inorganic fertilizer without biofertilizer, 100 % inorganic fertilizer with biofertilizer, 75 % inorganic fertilizer, 25 % organic manure without biofertilizer, 75 % inorganic fertilizer, 25 % organic manure with biofertilizer, 50 % inorganic fertilizer, 50 % organic manure without biofertilizer and 50 % inorganic fertilizer, 50 % organic manure with biofertilizer) were assigned to main plots and four levels of nano urea (0, 25, 50 and 75 ml/ha) in sub plots and replicated thrice in split plot design. Garlic variety ‘G 282’ was used as a test crop. On the basis of two year results, application of 100 % inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer combined with foliar spray of 75 ml/ha nano urea was proved the most superior treatment combination in garlic representing the significantly higher net returns (` 482860/ha) and bulb yield (194.80 q/ha). However, application of 75 % inorganic fertilizer, 25 % organic manure and biofertilizer combined with foliar spray of 50 ml/ha nano urea was also found equally effective treatment combination and fetched at par bulb yield and net returns. Based on response studies, foliar spray of 66 ml/ha nano urea was found to be the optimum level of N for garlic crop. Further, it may be concluded that application of 75 % RD through inorganic fertilizer, 25 % organic manure and biofertilizer combined with foliar spray of 66 ml/ha nano urea is worth recommendable for farmers of Rajasthan Zone IIIA under loamy sand soil to get significantly better yield (q/ha) net returns (₹) and maximum B:C ratio from garlic crop.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Studies for Heat Stress Tolerance in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell.) Through Diallel Analysis(2022) Madhu, Choudhary; Hoshiyar SinghThe present investigation was conducted to analyse combining ability, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, inbreeding depression, components of genetic variance and heat stress tolerance for grain yield and its contributing traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) in two varying environments created by two dates of sowing viz., normal sown and late sown conditions at Agricultural Research Farm of Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner), Durgapura, Jaipur (Rajasthan). The ten genetically diverse parents viz., DPW 621-50, DBW 90, PBW 502, Raj 1482, Raj 4037, UP 2425, Raj 3765, PBW 550, HI 1563 and Raj 4079 crossed in half-diallel fashion (excluding reciprocals) in rabi 2018-19 and for the advance generation F1‟s seed was grown at Wellington (Tamil Nadu), IARI regional sub-station in kharif 2019. The ten parents along with their 45 F1‟s and 45 F2‟s were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications each in two environments during rabi 2019-20 for grain yield and its contributing traits. The observations were recorded for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, tillers per plant, flag leaf area, spike length, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, biomass per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature and protein content. The analysis of variance exhibited significant differences among the parents and generations in both the environments for all the studied characters which suggested the presence of sufficient genetic diversity. The G x E interaction revealed significant for all the characters under investigation. Significance of GCA and SCA for all the studied characters in both generations revealed the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action. The ratio of GCA/SCA variance (predictability) indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action for all the studied characters.Overall estimation revealed that parents viz., Raj 4037, Raj 3765, PBW 502 and Raj 4079 were good general combiner and the crosses DBW 90 x Raj 4037, DPW 621-50 x Raj 4037 and Raj 4037 x Raj 4079 good specific cross combination for grain yield and its contributing traits in both environments. These crosses should be recommended for the handling of segregating generations to obtain the transgressive segregants. Sufficient degree of heterosis and heterobeltiosis were found for all the studied characters. The cross, DPW 621-50 x Raj 4037 in both environments exhibited desirable heterosis and crosses Raj 4037 x Raj 4079 in E1 while, in E2 Raj 4037 x Raj 4079 and Raj 4037 x Raj 3765 showed desirable heterobeltiosis for yield and its all of the contributing traits. The assessment components of genetic variance revealed that both additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) components were significant for all the studied characters which showed both components of genetic variance effective in these traits expression. The graphical analysis showed partial to over-dominance for different characters in both environments. The scattering of array points revealed the presence of genetic diversity among the parents for most of the characters. The result of heat susceptibility index (HSI) exhibited that parents viz., UP 2425, PBW 502, Raj 4037 and Raj 4079 were desired for grain yield and some other traits. Among the crosses, DPW 621-50 x Raj 4037 and DBW 90 x Raj 4037 were found more desirable for heat tolerance in most of the studied traits across the generations, should be used as promising breeding material for development for heat stress tolerant wheat cultivars. An overall assessment on the basis of per se performance, SCA effects and heterosis, the crosses viz., Raj 3765 x Raj 4079, Raj 4037 x Raj 4079 and Raj 4037 x Raj 3765 were found promising in both environments for grain yield and its most of the contributing traits. Hence, these crosses should be toss transgressive segregants for grain yield in the segregating generation and they can be used in further breeding programme. An overall assessment of the results of this study suggested that recurrent selection (Hull, 1945), diallel selective mating (Jensen,1970) and bi-parental mating (Joshi and Dhawan, 1966) might be effective breeding approaches for development of superior genotypes and appreciable improvement of bread wheat in future.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation and Persistence Kinetics of Fipronil and Flubendiamide on Cabbage and Monitoring of Insecticide Residues in Vegetables(2022) Jat, Hansa Kumari; Jakhar, B.L.Dissipation and Persistence Kinetics of Fipronil and flubendiamide on Cabbage and Monitoring of insecticide Residues in Vegetables was studied, following the application at recommended dose (40 and 18.24 g a. i. ha-1 ), respectively and double of the recommended dose (80 and 36.48 g a. i. ha-1 ), respectively, in the Division of Entomology, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur (Rajasthan) during (2020-21). The persistence study on cabbage recorded the average initial deposit of pesticide fipronil, its three metabolites desulfinyl (MB046513), sulfide (MB045950) and sulfone (MB046136) were 0.641, 0.377, 0.065, and 0.327 respectively and flubendiamide on cabbage was recorded as 0.292 mg kg-1 at recommended dose, while at double of the recommended dose, the average initial deposit were 1.077, 0.737, 0.115, and 0.677 for fipronil and its metabolites and 0.506 mg kg-1 for flubendiamide. The control sample of the cabbage show the residue of the fipronil, its three metabolites and flubendiamide, respectively. The residues half-life (RL50) values were 2.4, 2.7, 2.7, and 2.6 days for fipronil and its metabolites at recommended dose and 3.6 days for flubendiamide while at double of the recommended doses, it is 4.3, 2.6, 3.6, 2.9 and 4.5 for respectively. The waiting periods for the respective pesticides were worked out at their limit of determination (0.001 and 0.05 mg kg-1 for fipronil, its metabolites and flubendiamide) due to lack of MRL value by the FSSAI. In case of soil samples the residues at harvest time of cabbage crop was not detected in the recommended dose and double of the recommended dose, respectively. In decontamination studies, acetic acid treatment was significantly superior to rest of the treatments followed by lukewarm water, NaHCO3 5 percent, NaCl 1 percent NaCl, KMnO4 and tap water washing were recorded in reduction of fipronil and its metabolites residues. While in reduction of flubendiamide residues, lukewarm water treatment was significantly superior to rest of the treatments followed by acetic acid 5 percent, NaHCO3 5 percent , NaCl 1 percent, KMnO4 and tap water washing. Out of 40 samples of different farmgate vegetables analysed, 10 vegetable samples (25%) were detected with different pesticides residues. While, out of 40 market vegetables samples analysed, 12 vegetable samples (30%) were found contaminated with different pesticide residues. None of the samples showed pesticide residues exceeding the MRL in farmgate and market samples. Therefore, the study concluded that fipronil was the most persistent followed by desulfinyl, sulfone, sulfide and flubendiamide as least persistent among test pesticides on cabbage. The safe waiting period on cabbage were suggested as 5, 6, 3, 6 and 6 days at recommended dose and 10, 7, 7, 7 and 8 days at double of the recommended dose for fipronil, its metabolites and flubendiamide, respectively. In case of fipronil and its metabolites, acetic acid was found as the most effective decontamination process. While in case of flubendiamide luke warm water was significantly superior to rest of the treatments. Pesticide monitoring study is a continuous one and the real dimension of the problem may be apprehended only after widespread monitoring with adequately large sample sizeThesisItem Open Access Study of Genetic Architecture for Yield and Associated Traits in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp](2022) Get, Sonu; Shekhawat, S.S.This experiment was conducted to study the combining ability, heterosis, and inbreeding depression in ten genetically diverse parents of cowpea in two environment viz., irrigated and rainfed conditions at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (SKNAU, Jobner), Durgapura, Jaipur and the parents were crossed in diallel mating design (excluding reciprocals) in Kharif – 2019 and their F1 seeds were advanced in Summer – 2020. The evaluation trial was conducted in Kharif – 2020 in which ten parents along with their 45 F1 and 45 F2 progenies were grown in a randomized block design with three replications. The observations were recorded for different yield attributing traits and protein content. The objective of this study was to identify promising parents and cross combinations for yield under rainfed condition. Major objective of this study was to identify promising parents and cross combinations for yield under rainfed conditions. The present study reveals the existence of sufficient genetic variability for all the studied characters under both the environments. Highly significant GCA and SCA for all the studied characters in both the generations suggested the importance of both additive and non additive gene action. The GCA/SCA variance ratio (predictability ratio) clearly indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action. An overall assessment showed that the parent Ajmer sel. and IC-2918 appeared as good general combiners and the cross Ajmer sel. x IC 2918 and CPD-119 x IC-8966 appeared as good cross combinations for seed yield per plant along with its component traits in both the environments. Analysis of the genetic components of variance showed that both additive (D) and non-additive components (H1 and H2) were significant for all the studied characters, indicating the involvement of these genetic components in the expression of the traits.The results of graphical analysis showed partial and over dominance for different characters in irrigated and rainfed conditions. The dispersed array point showed the presence of satisfactory diversity among the parents. An overall assessment based on the per se performance, SCA effects, heterosis and heterobeltiosis revealed that the cross IC-8966 x CAZC-10 in both the environments and Ajmer sel. x IC-2918 and CPD 119 x IC-8966 E1 environment were emerged as good specific cross combinations for seed yield per plant and its associated traits. Therefore, these crosses may be considered suitable under particular environment and may be utilized further in specific breeding programmes. An overall assessment of the result of this study suggested that restricted recurrent selection, diallel selective mating and bi-parental mating or multiple crossing may be used as an effective and alternative approaches for the development of superior genotypes and appreciable improvement of cowpea in forthcoming yearsThesisItem Open Access Effect of fertility levels and weed management practices on weed dynamics, growth, yield and quality of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and their residual effect on fodder pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)(2022) Singh, Deshraj; Gupta, K. C.Present field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura – Jaipur for two consecutive years during Rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 to evaluate the effect of treatments on weed dynamics, growth, yield, quality and economics of the crop followed with Summer 2017 and 2018 for assessing residual effect of fertility levels and weed management practices on succeeding fodder pearl millet on loamy sand soil. There were 28 treatment combinations consisting of 04 fertility levels (75 % RDF, 100 % RDF, 125 % RDF and 150 % RDF) and 07 weed management practices (Weedy check, hand weeding, Pendimethalin 30 EC, Pendimethalin 38.7 CS, Clodinafop propargyl 15 WP and Imazethapyr 10 % SL and Weed free) were tested in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that 150 % RDF dose proved significantly superior to other fertility levels with respect to plant height, number of branches per plant, per plant dry matter accumulation (g) and leaf area (cm2 ). The yield attributes viz. number of capsules plant-1 and weight of capsules plant-1 (g) and seed, stover and biological yields were significantly higher in 150 % fertility level. The uptake of NPK was also significantly higher with the application of 150 % RDF dose. Oil and protein yield were also recorded significantly higher under 150 % RDF. Results showed that weed density of most of broad leaved weeds were most effectively controlled by pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS followed by Pendimethalin 30 EC, Imazethapyr 10 % SL and Clodinafop propargyl 15 WP. Similarly grassy weeds were most effectively controlled by Pendimethalin 38.7 CS followed by Pendimethalin 30 EC, Clodinafop propargyl 15 WP and Imazethapyr 10 % SL. Maximum seed and stover yields were obtained under weed free and hand weeding at 20-25 DAS followed with Pendimethalin 38.7 CS. However, maximum net returns and B:C ratio (Rs. 43153 ha-1 and 2.31) were obtained under application of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS. Amongst the combined use of studied production factors, application of 150 % RDF along with weed free proved optimum for realizing higher productivity (1509 kg ha-1 ). Further, the application of 150 % RDF along with Pendimethalin 38.7 CS proved optimum for realizing higher net returns (Rs. 50023 ha-1 with B:C ratio of 2.50). The result of present investigation suggested that the application of 150 % RDF and Pendimethalin 38.7 CS or hand weeding proved as sustainable approach to augment the productivity and profitability of crop. There was no significant residual effect of fertility levels and weed management practices on succeeding summer fodder pearl milletThesisItem Open Access Genetic Study of Grain Yield and its Contributing Traits in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Normal and Limited Moisture Conditions(2022) Yadav, Madhu; Ved PrakashThe present investigation was conducted to analyze combining ability, components of genetic variance, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, inbreeding depression and drought stress tolerance in ten genetically diverse parents viz., BH 946, RD 2592, DWRUB 64, DWRB 137, PL 426, PL 419, RD 103, RD 2035, RD 2052 and RD 2508 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in two environments viz., E1 – normal irrigated and E2 – limited moisture conditions at Research Farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner), Durgapura, Jaipur. These parents were crossed in half-diallel mating design (excluding reciprocals) in rabi 2018-19 and their F1 seeds were advanced in summer 2019. The evaluation trial was conducted in rabi 2019-20 in which 10 parents along with their 45 F1‟s and 45 F2‟s were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. The observations were recorded for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of effective tillers per plant, flag leaf area, peduncle length, number of grains per spike, number of spikelets per spike, spike length, biomass per plant, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per spike, grain yield per plant and harvest index. The significant differences among the parents and generations in both the environments for all the studied characters suggested the presence of sufficient genetic variability. Significance of GCA and SCA for all the studied characters in both the generations indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action. The GCA/SCA variance ratio (predictability ratio) indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action. An overall assessment showed that the parents RD 2508, RD 2052 and PL 419 appeared as good general combiners and the crosses DWRUB 64 x RD 2508 and RD 2592 x PL 419 appeared as good cross combinations for grain yield per plant and its contributing traits in both the environments. Evaluation of the genetic components of variance manifested that both additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) components were significant for all the studied characters which indicated that both components were operating in the expression of the traits. The results of graphical analysis revealed partial and over dominance for different characters in normal irrigated and limited moisture conditions. The dispersed array point indicated the presence of satisfactory diversity among the parents. Sufficient degree of heterosis and heterobeltiosis were observed for all the studied characters. The cross DWRUB 64 x RD 2508 in E1 (normal irrigated) and DWRB 137 x RD 2052 in E2 (limited moisture) exhibited desirable heterosis and the cross PL 419 x RD 2052 in E1 (normal irrigated) and PL 419 x RD 2508 in E2 (limited moisture) exhibited desirable heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant and its attributing characters. An overall assessment on the basis of per se performance, SCA effects and heterosis, revealed that the cross RD 103 x RD 2508 in E1 (normal irrigated) and DWRB 137 x RD 2052 in E2 (limited moisture) environment were emerged as good cross combinations for grain yield per plant and its attributing characters. Hence, these crosses may be considered desirable under particular environment and may be used further in specific breeding programmes. The result of drought susceptibility index (DSI), it could be visualized that parents DWRUB 64, BH 946, RD 103 and RD 2592, were found the most desirable for most of the characters. Among the crosses, RD 2592 x PL 426 and PL 426 x RD 103 were found more desirable as they possessed high drought tolerance for most of the studied traits across the generations and could be used as promising breeding material for the development of new drought tolerant varieties. An overall assessment of the result of this study advocated that restricted recurrent selection, diallel mating design and bi-parental mating could be used as effective and alternative breeding approaches for the development of superior genotype and appreciable improvement of barley in forthcoming years.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Management of Dry Root Rot of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.(2022) Anupriya; Chawla, NitinMungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) commonly known as green gram or “Mung” one of the most popular pulse crop in India. Root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a widespread disease of mungbean in India including in the state of Rajasthan. The pathogen is a polyphagous necrotroph in nature that can up to 15 years in the soil. The management of M. phaseolina is required. The incidence of pathogen varies from 17 to 90 per cent incidence in India with 25 to 48 per cent yield losses in mungbean. A roving survey was conducted during the Kharif season of 2020 in major mungbean growing districts (Bikaner, Hanumangarh, Sri Ganganagar, Churu, Nagaur and Jaipur) to know the disease incidence in different areas of Rajasthan. The disease incidence varies from 17.12% to 28.49% with an average disease incidence of 22.67 per cent. The higher disease incidence (28.49%) was recorded the districts in Bikaner while least in Jaipur (17.12%) district. The pathogen was isolated, purified and proved pathogenic of mungbean through soil inoculation technique. Among 52 genotypes/varieties using, two genotypes Pusa 0871 and SML 1839 were found resistant and (RMG 1139) was moderately resistant. Protein contents were low whereas phenolic and proline contents increased in roots due to disease. The chlorophyll contents in leaves of infected plants were low in comparison to leaves of healthy plant. In variability studies of 12 isolates, Mp-PGE isolate, collected from Jhadla village of Phagi tehsil in Jaipur district, was comparative in fast mycelial growth, whereas Mp-LKS isolate from Peepera village from Lunkaransar tehsil of Bikaner showed slower mycelial growth. These isolates were shown significant differences in terms of radial growth, colony colour, colony diameter, colony texture, mycelial dry weight, sclerotia shape and size and sclerotia number.The, garlic clove extract, T. harzianum and in fungicides, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG (50, 100, 200, 500ppm) significantly inhibited mycelia growth of the pathogen under in vitro studies among other treatment. When applied seed treatment were also tested in pot conditions through and these were found effective in controlling disease. In the field study, maximum disease reduction and higher seed yield were recorded with trifloxystrobin 25%+ tebuconazole 50% WG @ 0.10% while the seed treatment with propineb 70% WP @0.20% was found least effective up to 40 DAS. Under pot conditions, seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/kg seed + soil application of mustard cake @ 0.5t/ha was found most effective. In the field study, maximum per cent disease reduction and higher seed yield were recorded with T. harzianum @ 10 g/kg seed + soil application of mustard cake @ 0.5t/ha
