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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Agronomic bio-fortification of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) through integrated nutrient management(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Arun; Parvinder KumarThe present investigation entitled “Agronomic bio-fortification of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) through integrated nutrient management” was carried out at the Research Farm Area, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2022 containing 12 treatments i.e. T1: Control, T2: RDF (156.25:62.5:0) kg ha-1 N:P:K through inorganic source, T3: RDF + BIOMIX, T4: 50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through FYM + BIOMIX, T5: 50% RDN through inorganic source + 50% RDN through Vermicompost + BIOMIX, T6: 75% RDN inorganic source + 25% N through FYM+BIOMIX, T7: 75% RDN inorganic source + 25% N through vermicompost + BIOMIX, T8: RDF + 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 (soil application), T9: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 (foliar spray) at 25 DAS, T10: RDF + 0.5% FeSO4 (foliar spray) at 25 DAS, T11: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 at 25 DAS, T12: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 + BIOMIX. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The crop was sown on 12 July, 2022 using pearl millet hybrid „HHB 67 improved‟. Among the treatments T12 (application of RDF (156.25 N, 62.5 P2O5 Kg ha-1) + foliar spray of 0.5 % solution of each ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 25 DAS + BIOMIX) closely followed by treatment T11 (RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 at 25 DAS) was recorded with significantly higher grain yield (3002 kg ha-1), protein content (11.59 %), zinc content (67.47 ppm), iron content (73.48 ppm), net returns (₹ 25,716) and B:C (1.44), which were 7.1, 2.6, 5.7, 2.9, 9.4 and 4.3 per cent higher over RDF (156.25 N, 62.5 P2O5 Kg ha-1) might be due to significantly higher growth parameter viz., plant height (191.67 cm), leaf area index (2.67), number of effective tiller plant-1 (4.05), ear head length (23.37 cm), test weight (10.90 g). So, to get higher yield, economic return and better quality, pearlmillet growers may go for integrated nutrient management using RDF (156.25 N, 62.5 P2O5 Kg ha-1) + foliar spray of 0.5 % solution of each ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 25 DAS + BIOMIX.ThesisItem Open Access Trend analysis of area, production and trade of major agricultural crops in BRICS countries(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07-22) Sowmya, Ravada; JoginderThe present study was carried out with the objectives: firstly, to identify the trends of area, production and trade of wheat, maize and sugarcane in BRICS countries by using various linear and non linear models. Secondly, to evaluate the contribution of BRICS countries to global pool. For this, we have discussed various linear and non-linear models such as quadratic, cubic, logarithmic, logistic, Gompertz and monomolecular models. The data for area, production and trade of selected crops for the period 1961 to 2019 have been collected from FAOSTAT. The parameters of the selected models were estimated using Levenberg - Marquardt‟s iterative method of non-linear regression. Based on various performance measures such as R2 , RMSE and MAE, best models were fitted among the selected models. Based on these performance measures, we found that cubic and logistic models followed by Gompertz model were well fitted for area, production and trade as compared to other models. Also, the contribution of BRICS countries in area, production, imports and exports of wheat is 24, 27, 46 and 12 percent respectively. In case of maize, the BRICS contributed 28, 24, 25 and 24 percent in area, production, imports and exports respectively and in case of sugarcane, the contribution of BRICS countries is 48, 49, 29 and 64 percent in area, production, imports and exports respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Composting of paddy straw using additives along with microbial consortia(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Vijay Kumar; Saharan, Baljeet SinghIn the present investigation, about 26 isolates (10 bacterial and 16 fungal isolates) available in Soil Microbiology laboratory, Department of Microbiology CCS HAU Hisar, were screened for enzyme activities including cellulase, xylanase, laccase and biosurfactant production. In case of bacterial isolates, maximum cellulose hydrolysis index (5.33) was exhibited by RC13.1 and RC3.5 isolate on CMC agar plate. Isolate RC13.1 has also shown maximum xylan hydrolysis index (4.43) laccase and biosurfactant production. In case of fungal isolates, (maximum cellulase (3.28), xylanase (2.32), laccase (qualitatively) was exhibited by H2, H3 and H16 isolates, respectively. H16 isolate also exhibited maximum biosurfactant production confirmed by oil displacement. The bacterial isolate, M2 showed maximum CMCase (0.33 IU/ml), Fpase activity (0.52 IU/ml) activity and second highest xylanase (7.63 IU/ml) and followed by laccase activity (5.2 IU/ml). In case of fungal isolates, maximum CMCase (0.31 IU/ml), and Fpase activity (0.42 IU/ml) were exhibited by H2 isolate. While isolates H3 and H16 showed maximum xylanase (16.11 IU/ml) and laccase (8.4 IU/ml) activities. Based on these activities and compatibility to each other, two bacterial (M2 and RC13.1) and three fungal (H2, H3 and H16) isolates were used for microbial consortium. Microbial consortium along with additives including FYM, cattle dung, poultry manure and mustard cake was analyzed for paddy straw degradation in flasks, trays, and pits. Treatment T5 having paddy straw + microbial consortium + poultry manure was recorded with lowest total organic carbon and maximum potassium content. Maximum total nitrogen and phosphorus content was observed in treatment T6 having paddy straw + microbial consortium along mustard cake after 90 days of composting. All the treatments having additives along with microbial consortium, had significantly higher microbial activity (dehydrogenase), humic substances and better pH, EC and germination index. On the basis of selected morphological and biochemical characters, the isolates RC13.1 and M2 were identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., respectively. Based on morphological characteristics, fungal isolates H2, H3, H16 were identified as Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus sp. and Phanerochaete sp., respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus levels on soil properties and yield of wheat in Aridisol and Inceptisol soils of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Aarti; Sheoran, Hardeep SinghA screen house experiment entitled “Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphorus levels on soil properties and yield of wheat in Aridisol and Inceptisol soils of Haryana” was carried out during Rabi season 2022-2023 in Screen House, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. A pot experiment was conducted using wheat (WH-1105) as test crop and a total of 16 treatments with four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha), each with and without VAM inoculation. The experiment was laid out in three factorial CRD design with three replications. In both light and heavy soils, among different levels of applied phosphorus, 60 kg/ha phosphorus application recorded highest value for grain yield (11.51g/pot), straw yield (13.08 g/pot), NPK uptake in grain (182.0, 65.7, 63.5 mg/pot, respectively), and straw (72.3, 28.7, 178.4 mg/pot, respectively), alkaline phosphatase activity (221.22 µg PNP/g soil/h) and dehydrogenase activity ( 68.55 µg TPF/g of soil/24 h). However, available N and K content in soil after wheat harvest showed a declining trend, while P concentration increased with increase in phosphorus levels. With VAM inoculation percent increase in grain yield (6.24), straw yield (4.42), N uptake in grain (12.22), and straw (15.86), P uptake in grain (14.90), and straw (19.00), K uptake in gran (12.39), and straw (10.39), alkaline phosphatase activity (8.01) and dehydrogenase activity (6.84) showed an increasing treand as compared to uninoculated. The combine application of phosphorus and VAM had more beneficial and significant effect over alone application of P or VAM in improving wheat yield and soil physico chemical and biological properties. VAM has significant effect in improving the availability of micronutrients (especially Zn and Fe), which have antagonistic effect with phosphorus. Soil chemical properties like pH, EC and soil organic carbon were not significantly affected by their combined application. However VAM, significantly improved the soil physico-chemical properties. The maximum value of grain and straw yield was recorded by application of P @60 kg/ha along with VAM inoculation (11.82g/pot), which was found to be at par with grain yield of applied P@45 kg/ha with VAM inoculation (11.74g/pot). Overall it can be concluded that heavy soils applied with 45 kg/ha phosphorus with VAM performed best in respect to yield and improving soil chemical and biological properties of soil.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular Screening of maize genotypes for lysine, tryptophan and β-carotene using functional markers(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) . Kunal; Yashveer, ShikhaMaize is the 3rd most significant cereal crop after wheat and rice with high nutritional value. But it is deficient in certain nutrients like essential amino acids lysine, tryptophan and β- carotene. Presence of recessive allele opaque-2 linked with SSR markers umc1066, phi112, phi057 leads to high lysine and tryptophan content. Similarly, presence of crtRB1 gene linked with crtRB1 marker increase β-carotene content. Therefore, this study was aimed to screen opaque-2 and crtRB1 genes in 25 maize inbred lines using these functional markers. These maize inbred lines were grown in greenhouse and DNA was isolated using CTAB method. PCR was performed using umc1066, phi112, phi057 and crtRB1 markers.In addition to this thirty one more markers were used for genetic diversity analysis. Analysis of PCR products was done using UV gel documentation system. Genetic diversity analysis was performed using NTSYS-pc software and high degree of polymorphism was found ranging from 0.37-0.80 and heterozygosity ranging from 0.49 to 0.84. Biochemical estimation of lysine, tryptophan and β- carotene content was done using maize flour. The relation between the amplicon size of PCR product and biochemical estimated content was drawn. It was found that the inbred line LM-17 with the favourable allele 153bp using phi112, 144bp using umc1066, 157bp using phi057 had the highest lysine and tryptophan content. The inbred line HKI-327T with favorable allele (296+543) using crtRB1 marker had the highest β-carotene content (19.86 ppm). The best possible combination is using the LM-17 inbred line because it is having highest lysine content (0.44%) and high tryptophan content (0.20%). In the similar way to increase β-carotene content, HKI-327T is a promising donor line having the highest β carotene content that can be utilized in marker-assisted breeding for introgression of trait for enhanced provitamin A into agronomically superior lines by tracking the favourable alleles. The pyramiding of both these genes with other genes responsible for enhancing the nutritional value of elite maize varieties can provide a novel strategy for biofortification programmes. Thus, this study helps to pave the ways to combat the problem of nutritional deficiency and hidden hunger.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of nano urea on sorghum for sustainable fodder production(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Sachin Kumar; Naveen KumarA field experiment entitled “Effect of nano urea on sorghum for sustainable fodder production” was conducted during kharif season of 2022 at Forage Research Farm, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design keeping three replications with 11 treatments consisting of nitrogen fertilizer combinations i.e. T1: Control (No RDN), T2: 100% RDN by urea fertilizer (75 kg), T3: 100% RDN (100% through nano-urea in three sprays at 15, 30 and 45 DAS), T4: 100% RDN (50% as basal by urea fertilizer + 50% through nano-urea in one spray at 30 DAS), T5: 100% RDN (50% as basal by urea fertilizer + 50% through nano-urea in two sprays at 30 and 45 DAS), T6: 75% RDN (Through nano-urea in three sprays at 15, 30 and 45 DAS), T7: 75% RDN (50% as basal by urea fertilizer + 50% through nano-urea in one spray at 30 DAS), T8: 75% RDN (50% as basal by urea fertilizer + 50% through nano-urea in two sprays at 30 and 45 DAS), T9: 50% RDN (Through nano-urea in three sprays at 15, 30 and 45 DAS), T10: 50% RDN (50% as basal by urea fertilizer + 50% through nano-urea in one spray at 30 DAS), T11: 50% RDN (50% as basal by urea fertilizer + 50% through nano-urea in two sprays at 30 and 45 DAS). There was significant difference among treatments in respect of growth, quality, green and dry fodder yield of single cut forage sorghum. The maximum plant height (248.4 cm), number of leaves (14), leaf: stem (0.29), dry matter accumulation (153.62 g), leaf area index (7.55), crude protein (9.23%), N (1.48%), P (0.217%) and K (1.30%) content in plant, HCN content (72.5 µg/g), per day productivity (6.23 q/ha), green fodder yield (541.9 q/ha), dry fodder yield (144.1 q/ha), gross returns (₹ 81,292), net returns (₹ 41,167) and B: C (2.03) were recorded with the application of 100% RDN by urea fertilizer (75 kg) as followed by 100% RDN: 50% as basal by urea fertilizer + 50% through nano urea in two sprays at 30 and 45 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effects of probiotic bacterial fermentation on antinutritional glycosides of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Veena; Ravi KumarFaba bean is protein rich, however, due to the presence of favism causing agents, vicine and convicine, its utility is hindered. The present study was undertaken to estimate the effects of probiotic bacterial fermentation on antinutritional glycosides of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) In order to use vicine standard for estimation of vicine and convicine and fermentation, it is isolated from faba bean flour by ethanol. Purified and fermentation of faba bean flour was done by LAB (Lactobacillus brevis) at varied concentrations of antinutritional glycosides by adding the isolated vicine and convicine. To study the effect of Lactobacillus brevis fermentation, nutritional profile of fermented faba bean i.e., total phenols, tannins and saponin contents were also estimated. With increase in concentration of extracted glycosides total phenols content was increased, tannins were decreased and saponins were completely lost. Identification of probable degradation products/metabolites was done by using LC-MS/MS technique. Oxidized divicine and isouramil are the probable degradation metabolites of antinutritional glycosides after fermentation. MAJOR ADVISOR SIGNATURE OThesisItem Open Access Cultural studies and genetic approaches for management of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn f. sp. sasakii (Exner) causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Poonam Kumari; Prashant Kumar ChauhanThe necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the highly destructive soil-borne pathogen distributed worldwide, responsible for causing banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) in maize. In Haryana, BLSB is the major constraint of maize, in reducing the yield during kharif season. Keeping in view the enormous losses caused by the disease and its regular appearance in severe form the present investigation has been devised on cultural, morphological and molecular variability among different isolates of pathogen collected from major maize growing regions of Haryana. Eighteen isolates of R. solani associated with maize crop were collected from different locations of Haryana and nearby of New Delhi. The variations among isolates in colony diameter, growth rate, growth pattern, colony colours, texture, hyphal characters, number of nuclei, sclerotial characters including position, colour, texture, size, number, weight and honey dew were observed in all the isolates and are grouped on the basis of variations exhibited. The hierarchical cluster analysis differentiated all R. solani isolates into five major cluster (C1- C5) based on cultural, sclerotial and morphological characters. Molecular analysis confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani species and all isolates exhibited relation with anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA. The results of study confirmed that anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA belongs to maize crop causing BLSB disease is the most predominant and geographically distributed in Haryana and nearby location of New Delhi. Pathological study revealed that nine maize genotypes viz. HKI 161, HKI 163, HKI 164-7-6, HKI 193-2, HKI 194-7, HKI 288-2, HKI 488, HKI 1128 and IQPMH-18-2 were resistant for BLSB. The results clearly depicted that high genetic diversity exist among the genotypes of maize and polymorphism on the basis of SSR markers was observed. Molecular analysis differentiated thirty-eight maize genotypes into two main clusters viz. cluster-I and cluster-II with similarity coefficient 61%. The cluster-II consisted of only one genotype HKI 1653 SER-4 which was observed as the most diverse genotype among all the thirty-eight genotypes. Two SSR markers phi035 and bnlg1065 were identified as specific to resistance for BLSB. Present study revealed the existence of high variability in R. solani isolates at cultural, morphological and genetic level. The variability was present among the maize genotypes for resistance against R. solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize and all R. solani isolates of BLSB belongs to anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA.ThesisItem Open Access A study on Simulation Techniques for Queuing Problems(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12-07) Monika; Hemant PooniaAn important branch of Operations Research (OR) is Queuing Theory is also known as theory of waiting lines. The waiting time management plays a crucial role in today‟s competitive arena for optimizing the resources of an organization. The study on “A Study on Simulation Techniques for Queuing Problems” was planned to develop a Monte Carlo queuing model for assessment of queues and to analyze the waiting time in the warehouse. The arrival and service data for a season was gathered from a Warehouse in Tohana, Haryana. The model was used to analyze the queue characteristics like average arrival rate, average waiting time in queue, time spends in system and queue length or average number of conveyors in queue. It was found that the average number of arrivals was 2.6 conveyors/hr, number of customers waiting to be served in the queue were 14, the waiting time of the conveyors in the queue was 5.4 hrs and average time spends in the system was 5.8 hrs. The adequacy of developed model was tested using Little‟s law and it was found that the arrival rate obtained from the warehouse data is approximately same as the arrival rate achieved from the simulation. (
