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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Establishment of minimum performance standard of prominent agricultural machinery based on test reports(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Maan Singh; Jain, MukeshA study was conducted to establish minimum performance standard (MPS) of selected agricultural machinery based on test reports collected from Deptt. of FMPE, COAE&T and FMT&TI, Hisar. The data was collected for the analysis and MPS was formulated by frequency distribution using MS-Excel Add-In. To determine the mean of individual parameter, corresponding values of the most occurring frequency (about 50 % of the frequency) was only considered. The MPS suggested for tillage machinery are 6.50 cm, 14 cm, 0.23 ha h-1, 76 %, 3.0 l h-1, 77 %, 11 kW and 817 mm for min. depth of cut, min. depth of puddle, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. puddling index, max. PTO power requirement per metre of working width and nominal closed length of drive shaft of rotavator; respectively. for disc harrow, 8 cm, 0.43 ha h-1, 70 %, 3.0 l h-1, 213 kg-f and 4.0 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of disc harrow; respectively. for cultivator, 9 cm, 0.41 ha h-1, 75 %, 2.0 l h-1, 244 kg-f and 3.4 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of cultivator, respectively. In sowing and planting machinery MPS suggested are 50 %, 6 & 8 cm, 6 & 8 cm, 5 & 10 mm, 0.12 %, 0.27 ha h-1, 71 %, 1.40 l h-1, 98 kg ha-1, 118 kg ha-1, 1.0 kW, 189 kg-f and ± 20 & ± 24 % for seeding uniformity, min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed spacing, max. mechanical damage of seed, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max .drawbar power per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width, max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, respectively and 8.5 & 9.0 cm, 8.5 & 10 cm, 30 & 40 cm, 0.24 ha h-1, 64 %, 0.60 l h-1, 1.7 kg ha-1, 53.8 kg ha-1, 0.80 kW, 71 kg-f and ± 0.60 & ± 0.80 % for min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed to seed distance, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max. power drawbar per metre of working width, max. draft per metre of working width and max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of Bt. cotton planter. Similarly, MPS have been suggested for other equipments/machinery like plant protection equipments, tractor operated VCR, straw reaper, paddy thresher and maize thresher. The MPS also includes safety and other requirements, material of construction etc. to be complied on.ThesisItem Open Access Study on the effect of different types of nozzle for foliar application of urea solute(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-07) Pawan Kumar; Patel, BharatFoliar application of urea solute is the most efficient practice of fertilizer application for maximum nitrogen uptake by plants. A study was conducted to see the effect of air induction nozzles for deposition of urea solute as a foliar application on cotton crop. The air induction nozzles where an internal venture creates a negative pressure inside the nozzle body. Air is drawn into the nozzle through two holes in the nozzle side, mixing with the spray liquid. The emitted spray contains large droplets filled with air bubbles (similar to a candy malt ball) and virtually no fine, drift-prone droplets. Three types of nozzle i.e. conventional solid cone nozzle, air induction hollow cone nozzle, air induction flat fan nozzle were used in the study. Nozzles were evaluated on patternator in laboratory at three different liquid pressure (3 kg/cm2, 4 kg/cm2 and 5 kg/cm2), three nozzle spacing (650 mm, 700 mm, 750 mm) and three nozzle height (530 mm, 545 mm and 560 mm). The maximum swath for two air induction flat fan nozzle 750 mm apart was observed as 1296 mm with 16.69% CV at a liquid pressure of 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height of 560 mm. In case of air induction hollow cones nozzle the maximum swath was achieved as 1200 mm with 15.78% CV at nozzles spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm and for conventional solid cone nozzle with 12.70% CV maximum swath observed as 1104 mm for two nozzles at nozzle spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm. These nozzles were evaluated in field conditions for the combination of operating parameters at maximum swath with a minimum coefficient of variation (CV) to their effect in terms of spray deposition. Nozzles are evaluated in field on parameters finalised in laboratory. Number median diameter of air induction hollow cone nozzle and air Induction flat fan nozzle were significantly (p=0.00864) more as compared to knapsack nozzle and solid cone nozzle on the upper and bottom side of leaves at top, middle and bottom level of cotton plant and also NMD due to leaf position on cotton plant (p=0.00137) was significant at 5% level of significance. For VMD due to nozzle type is not significance at 5% level but for leaf position VMD is significant at 5%level. Air induction flat fan nozzle has lowest uniformity coefficient 2.63 among all the nozzles. Area covered by droplets in case of air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.024) higher than air induction hollow cone nozzle, solid cone nozzle and knapsack sprayer nozzle at top, middle and bottom level on upper and under side leaves of plant canopy respectively at 5% level of significance. The statistical analysis showed that air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.01406) higher volume of spray deposition than air induction hollow cone and conventional knapsack nozzle at 5% level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of tractor operated weeder for raised bed crops(CCSHAU, 2019) Jyoti Kiran; Anil KumarFarm mechanization plays a vital role to achieve modernization in agriculture as it gives a substantial growth in agriculture by the means of modern technology and efficient use of inputs and ensures timeliness of operations in the field. In India, weeding is mostly done manually in the fields that is very time consuming and labour intensive, and can lead to heavy losses to farmers.. Therefore taking this into consideration, a study on development and its evaluation of tractor operated raised bed weeder was conducted. The developed raised bed weeder consisted of cutting blade, furrow opener, tyne and main frame, it can cover three furrows at a time and had an overall working width of 1.86 m. The main frame was fabricated from mild steel channel. Spring loaded tynes were used to absorb the shock loads and prevent breakage. The angle of cutting blade (sweep type) varied from 77.36 to 102.052 degrees and the vertical height of blade varied from 206 mm to 256 mm. The type of furrow opener was single point shovel type and the angle of furrow opener was 42.70 degrees. The experiment was conducted in three crops: Potato, Pea and Spinach, each at three forward speeds. The optimized forward speed was found to be 1.88 km h-1. The effective field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and draft requirement at the optimized forward speed were (0.299 ha h-1, 86.40 %, 2.40 l h-1, 70.4 kgf ), (0.289 ha h-1, 83.63 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.5 kgf ) and (0.292 ha h-1, 84.53 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.3 kgf ) for potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The weeding efficiency and plant damage at the optimized forward speeds were (96.15 %, 1.04 %), (95.40 %, 1.88 %) and (93.19 %, 1.09 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The performance index and field machine index at the optimized forward speeds were (5806.18, 76.92 %), (5436.39, 74.81 %) and (5448.34, 74.72 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The labour requirement for developed weeder was 3.344, 3.460 and 3.425 h ha-1 and for the manual hoe (kasola) was 120, 130 and 135 ha h-1 for the potato, pea and spinach, respectively. The cost of the operation per hectare was Rs 1550.10, Rs 1603.74 and Rs 1587.26. The time saved and savings in cost over manual were (97.21 %, 74.16 %), (97.34 %, 75.33 %) and (97.46 %, 76.48 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The breakeven point and pay back period was 246.73 h yr-1 and 0.409 yr for the potato, pea and spinach crop respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of garlic (Allium sativum) stalk cutter machine(CCSHAU, 2019) Charan Singh; Garg, M.K.Garlic (Allium sativum) is a bulbous plant and perennial plant of amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceous). De-topping or cutting stalk is the primary unit operation for making the product marketable. Most of the de-topping is being done manually which not only time-consuming also adds cost. So in order to make the unit operation cost-effective and efficient a garlic stalk cutter machine was designed, developed and its performance was studied. In this study effect of operational parameters i.e. moisture content (14, 21, 28, 35, 42) % and feed rate (no of stalk-2, 3, 4, 5, 6) on dependent parameters such as capacity (kg/h), grading efficiency (%), bulb damaged (%), bulb dropped (%), plant spilled (%) and uncut stalk (%) were studied within the experimental region. Garlic variety GS17 was used during experiment. After complete evaluation and analysis of all attributes it was found that the best result was at a moisture content of 28% and feed rate of 4 stalks which resulted in a capacity of 177.62 kg/h with a grading efficiency of 91.4% and damaged bulb , bulb dropped , plant spilled , uncut stalk to be 2.63%, 2.30%, 1.32%, 3.68% respectively. After the optimization of parameters of the machine using RSM the result was found that on using feed rate 3.79 stalks at a time and moisture content of 29.012% resulted the capacity of machine and grading efficiency i.e. 174.2 kg/h., 90.87% respectively and the bulb damage, bulb dropped, plant spilled, uncut stalk i.e. 2.56%, 2.17%, 1.25%, 3.47% respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Process Development for Microwave Assisted Extraction of Glycyrrihizic acid from Mulhatti(CCSHAU, 2019) Ravi Kumar; Garg, M.KIn the present study, extraction of Glycyrrihizic acid from Mulhatti root powder was carried out using modified microwave system, rotary evaporator and HPLC unit. The effect of operational parameters i.e. microwave power (300, 325, 350, 375 and 400 W), extraction time (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 min.) and by changing the different solvents for extraction (methanol and ethanol), powder size (0.80, 0.30, 0.15 mm) on extraction yield and GA were studied. Fixed ratio samples (1:10) i.e. mulhatti root powder, solvent was used during the experiment conducted. The amount of extracts of mulhatti roots was evaluated by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with C18 column with a mobile phase consisting ethanol: water 70:30(v/v). Extraction of GA% using ethanol varied from 2.139% to 2.186% of mulhatti powder while from 0.285% to 0.307% using methanol as solvent. Further study was carried out using ethanol as solvent. Extraction yield of GA was 2.951% as maximum and minimum GA 0.2741% using different sizes (0.80, 0.30, 0.15 mm) of mulhatti powder. The optimized values of process parameters for maximum extraction yield% (24.54) and GA% (2.164) were microwave power 350 (W) and extraction time 4 min within the experimental region.ThesisItem Open Access “Effect of drip irrigation frequency on onion yield and water productivity(CCSHAU, 2019) Mehla, Mukesh Kumar; Jhorar, R.K.This study was conducted to study the effect of lateral spacing (45 cm and 60 cm) and drip irrigation frequencies (One, Two, Three and Four days) on onion crop (Allium Cepa L.) during kharif season 2018 in micro plots (2 m x 2 m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COAE&T, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. At 90 DAT, in one day irrigation interval with 45 cm lateral spacing, available moisture depth (11.6 cm) in the root zone (0-60 cm) at the middle of two lateral was observed higher (9.4 %) than with 60 cm lateral spacing where available moisture was 10.6 cm. Weight of bulbs per square meter in different grades was recorded highest in treatment four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (0.665 kg/m2) for grade A (>5 cm), two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (0.608 kg/m2) for grade B (4-5 cm), one day irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (0.397 kg/m2) for grade C (3-4 cm) and in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (0.161 kg/m2) for grade D (<3 cm). Highest marketable yield was obtained in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (161.7 q/ha) and least in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (119.7 q/ha). Lowest unmarketable yield was observed in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (7.7 q/ha) and highest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (16.1 q/ha).Total bulb yield was highest in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (169.4 q/ha) and lowest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (135.8 q/ha). Water productivity was found highest in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing (10.1 kg/m3) and lowest in four days irrigation frequency with 60 cm lateral spacing (8.1 kg/m3) treatment. For sandy loam soil, two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing treatment was observed the most preferable treatment under the given conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of frequency and dose of nitrogen fertigation on chilli crop under drip irrigation(CCSHAU, 2019) Makkar, Rahul; Jhorar, R.K.This experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertigation frequency on chilli crop with different dose of nitrogen application under drip irrigation using good quality water. Experiment was carried out in micro plots (2m x 2m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COEA&T, CCSHAU, Hissar, Haryana, India. Two fertigation frequency, weekly (F1) and fortnightly (F2) with combination of three doses of nitrogen application (N1: 75% RDN, N2: 100% RDN and N3: 125% RDN) and surface irrigation (SF1 and SF2) with 100% RDN as control with three replication. The highest yield (12.24 t/ha) was obtained under weekly fertigation treatment with 125% RDN (F1N3), followed by 100% RDN (F1N2) having (11.56 t/ha) yield. Plant height (70.27 cm) in F1N3 treatment was recorded highest and lowest plant height (57.23 cm) was recorded in F2N1 among all the treatment. In weekly fertigation treatments, fruit weight, length and thickness were recorded 12.9, 11.5 and 14.4% higher, respectively, in F1N2 and 13.9, 14.6 and 16.5% higher, respectively, in F1N3, in comparison to F1N1 treatment. The highest WUE (5.56 kg/m3) was obtained under weekly fertigation with 125% RDN (F1N3) and minimum WUE (1.83 kg/m3) was observed in SF2 treatment. The highest NUE (192.78 kg of chilli/kg of Nitrogen) was obtained in F1N1 and minimum NUE (123.03 kg of chilli/kg of Nitrogen) was observed in SF2 treatment. From all the observation, it was concluded that treatment having fertigation level of 125% RDN (F1N3) at weekly interval (F1N3) gave best results among all the treatments imposed during the study.ThesisItem Open Access Engineering Interventions for Energy Efficient Management of Paddy Straw(CCSHAU, 2019) Sapna; Garg, M.K.The research was conducted in three phases: Biogas, Vermicompost and Pellets production from paddy straw. The biogas production was carried out in lab scale experiment using different ratios of cattle dung to paddy straw i.e. 100 % cattle dung, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10. The highest biogas production from the lab scale experiment was recorded in ratio 1:5 and therefore, this ratio was used in pilot scale study. The daily biogas production and methane content was analyzed in the pilot scale experiment. The vermicompost production from the paddy straw was carried out using the paddy straw with cattle dung, biogas slurry and vegetable waste in different ratios. The vermicompost was matured after 60 days for first harvesting. The overall nutrient content was good in the combination of cattle dung + paddy straw +vegetable waste was comparable to control (100% cattle dung). For pellets production from paddy straw, pellet making machine was developed. Different parameters of the machine during pelleting and the characteristics of pellets were analyzed. The pellets were produced using 100:0, 80:20 and 50: 50 ratio of paddy straw and saw dust. Capacity of the machine was 12.6 kg of pellets/hour. The calorific value of pellets was recorded as 91.31cal/g. The pellets were produced when the machine was operating at a RPM of 38. The payback period of the machine was 2.5 years and B:C was 3.1.ThesisItem Open Access Detection of insect infestation level in wheat by using sensors(CCSHAU, 2019) Patel, Rihan Mainuddin; Garg, M.K.A study was undertaken to develop an appropriate mathematical model for prediction of infestation level in stored wheat. Three different moisture content levels of 10, 12 and 14% were used for each treatment with insect density of 0, 10 and 20 insects/kg for an interval of two months storage. The quality of stored wheat was compared based on qualitative analysis of stored wheat i.e. moisture content, thousand kernel weight, germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-1, vigour index-2, sedimentation value, wet gluten and dry gluten of all treatments. The results were compared on the basis of moisture content, insect density and storage duration. The changes in quality parameters with respect to storage duration showed significant difference among thousand kernel weight, germination percentage seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-2, wet gluten and sedimentation value whereas changes in vigour index-1 dry gluten, thousand kernel weight were insignificant. The changes in moisture content showed significant difference in thousand kernel weight, seedling dry weight, vigour index-1, vigour index-2, wet gluten, dry gluten and sedimentation value whereas the germination percentage and seedling length remained almost constant. The effect of insect density on quality parameters showed some insignificant changes intermsof moisture content, thousand kernel weight, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-1, vigour index-2 and dry gluten whereas the germination percentage, wet gluten and sedimentation value remained almost constant. The temperature based regression model gave maximum value of coefficient of determination (R2), which was 80.03% while the temperature based ANN model gave maximum value of coefficient of correlation, which was 59.02%. The RH based model was best fitted and was used for the prediction of infestation level in stored wheat.
