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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes upon sucking insect-pests infestation(CCSHAU, 2017) Vikram Singh; Mandhania, ShiwaniThe four cotton genotypes viz., Bio-100 BG II, GCH 3, KDCHH-9810 BG II and HS 6 were evaluated under field conditions to compare their tolarance levels against the sucking insect-pests. The effect of sucking insect-pests on morpho-physiological biochemical constituents viz., the relative water content, specific leaf weight, total chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, total phenolic content, total soluble sugar, tannin content, total soluble protein, gossypol content, H2O2 content and activity of enzymes- peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase that could explain some of the varietal tolerance levels were tested. Morpho-physiological and biochemical analysis indicated that the highest relative water content, total chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthetic rate was observed in Bio 100 BG-II, highest specific leaf weight was observed in GCH-3 and highest electrolyte leakage was observed in HS-6 genotypes. The lowest relative water content, total chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthetic rate was observed in HS-6, lowest electrolyte leakage was observed in Bio 100 BG-II and lowest specific leaf weight was observed in KDCHH 9810 BG-II genotypes. The highest total phenolic content, tannin content and POX activity observed in Bio-100 BG II. Gossypol content, total soluble protein and PPO activity were highest in GCH 3. Total soluble sugar and H2O2 content was highest in KDCHH- 9810 BG II. Total phenolic content, gossypol content and tannin content were lowest in HS 6. Total soluble protein and PPO and POX activity were lowest in KDCHH-9810 BG II. Total soluble sugar was lowest in GCH 3. H2O2 content was lowest in Bio-100 BG II. Sucking pest infestation reduced the total soluble sugar and total soluble protein of all genotypes, while other biochemical constituents increased with sucking insect-pests infestation. These results indicated that Bio-100 BG II is highly tolerant as compare to other genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Long-term effect of continuous cropping on different forms of nutrients in some benchmark soils of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2017) DHEERAJ; DEV RAJA study was carried out on different benchmark soil profiles of Haryana to access the nutrient status and their fractions at the Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. A total of eight different soil profiles were selected having respective cropping systems and physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from depths 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90 cm depths in triplicate from each of the soil profiles. The soil samples were analyzed for the determination of various nutrient fractions viz. pH, EC, TOC, carbon fractions, nitrogen fractions, phosphorus fractions, potassium fractions and sulphur fractions. A perusal of the results obtained revealed that among all of the nutrient fractions, soil pH, EC, fractions of potassium and fractions of sulphur were decreased from their initial status in all of the benchmark soil profiles, however soil organic carbon and its fractions, nitrogen fractions and phosphorus fractions were found to be increased from their initial values in all the profiles. Soil pH and EC varied from 7.4 to 8.6 and 0.14 to 0.60 dS/m respectively for the soil profiles. The organic carbon in all of the soil profiles was found to be increased, highest increase being in HAU farm soil under fallow-wheat cropping system. All of the carbon fractions exhibited a net increase in all of the soil profiles just like organic carbon, but with increasing soil depth their respective content was found decreased. A significant positive correlation was observed among OC and its fractions. The nitrogen fractions were found to be increased over the initial status in all benchmark soil profiles. Highest organic, ammonium and nitrate N content was found in Kaul soils alone having a rice-wheat cropping system. The nitrate nitrogen content was found increased in lower depths of soil profiles, contrary to the other two nitrogen fractions which exhibited a decrease as we moved down in soil profile. Phosphorus fractions were also found to be increased from their initial status, where org-P and Ca-P were found highest in RDS farm under fallow-wheat cropping sequence while Al-P and Fe-P were observed to be highest in Kaul soil profile with ricewheat cropping system. All of the phosphorus fractions were following a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth in each soil profile. The various potassium fractions were observed to be decreased in upper soil layers, while in lower depths a net increase in all the K fractions was noted in each of the benchmark soil profiles. Kaul soil profile having rice –wheat cropping system exhibited maximum content of exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium, while Kaithal soils with ricewheat cropping system had highest water soluble potassium content. The contents of organic, inorganic and non-sulphate sulphur were also found decreased from their initial status in all of the benchmark soil profiles. However a decreasing trend was followed by K fractions with increasing soil depth in all soil profiles. Uchani soils had highest organic sulphur content while highest inorganic and non-sulphate sulphur contents were observed in Panipat and Bawal soils under rice-wheat and pearlmillet-raya cropping systems respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of pinching and plant growth regulators on bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.] production(CCSHAU, 2017) Surender, Mittal; Makhan LalBottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is a member of cucurbitaceae family. This is a monoecious, annual, trailing or climbing vine with hairy stems, long forked tendrils, bears hard-shelled fruits with very distinct (long oblong-round and miscellaneous) and fruit size is diverse with colour being dark green to green-white. Bottle gourd is one of the excellent fruits gifted by the nature to human beings having composition of all the essential constituents that are required for good health and quality human life. It is grown in rainy season and as well as summer season vegetable and its fruits are available in the market throughout the year. Flowering in bottle gourd is very important phase of development because fruiting and yield both depends on this stage. Reduced production of female flowers in proportion to male is the main handicap in decreasing fruit production in this monoecious crop. It ultimately affects the economics of farmers.It can be compensated by some mechanical techniques like pinching and chemical practices like use of plant growth regulators.This study was conduct to examine the effect of pinching and plant growth regulators on bottle gourd production. This experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science in Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during to find out the effect of pinching and plant growth regulators on growth, yield and economics of bottle gourd during 2016-2017. The treatments comprising three levels of pinching (no pinching, pinching at 4th node and pinching at 6th node) and five concentrations of plant growth regulators (Ethrel @ 100 ppm, Ethrel @ 200 ppm, GA3 @ 25ppm and GA3 @ 50 ppm) with control (water spray) were laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The seeds of variety Pusa Summer Prolifc Long (PSPL) were sown at the spacing of 2.5 m between rows and 0.60 m between plants. Ethrel @ 200 ppm and pinching at 6th node significantly increases number of branches per vine, days to first male flower appearance, number of female flowers, fruit length, diameter , weight, number of fruits, yield and reduce the inter-nodal distance, number of node at which first female flower appearance, days to first female flower appearance, number of male flower and sex ratio followed by ethrel @100 ppm and pinching was done at 4th node. Whereas, GA3 @ 25 and 50 ppm also significantly influence the growth, floral and yield parameters of bottle gourd. GA3 @ 50 ppm maximum increase fruit length followed by GA3 @ 25 ppm. The highest net returns (Rs. 153835) with benefit cost ratio (2.72) for bottle gourd crop were obtained by pinching at 6th node with application of ethrel @ 200 ppm followed by net returns (Rs. 147535) with benefit cost ratio (2.65) when pinching at 4th node was done with ethrel spray @ 200 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Development of multipurpose borders through digital embroidery(CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Rani; Rose, Neelam M.The folk art and traditional idea that are glitter of our culture, when applied on textiles by a commercial aspect is gaining popularity. Cutwork can serves as a great source of inspiration and ideas for creating new designs in fashion world. The present study was conducted to develop multipurpose cutwork borders using digital embroidery technique. Existing usage and purchase practices for borders were studied from thirty consumers through self-structured interview schedule. The 264 traditional motifs of cutwork were collected from secondary sources and screened for their suitability to borders as well as digital embroidery. The screened motifs were categorized in two categories viz. geometrical and floral motifs. The motifs were shown to the thirty experts to seek their preferences for selection of one third top preferred motifs from each category. Preferences of experts were also taken for fabrics and base colour of fabric for borders. A total of sixty designs were developed using the entire or component of selected thirty motifs with the help of CorelDRAW and Photoshop software and five top raked designs were selected for placements. Created twenty five design placements were again shown to the experts and one best placement of each selected five designs was chosen. Five colour ways for each selected five design placements were simulated and colour way that secured first rank was selected for embroidery. The selected five designs were converted into digital designs in embroidery software by assigning different types of stitch to different parts of the design. Five borders were developed through digital embroidery and cost of each border was calculated. The developed borders were assessed on different parameters. Results pertaining to existing usage and purchase practices followed by consumers for borders inferred that 93.33 percent of the respondents used borders for decoration purpose mostly on saris, kameez, dupatta, kurti, lengha, ladies kurta, cushion covers and bags. The important factors considered while buying borders were purpose of use, decoration and ease of care. More than half of the consumers reported that designs, colour and material of the available borders were not as per their preferences. The two third of respondents did not prefer use of any type of embellishment materials for borders. 90.00 percent respondents preferred to buy cutwork borders from retail shops. Out of 90 screened motifs, thirty motifs selected for design development were motif number 3, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41 and 44 in geometrical category and motif number 1, 2, 3, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 35, 41, 42 and 45 in floral category. The top preferred five designs i.e. design number 12, 20, 28, 48 and 55 were selected for creation of design placements. The most preferred placement of selected five designs were placement II of design number 12 and 28, placement III of design number 20, placement I of design number 48 and placement V of design number 55. The most preferred colour ways for digital embroidery on borders were monochromatic in design number 12, triad in design number 20, complementary in design number 28, analogous in design number 48 and 55. Five borders of ten meters length and preferred width were developed through digital embroidery technique using the most preferred placements and colour ways of selected five designs on net fabric of light beige colour. All the developed borders were found very appealing and highly accepted by consumers on all the parameters of assessment regarding suitability of digital embroidery technique in design development for borders using cutwork motifs. The digital embroidered borders were also found suitable for multipurpose use. The cost of the digital embroidered borders was rated appropriate by majority of the consumers. Thus, traditional motifs of cutwork adapted for designing borders infusing CAD/CAM technology is the best way not only to revive the age old practices but also makes it available globally.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical and morpho-physiological changes in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] under terminal heat stress(CCSHAU, 2017) Narender Mohan; Nisha KumariThe present investigations were undertaken to study the changes in oxidative stress, antioxidative enzymes, metabolites and yield & yield attributes in Brassica juncea after subjecting to terminal heat stress at prematurity stage. Two thermo-tolerant genotypes viz. RGN-368 and RH-1566 and two thermo-sensitive genotypes viz. RH-1134 and RH-0749 were sown on two different dates (13th October and 15th November). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage which are indicators of cell membrane damage increased under terminal heat stress in all the genotypes but increase was higher in sensitive genotypes. The activities of antioxidative enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased under terminal heat stress showing that the antioxidant defence mechanism play major role in heat stress tolerance in Brassica juncea. Ascorbic acid, proline and carotenoids increased under heat stress depicting their role as osmoprotectants and free radical scavangers, respectively. Relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (OP), chlorophyll content and crude oil content was observed and a remarkable decline was reported in these attributes under late sown condition. Yield attributes, such as main shoot length, number of primary and secondary branches, numberof siliqua on main shoot, seeds per siliqua, siliqua length, 1000 seed weight and seed yield per plant also showed a significant reduction under terminal heat stress.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic divergence and inter-relationship among yield and its component traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.](CCSHAU, 2017) Nguyen Ngoc Vu; Arya, Rajesh KumarThis investigation entitled “Studies on genetic divergence and inter-relationship among yield and its component traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]” was carried out at Directorate of Farms, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana, India) during Kharif season 2017. The observations were recorded on yield and its component traits to assess the genetic diversity and inter-relationship in 30 cowpea genotypes. The genotype PL-3 was found highest seed yielding (47.78g). The GCV and PCV were observed high for biological yield per plant, plant height, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, pod weight and days to 50% flowering. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for traits viz., biological yield per plant, plant height, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, seed yield per plant, pod yield per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of branches per plant, pod weight, days to 50% flowering, 100 seeds weight, number of seeds per pod, days to maturity and pod length. Seed yield per plant exhibited highest and positive significant phenotypic correlation with number of pod per plant, pod yield per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of branches per plant, number of pods per cluster, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and harvest index. Path analysis revealed harvest index, biological yield per plant, pod yield per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant mainly directly contributed on seed yield per plant. This suggested that direct selection based on these traits would result in higher improving seed yield per plant. Based on Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis, the 30 cowpea genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The maximum intra-cluster average D2 value was shown by cluster V (19.85). The highest inter-cluster average D2 values was found between clusters III and VI (52.08), which showed that maximum genetic diversity is present between the genotypes of these two clusters. Therefore, the crossing between the genotypes of most divergence clusters i.e. III (KBC-8, GC 901, VCP 09-019, KBC-6, PTB- 1, UCP 12-007) and VI (TC 150) could be able to produce high seed yielding transgressive segregants.ThesisItem Open Access Institutional loan among farmers of Haryana - A sociological analysis(CCSHAU, 2017) Ruchi; Subhash ChanderIn finance, the word institutional loans refers to the lending of money from the institutions like banks, co-operative societies or any other organization. Loan is a debt provided an entity to another entity at an interest rate, and evidenced by a promissory note which specifies, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging and date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset for a period of time, between the lender and the borrower. Institutional loan is increased in rural Haryana. The study was concluded among 160 respondents. From Hisar district in one block Hansi and Channot and Bhatla villages and from district Kaithal one block Kalayat and the villages Kurar and Kheri Lamba. The study was conducted with the objective, to know the nature, extent, and sources of institutional loans among farmers, to examine the causes of debtedness, utilization and repayment pattern of institutional loan and to analyses the constraints faced by farmers during pre and post -debted situation. The study concluded that most of the respondent were from middle age group (35-50) and the majority had farming occupation with joint family. They had medium size of family. Majority of the respondent had medium mass media exposure. The study also concluded that majority of the respondents took the crop loan and took the loan from the commercial banks as compare to co-operative or another banks. Purpose of the loan taken the respondents (67.50%) was for crop expenses. 62.76% of the respondents took the crop loan up to 1.5 lakh and 20.69% of the respondents took the term loan above Rs. 3lakhs. And 61.25% took the loan at 4 to 7% rate of interest. Respondents took the short type of institutional loan from the banks and the respondents (54.26%) repaid the crop loan regularly. On the other hand, 29.73% respondents repaid the term loan irregularly. Reasons of the non-repayment of the institutional loan were inadequate income, high cost inputs, high interest rate, indebtedness and social ceremony, etc. Many of the respondents had problems after taking the institutional loan like low production, psychological stress and poverty. Majority of the respondents (45%) mis-utilized the institutional loan as they specified. They mis-utilized the institutional loan in increased land on lease, repayment pattern of old loan, performed social ceremony, household expenses, etc.ThesisItem Open Access Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth(CCSHAU, 2017) Nandni; Goyal, SnehRice straw is a vegetative part of rice plant which is a waste material after harvesting. A major portion of this agricultural waste is subjected to open field burning leading to many environmental problems. In Haryana, about 6 million tons of rice straw is produced annually and 63% of this is burnt which causes environmental and health problems (Reinhard et al., 2001). Similarly, high rate application of poultry manure decreases the yield of crops which may be attributed to the toxic concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and soluble salts. So, the present investigation was planned to co-compost paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in different ratios was carried out in cemented pits. Total organic carbon (%) was in the range of 32.03 to 47.29% at 0 day and declined to 30.70% in the treatment 4 after 90 days of co-composting. Amount of total N (%) content increased up to 1.91 % after 90 days of co-composting. Ammoniacal nitrogen contents decreased from 8.20 to 5.12 and 49.02 to 10.09 (mg/Kg) in controls, and from 14.01 to 5.08 (mg/ Kg) in the treatment 4 prepared from 5:1 ratio of paddy straw and poultry manure along with microbial consortia and cattle dung. Nitrate nitrogen was maximum (510 mg/Kg) in the treatment 4. Total phosphorus increased in all the treatments during co-composting and same trend was observed with total potassium contents. Initially temperature of all the treatments was around 33°C and elevated to maximum 56°C after 45 day of composting and then dropped down to 31 to 34°C in different treatments after 90 days of composting. The minimum amount of carbon dioxide evolution and water soluble carbon was in the treatment 4 (244 mg/100g and 0.98%, respectively). The maximum amount of humic substances was observed in the treatment 4 (114.51mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) and minimum was in control (12.54 mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) having poultry manure alone. The percentage germination varied from 52.5 to 97.5 in all the finished compost and maximum was in the treatment 4 showing that prepared compost does not have any phytotoxic effect. Root, shoot length, dry weight and N,P,K uptake of wheat crop was maximum in the treatment having 100% R.D.F. with quality compost (@ 5t/ha) prepared from paddy straw and poultry manure in ratio 5:1 along with microbial consortia and cattle dung (10%). The results of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in 5:1 ratio along with microbial consortia and cattle dung 10% resulted into a brown colored quality compost with neutral pH, C:N ratio 16.04 and its application (@ 5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat crop significantly improved the plant growth.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological changes induced by cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) in wheat (Triticum aestivum)(CCSHAU, 2017) Sindhu, Ajay Singh; Kanwar, R.S.Present study was conducted to investigate the the sequential effect of Heterodera avenae on physiology of wheat, the effect of sowing time on physiology of H.avenae infected wheat and the effect of different inoculum levels of H.avenae on physiology of wheat. The experiments were conducted in screenhouse of Department of Nematology, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi-2016. For evaluating the sequential effect of H.avenae on wheat cultivar WH 1105 was sown on 7th Nov. and observations on physiological parameters were recorded 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Total chlorophyll, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence were significantly lower in inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated plants at 90 DAS. They were reduced to the tune of 37.78%, 36.73% and 10.46%, respectively. Total chlorophyll, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence increased till 60 DAS and decreased at 90 DAS. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with the increase in age of plant. Inoculated plants when compared with uninoculated plants showed significant decrease at 60 DAS by 38.17, 47.39 and 42.85%, respectively. For comparing the physiology of H.avenae infected wheat sown on 1st, 15th and 30th Nov., observation were taken 30 DAS. Total chlorophyll (25.00%), carotenoid (28.94%), chlorophyll fluorescence (6.27%), photosynthetic rate (57.33%) and stomatal conductance (62.50%) showed maximum reduction in inoculated plants of 15th Nov. sowing when compared with uninoculated plants while transpiration rate decreased significantly (56.19%) in inoculated plants of 30th Nov. sowing. Inoculated plants showed significant reduction in these parameters when compared with uninoculated plants at all the three sowing dates. Biomass of 15th Nov. sown plants was greatly hampered by nematode parasitism as compared to plants sown on 1st and 30th Nov. Maximum nematode population was obtained in 15th Nov. sown plants. Effect of different inoculum levels viz. 5, 10 and 15 eggs and juveniles/g soil of H.avenae on physiology of wheat was studied by recording observations 30 DAS. With the increase in inoculum level of H.avenae, there was significant decrease in total chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance at each level. Maximum reduction in these parameters was observed at 15 eggs and juveniles/g soil that was 39.71, 30.55, 7.90, 39.75, 51.58 and 64.86% respectively. Maximum nematode population build up and least biomass were obtained at highest inoculum level.