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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of biomordants on dyeability of cotton fabric with natural dye(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Neeta; Arya, NishaIncreasing concern about environmental pollution in all sphere of life has raised grave concern and heated debates around the world about the concept of ecology and environment. In the present time, commercially viable alternative methods for preparing and finishing cotton substrates based on the use of biomordants have emerged. Keeping in view the current scenario of environmental consciousness, the present study has been planned to assess the effect of biomordant on dyeing efficacy of cotton with natural dye substituting metal based mordant and salts. Standardization of biomordanting process for two biomordants i.e. harad and heena was done on the basis of dye absorption, colour strength and wash fastness rating for different concentrations and treatment conditions. The desized and scoured fabric were pre-treated with selected two biomordants and dyed with selected natural dye. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis of biomordanted fabric samples. SEM analysis demonstrated plain surface of biomordant treated sample. The colour coordinates, colour strength and colour fastness of the biomordant treated dyed samples were assessed. Various mechanical, performance and functional properties of the biomordant treated dyed fabric were also tested. Comparative analysis was also done between scoured fabric treated with biomordants and dyed with natural dye. The parameter optimized for biomordanting process of scoured fabric were pre mordanting stage with 5 and 10 per cent concentration, 1:30 M: L Ratio, 6 and 4 pH, 60° and 80°C treatment temperature and 60 and 45 minutes treatment time for heena and harad, respectively. Both the biomordant treated dyed samples exhibited good (4) to very good (4/5) colour fastness properties. The results revealed that among both the biomordants treated dyed fabrics, heena treated dyed fabric showed maximum increase in bending length (2.39 cm) and heena treated dyed sample showed highest increase in elongation (29.68%), crease recovery angle (113 degree), moisture regain (10 %) and wickability (3.86cm). The heena treated and Babool bark dyed fabric showed the highest UPF value (56.89) indicating excellent protection category while in harad treated dyed fabric UPF value was (48.76). The biomordants treated dyed fabrics showed bacterial resistance against E. coli (93.35%) and S. aureus (88.07%). Thus, it is concluded that biomordants treatment enhanced the dyeing efficacy of the cotton fabric with better colour fastness properties. The biomordant treatment and Babool bark dye improved the mechanical and performance properties of cotton fabric with very good to excellent protection from UV radiation and bacterial attack. Hence, the biomordants are suitable replacement materials for cotton fabric in textile wet processing due to their positive response towards environment and no harmful effect on fabric properties.ThesisItem Open Access Microencapsulation of Vetiver Oil for Development of Aroma Wool Fabric(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-11) Rukhaya, Shalini; Rose, Neelam M.In recent years fragrance embedded textiles are being developed in areas of sustainability, environment consciousness, for healthy life style and well-being. Essential oil of several best known aromatic plants have therapeutic and sedative properties. Aromatherapy is a form of an alternative medicine in which essential oils are used to impart therapeutic effects. It is important to develop textile materials with added functional properties in order to promote healthy and eco-friendly life style. Therefore, the present study was carried out to develop aroma wool fabric using microencapsulated vetiver essential oil. To achieve the objectives anticipated in the research plan, vetiver essential oil was selected on the basis of aromatic and therapeutic properties. Neutral scouring of wool fabric was done to remove impurities and uniform application of aroma finish. For standardization of microencapsulation process, the ratios of core and wall materials, temperature and pH were optimized on the basis of size, distribution and quality of wall of formed microcapsules observed under inverted microscope. Different variables of aroma treatment i.e. padding bath components (microcapsule gel, softener and binder), material to liquor ratio, treatment temperature and time, drying temperature and time, curing temperature and time were optimized on the basis of presence of microcapsules on treated fabric, wash durability and improvement in fabric properties i.e. bending length, flexural rigidity and crease recovery angle. Microencapsulated vetiver oil was applied on wool fabric through pad-dry-cure method using optimized concentrations and conditions. SEM and FTIR analysis of aroma treated wool fabric was done. Physical (preliminary, mechanical and performance) and functional properties (antimoth, antibacterial and ultraviolet protection) of wool fabric were tested after aroma treatment. Aroma durability in terms of retention and intensity of aroma in treated fabric after subjecting to washing, abrasion, ironing and sun-drying were also assessed. The vetiver essential oil:gum:gelatin in the ratio 1:4:4 at 450 C temperature with initial pH 4.5 and final pH 7 were optimized for development of microcapsules as medium sized microcapsules having good uniformity in size and distribution with sharp and thick walls were obtained with these optimized process parameters. Aroma treatment was given to wool fabric using optimized concentrations of padding bath components i.e. 60 g/l microcapsule gel, 2 g/l softener and 10 g/l binder maintaining M:L ratio 1:20 for 30 minutes at 350 C treatment temperature as the fabric treated at these optimized conditions exhibited good wash durability and improved fabric properties. The 700 C drying temperature with 4 minutes drying time and 1000 C curing temperature with 60 seconds curing duration were optimized on the basis of presence of higher number of microcapsules, retention of aroma for longer duration and improvement in fabric properties of treated fabric. SEM analysis exhibited presence of numerous microcapsules of spherical shape and uniform size on the surface of aroma treated fabric. FTIR analysis showed presence of various functional groups at different peaks in aroma treated wool fabric. Preliminary properties i.e. fabric count, weight and thickness showed an increase after treating wool fabric with microencapsulated vetiver essential oil. Bending length, flexural rigidity, tensile strength and elongation of treated fabric also increased after aroma treatment. The moisture regain, wickability, water absorbency and crease recovery angle of scoured wool fabric decreased after aroma treatment while air permeability was found to be increased. Antimoth efficacy of microencapsulated vetiver essential oil treated fabric was better than scoured wool fabric. Scoured fabric showed no antibacterial activity in terms of zone of inhibition whereas aroma treated fabric exhibited antibacterial activity with 63.45 and 61.37 percent reduction in bacterial growth against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Scoured wool fabric showed very good (30.25) UPF value while after aroma treatment it enhanced to 87.07 and the treated wool fabric came under excellent UV protection category. The aroma durability in terms of retention and intensity of aroma after exposure to different agencies i.e. washing, abrasion, ironing and sun-drying was found very good in fabric samples treated with microencapsulated vetiver essential oil. Thus, the microencapsulated vetiver essential oil can be used to impart durable aroma finish onto the wool fabric to develop functionalized textiles having antimoth, antibacterial and UV protection properties without any harmful effect on the physical properties of wool fabric.ThesisItem Open Access Application of plant extract on cotton fabric for bacterial resistance(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Rajni; Yadav, SarojThe present research was intended to apply bacterial resistant finish on cotton fabric by using banyan leaves extract. To achieve the objectives projected in research design, banyan leaves extract was selected for bacterial resistance treatment on cotton fabric. Desizing and scouring were performed on the selected cotton fabric for uniform application of finish. The concentrations and conditions for applying the plant extracts on the fabrics were optimized on the basis of the bacterial resistance efficacy. The application of finish was performed with exhaust and pad-dry-cure methods using the optimized concentrations and conditions. The efficacy of herbal finish was assessed after 5 and 10 wash cycles in terms of percent reduction in bacterial count. The herbal treated fabrics were tested for change in physical and functional properties. Aqueous extract of banyan leaves was selected for application on the cotton fabric on the basis of maximum zone of inhibition exhibited against the test bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was found that yield percentage with repeated maceration (triple percolation) of extract was 16.03 percent for banyan leaves. The optimum variables for antibacterial treatment on the basis of maximum bacterial resistance were 17 percent concentration of banyan leaves extract,8 percent concentration of cross-linking agent, pH 6, material to liquor ratio 1:40 for exhaust and 1:20 for pad-dry-cure method, 60 min. at 600Ctreatment time and temperature for exhaust and 30 min. at 400C for pad-dry-cure method, 1100C for 5 min. drying temperature and time for exhaust and 1300C for 5 min. for pad-dry-cure method and 1400C for 5 min. were optimum temperature and time for curing of fabric treated by pad-dry-cure method. The treated fabrics exhibited 94.62 and 93.54 percent reduction in the bacterial count of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli after the application of banyan leaves extract by exhaust method whereas after the application of banyan leaves extract by pad-dry-cure method 95.82 and 95.70 percent reduction in the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. coli respectively was observed. After 5 washing cycles, the treated fabrics exhibited 71.68 and 69.09 percent reduction in the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. Coli respectively whereas after 10 washing cycles, the reduction in bacterial count was 68.14 and 63.27 percent for S. aureus and E. Coli respectively. For pad-dry-cure method, the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. coli of the washed fabric after 5 washing cycles decreased by 73.47 and 70.98 percent respectively and after 10 washing cycles, the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. coli was decreased by 62.61 and 59.72 percent respectively. The plant extract treated fabrics were tested for change in physical properties and it was found that fabric weight, thickness, bending length, flexural rigidity, crease recovery angle and elongation of plant extract treated fabric were increased whereas fabric count, tensile strength, moisture regain and air permeability were decreased. The herbal treated fabrics exhibited excellent ultraviolet protection i.e. 41.93 by exhaust and 48.06 by pad-dry-cure method. Thus, it is concluded that banyan leaves extract treated fabric exhibited excellent ultraviolet protection and crease resistance properties. Conclusively, banyan leaves were observed as an efficient natural source for imparting bacterial resistant finish on cotton fabric.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Enzymatic Treatment on Softening of Jute Fabric(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-06) Jamal, Zeba; Arya, NishaJute has many beneficial properties such as high tensile strength and modulus with good dimensional stability but has some drawbacks such as harshness, poor wrinkle recovery, high fiber shedding, yellowing on exposure to sunlight, susceptible to microbial attack and less resistant to fire. The present study has been conducted to note the effects of enzymatic treatment on softening of jute fabric. Desizing and scouring was done by conventional and enzymatic method. Enzymatic desizing and scouring depicted better water absorption and weight loss, hence it was continued. Three commercial softeners and four enzymes were procured on the basis of their suitability for softening of jute fabric. Eighteen combinations of commercial softeners and 39 combinations of enzymes were tried and one top ranked combination from each category selected on the basis of preference of experts was continued for further research work. Standardization of commercial softener and enzymatic treatment for jute fabric was done on the basis of improvement in mechanical properties i.e. bending length, flexural rigidity and drape coefficient. Application of conventional chemical treatment was done by exhaust method. Application of aminosilicone softener and enzymatic treatment was done as per optimized conditions by pad dry cure method. SEM was done to understand the changes in surface morphology after each treatment. The changes in physical and functional properties after different treatments were studied. There was improvement in softness and drape after each treatment but maximum decrease in bending length (40.64 per cent in warp and 45.43 per cent in weft), flexural rigidity (86.14 per cent) and drape coefficient (30.86 per cent) was observed after enzymatic treatment. The enzymatically treated jute fabric exhibited 13 CFUs for E.coli bacteria with 95.11 per cent reduction in the growth of bacteria whereas it showed 131 CFUs for S. aureus bacteria having 88.32 per cent reduction in the growth as compared to controlled sample. It was also discerned that the UPF value of the scoured fabric was 13.07 which increased to 57.64 when treated with enzymes with very good grade under protection category. The conventional chemical treatment also showed some improvement in UPF value (23.88) but the ultra violet protection property increased slightly (13.89) after commercial softener treatment. The differently treated fabric samples were washed 20 times and changes in physical and functional properties after 5, 10, 15 and 20 washing cycles were recorded. The enzymatic treatment was found to be most durable as it was successfully retained up to 15 washes. Preferences of experts‟ for development of products from enzymatically softened jute fabric was taken. Top two preferred products from three categories i.e. home furnishing articles, utility articles and apparel & accessories were selected for product development. Eighteen designs (3 for each selected article) were developed using Corel Draw 12 software. On the basis of experts‟ preference, top preferred design for each product was selected for product development. A total of six products viz. table runner, table mats (set of six), wall pocket, handbag, ladies jacket and cap were developed. Their cost was calculated including the cost of fabric, enzymatic treatment, stitching and finishing. The products were got assessed by fifty consumers for their market potential. All the developed products were highly acceptable by consumers. Thus, the enzymatic softening treatment is considered appropriate for jute fabric and it will help in mainstreaming and revival of its status in global market.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Home Furnishing Textile Articles using Digital Embroidery(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) Sarita Devi; Arya, NishaIndia has a rich heritage of traditional textiles. The Indian traditional embroidery plays an important role in creating new designs in the fashion world. The present study has been conducted to develop digital embroidered home furnishing textile articles using Indian traditional embroidery motifs. The Indian traditional embroideries which can be easily transformed into digital form were explored from secondary sources and five top ranked Indian traditional embroideries i.e. Kashidakari, Phulkari, Kasuti, Applique work and Kutch & Kathiawar were selected for further work. Top preferred three home furnishing textile articles, double bed sheet with pillow covers, roman blind and cushion cover were selected for product development. Top ten preferred motifs, were selected for development of designs as per preferences of experts. One hundred fifty designs (30 for each selected embroidery) were created, using selected motifs with the help of Corel DRAW X3 software. Top ranked three designs from each selected embroidery, design number 1, 8 and 19 from Kashidakari embroidery; design number 1, 4 and 19 from Phulkari embroidery; design number 4, 11 and 26 from Kasuti embroidery; design number 9, 16 and 24 from Appliqué work and design number 9, 16 and 24 from kutchand kathiawar embroidery were selected on the basis of experts’ preferences for preparation of design placements. Preferences of experts were also taken for fabric and base color of fabric for product development. On the basis of experts’ preference, top preferred placements and colour ways were selected for product development. A total of forty five home furnishing textile articles i.e. bed sheet with two pillow covers (3 numbers), roman blind (one number) and set of cushion cover (5 numbers) were developed in five selected embroideries employing selected designs, preferred design placement and color ways on selected golden tint fabric using digital embroidery. The cost of developed double bed sheet with pillow covers ranged from Rs. 4750 to 5000, roman blinds ranged from Rs. 4700 to 4800 and cushion cover (set of five) ranged from Rs. 4200 to 4500. Majority of the consumers rated cost as appropriate for developed double bed sheet with pillow covers and cushion covers whereas rated cost as high for roman blind. All the developed digital embroidered home furnishing textile articles were highly acceptable by consumers. Thus, adoption of developed designs from Indian traditional embroidery motifs on home furnishing textile articles using digital embroidery technique is beneficial in preservation of traditional heritage of Indian embroidery and also facilitate faster production in lesser time.ThesisItem Open Access Adaptation of Madhubani Motifs for Screen Printing and Hand Embroidery on Stoles(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja Rani; Yadav, SarojIndia had always been known as the land that portrayed cultural and traditional vibrancy through its conventional arts and crafts. Every region in India has its own style and folk art which are very ethnic and simple, and yet colorful and vibrant enough to speak volumes about the rich heritage. Folk art in India apparently has a great potential in the international market because of its traditional aesthetic sensibility and authenticity. The two most famous folk painting are Warli art of Maharashtra and Madhubani art of Mithila. The present study was conducted on adaptation of Madhubani motifs on stole through screen printing and hand embroidery. The 120 traditional Madhubani motifs were collected from secondary sources like books, journals, magazine and internet etc. and screened for their suitability to stole using screen printing and hand embroidery. The identified motifs were sketched manually and scanned from books, magazines etc. which were recreated and modified in CorelDRAW X5 and Adobe Photoshop to get the required complexity and elegance. The selected motifs were categorized in four categories viz. floral & foliage, geometrical, animal & bird and religious motifs and shown to the thirty experts to sought their preferences for selection of four top preferred motifs i.e. four from each category. Total thirty designs were prepared using selected sixteen motifs and got assessed from thirty experts for selection of five top preferred designs for preparation of design layout on stole. The base colour and fabric for stole were selected as per preferences of experts. Twenty five developed design placements were again shown to the experts and one best design placement of each selected five designs was selected for development of colour ways. Five colour ways for each selected five design placements were prepared and colour way that secured Ist rank was selected for development of stole through using screen printing and hand embroidery technique. The cost of each stole was determined by adding the cost of raw material, screen printing, hand embroidery and finishing charges. The screen printed and hand embroidered stoles were assessed for consumers’ acceptability on different parameters. Out of the one hundred twenty motifs, sixteen motifs selected for design development were motif number 8, 11, 29 and 30 in floral & foliage motifs, motif number 2, 8, 15 and 26 in geometrical motifs category, motif number 1, 18, 19 and 26 in animal & bird motifs category and motif number 2, 13, 28 and 30 in religious motifs category. The five top preferred designs were design number 14, 20, 22, 23 and 29. Preferences of experts for placement of selected five designs were placement III of design number 14 and 20, placement I of design number 22, placement II of design number 23 and placement V of design number 29. Most preferred colour ways for screen printing and hand embroidery as per experts’ choice were colour way I of design number 14 and 22, colour way II of design number 20 and 23 and colour way V of design number 29. Five stoles were developed through screen printing and hand embroidery as per preferred placements and colour ways of selected five designs. All the screen printed and hand embroidered stoles were found very enthralling and accepted by consumers on different assessment parameters. The cost of the stoles was rated appropriate by all the consumers. Thus, traditional Madhubani motifs adapted for development of designs for stole has expanded the design base for textile products and cater to the urge of high-end clients through variety of designs and unique combination of screen printing and hand technique.ThesisItem Open Access Antibacterial Finish for Cotton Fabric using Herbal Extract(CCSHAU, 2019) Yadav, Sharmila; Rose, Neelam M.The present research was intended to prepare antibacterial herbal extracts for application on cotton fabric. To achieve the objectives projected in research plan, jatamansi rhizome extract was selected for antibacterial treatment to cotton fabric. Desizing and scouring were performed on selected cotton fabric for uniform application of finish.The concentrations and conditions for applying the herbal extracts on the fabrics were optimized on the basis of the bacterial resistance efficacy.The application of finish was performed with exhaust and pad-dry-cure methods using the optimized concentrations and conditions. The efficacy of herbal finish was assessed after 5 and 10 wash cycles in terms of percent reduction in bacterial count. The herbal treated fabrics were tested for change in physical properties. Aqueous extract of plant was selected for application on the cotton fabric on the basis of maximum zone of inhibition exhibited against the i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. It was found that yield percentage with repeated maceration (triple percolation) of extract was 13.90 percent for jatamansi rhizome. The optimum variables for antibacterial treatment on the basis of bacterial resistance were9 percent concentration of jatamansi rhizome extract (for both the methods),5 percent concentration of cross linking agent (for both the methods),pH 6 (for both the methods), material to liquor ratio 1:40 for exhaust and 1:20 for pad-dry-cure methods, 60 min at 600Ctreatment time and temperature for exhaust and 30 min at 400C for pad-dry-cure method, 1000C for 5 min drying temperature and time for exhaust and 1200C for 5 min for pad-dry-cure and 1400C for 5 min curing temperature and time. The treated fabrics exhibited 91.31and89.41 percent reduction in the bacterial count of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli after the application of jatamansi herbal extract by exhaust method whereas after the application of jatamansi herbal extract by pad-dry-cure method 95.39and 95.14 percent reduction in the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. coli respectively was observed. After 5 washing cycles, the treated fabrics exhibited 77.45 and 74.86 percent reduction in the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. coli respectively whereas after 10 washing cycles, the reduction in bacterial count was 53.10 and 51.54 percent for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. For pad-dry-cure method, the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. coli of the washed fabric after 5 washing cycles decreased by 79.76 and 76.29 percent respectively and after 10 washing cycles, the bacterial count of S. aureus and E. coli was decreased by 57.34 and 54.67 percent respectively. The herbal treated fabrics were tested for change in physical properties and it was found that fabric weight, thickness, bending length, flexural rigidity, crease recovery angle and elongation of herbal treated fabric were increased. The herbal treated fabrics exhibited excellent ultraviolet protection i.e. 41.01 by exhaust and 47.10 by pad-dry-cure method. Thus, it is concluded that antibacterial treatment with jatamansi extract imparted multifunctionality to the cotton fabrics it provided very high bacterial resistance properties along with excellent ultraviolet protection and crease resistant properties. Hence, the jatamansi herbal extract is suitable natural antibacterial agent for replacement of synthetic antibacterial agents without harmful effect on the properties of cotton fabric.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Enzymatic Treatment on Dyeing of Woolen Fabric With Natural Dye(CCSHAU, 2019) Sharma, Rubi; Rose, Neelam M.Environment and ecology occupy a prominent place among the key focal issues faced by the world today. Due to the awareness on environmental impact of polluting nature of textile effluent released by chemical processing of textiles, the pressure is increasing on the textile processing industries to use eco-friendly finishing processes to save environment. Keeping in view the current scenario of environmental consciousness, the present study was planned to assess the effect of different enzyme treatments on dyeing efficiency of wool for substituting metal based mordant and salts. Comparative analysis was done alkali, enzyme and neutral scoured fabrics for selection of the best scouring method for preparation of woolen fabric. One natural dye was selected on the basis of higher percent dye uptake and fastness grades. Out of four enzymes, top ranked two enzymes were selected on the basis of better geomateric and surface properties exhibited by the treated fabrics. Standardization of enzymes treatments for selected two enzymes was done on the basis of maximum percent dye absorption and wash fastness rating for different enzyme concentrations and treatment conditions. The scoured fabric was pretreated with both the selected enzymes and dyed with selected natural dye. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of selected dye, scoured and dyed woolen samples was done. The colour coordinates, colour strength and colour fastness of the enzyme treated dyed samples were assessed. Various mechanical, performance and functional properties of the enzyme treated and treated dyed fabrics were also tested. Results revealed that neutral scoured sample showed more increase in fabric count and less reduction in fabric weight and thickness as compared to alkali and enzyme scoured samples, thus neutral method of scouring was selected for preparation of woolen fabric. It was found that percent dye absorption and wash fastness of kachnar(Bauhinia variegata) dye was higher for all the four enzymes as compared to marigold dye, hence kachnar dye was selected for dyeing of woolen fabric. Among all the enzymes, lipase and protease exhibited reduced percent shrinkage and percent weight loss and enhanced gloss of woolen fabric,thus selected for pretreatment of woolen fabric. The optimized parameters for enzyme treatments of scoured woolen fabric were 0.50 percent enzyme concentration, 1:20M:L Ratio, 7.5 pH, 65°C treatment temperature and 60 minutes treatment time for lipase enzyme. All these treatment variables were same for the protease enzyme except 0.25 percent enzyme concentration. FTIR analysis demonstrated the change in various chemical compositions on the fabric surface due to scouring and dyeing treatments. Both the enzyme treated dyed samples exhibited good (4) to very good (4/5) colour fastness properties. The results indicated that between both the enzyme treated dyed fabrics, lipase treated dyed fabric showed maximum decrease in bending length (3.25 cm) and crease recovery angle (132.09) whereas protease treated dyed sample showed maximum increase in tensile strength (23.98 kg)more increase in elongation (28.47%) and wickability (6.18 cm). The lipase treated and kachnardyed fabric showed the highest UPF value (127.79) indicating excellent protection category while in protease treated dyed fabric UPF value was (110.98). The lipase enzyme treated dyed fabrics exhibited bacterial resistance against S. aureus (94.53%) and E. coli (91.40%). Hence it is concluded that enzyme treatments enhanced the dyeing efficiency of the woolen fabric with better colour fastness properties. The enzyme pretreatment and kachnar dye improved the mechanical and performance properties of woolen fabric with excellent protection from UV radiation and bacterial attack. Thus the enzymes are suitable replacement materials for woolen fabric in textile wet processing due to their positive response towards environment and no harmful effect on fabric properties.ThesisItem Open Access Antibacterial finish on cotton using Giloy extract(CCSHAU, 2019) Kumari Medha; Arya, NishaThe present study was intended to apply antibacterial finish on cotton fabric by using Giloy stem extract. To achieve the objectives projected in the research design, Giloy stem extract was selected for giving finishing treatment to cotton fabric. Pretreatment was given to cotton fabric prior to the application of finish using standardized concentration of Giloy stem extract with exhaust and pad dry cure methods. Giloy stem were extracted by cold aqueous maceration and soxhlet evaporation. It was found that percentage yield of extract was 18.2 per cent after 36 hours for Giloy stems. Bacteria (Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were selected for the present study. The antibacterial activity of the extract was tested using agar well diffusion method. It was observed that the extract possessed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but had no resistance against Bacillus spp. Hence, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was selected for further research. To study the efficacy of Giloy stem extract on cotton fabric, finished samples were tested for microbial resistance quantitatively by AATCC-100 test method before and after washing the samples (five wash cycles). The antibacterial finish applied with Giloy stem extract by exhaust and pad dry cure methods, was highly effective after 24 hours of inoculation against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After 24 hours, antibacterial resistance gradually decreased and after 96 hours it reduced to 88.55 per cent and 89.33 per cent in cotton fabric sample finished by exhaust and pad dry cure methods, respectively. The cotton fabric sample finished with Giloy stem extract by exhaust and pad dry cure methods were analyzed for their bacterial resistance after five wash cycles. After 24 hours, the resistance gradually decreased and after 96 hours, it reduces to 87.44 per cent and 88.55 per cent by exhaust and pad dry cure methods, respectively. Thus, there was continuous decrease in antibacterial activity with increase in incubation period after washing but even then the finish was actively retained in washed samples after 96 hours. It was further concluded that after inoculation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, microbes did not alter the physical properties of the finished samples heavily. Finished fabric was analyzed for change in physical properties and it was found that fabric weight, thickness, bulk and elongation of fabric were increased while fabric count, tensile strength, bending length, flexural rigidity, air permeability and moisture regain were decreased. After washing, physical properties of finished fabric were again investigated and it was found that fabric count, weight, thickness, bulk, bending length, flexural rigidity and tensile strength of Giloy stem extract finished sample decreased while elongation, air permeability and moisture regain increased. Conclusively, Giloy stem extract was observed as an efficient natural source for imparting antibacterial finish on textiles.
