Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Open Access
Development of ready-to-use yokes through digital embroidery
(CCSHAU, 2018) Parmila; Yadav, Nirmal
Designing textiles and apparel is an ancient craft of India which is one of the most demanding fields as it is full of scope for creativity. Designing includes new and existing techniques for applications of designs on textile items depending upon their end uses. In the garments various patterns are added to enhance the beauty of garments. Patterns may be embroidery, painting, tie & dye, finishes, setting of seams and addition of yoke in garment. A yoke is a shaped pattern piece which forms part of a garment, usually fitting around the neck and shoulders. Thus the present study was conducted to develop ready-to-use yokes using digital embroidery technique. The 150 cutwork motifs were collected from secondary sources and screened for their suitability to ready-to-use yokes as well as digital embroidery. The screened motifs were categorized in two categories viz. geometrical and floral motifs. The motifs were shown to the thirty experts to seek their preferences for selection of one third top preferred motifs from each category. Preferences of experts were also taken for fabrics and base colour of fabric for ready-to-use yokes. A total of forty five designs were developed using combination of two to four motifs/ parts of motifs and a single motif from one category or combining both the categories with their compatibility and harmony of selected thirty motifs with the help of CorelDRAW software. Five top raked designs were selected for placements. Created fifteen design placements were again shown to the experts and one preferred placement of each selected five designs was selected for product development. Three colour ways for each selected five design placements were simulated and colour way that secured first rank was selected for digital embroidery. The selected five designs were transformed into digital form in embroidery software by assigning design size, stitch type, stitch length and stitch density to different parts of the design. Five ready-to-use yokes were developed through digital embroidery and cost of each ready-to-use yokes was calculated. The developed ready-to-use yokes were assessed on different parameters. Out of 90 screened motifs, thirty motifs selected for design development were motif number 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 33, 35 and 37 in geometrical category and motif number 6, 12, 14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 40, 41, 43 and 44 in floral category of motifs. The top preferred five designs i.e. design number 4, 8, 25, 29 and 43 were selected for creation of design placements. The most preferred placement of selected five designs were placement II of design number 4 and 8, placement III of design number 25 and 29 and placement I of design number 43. The most preferred colour ways for digital embroidery on ready-to-use yokes were analogus in design number 4, complementary in design number 8 and 25, complementary triad in design number 29 and rectangular tetrad in design number 43.Five ready-to-use yokes were developed through digital embroidery technique using the most preferred placements and colour ways of selected five designs on white cotton fabric using embroidery threads. All the developed ready-to-use yokes were found very appealing and highly accepted by consumers on all the parameters of assessment regarding suitability of digital embroidery technique in design development for ready-to-use yokes using cutwork motifs. The cost of the digital embroidered ready-to-use yokes was rated appropriate by majority of the consumers. Thus cutwork motifs adapted for designing ready-to-use yokes with the help of CAD/CAM technology and using digital embroidery technique enhance the range of the designing and productivity.
Open Access
Diversified use of cotton blended shoddy yarn
(CCSHAU, 2018) Sharma, Bharti; Yadav, Nirmala
The present study entitled „Diversified use of cotton blended shoddy yarn‟ was conducted. Information on existing status and usage pattern of ten selected shoddy industries located in Panipat, Haryana producing cotton blended shoddy yarn and products were collected using self structured interview schedule and supplemented through observations. Maximum no. of the owners were in the age group of above 50 years, graduate, married and had above 30 years of work experience. The selected shoddy industries were established from 1970 onwards and were registered. Majority of the industries were started with amount Rs. 30 to 50 lac as capital investment. Manpower employed were managers, supervisors and other skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Male were employed on managerial & supervisor post. There were more skilled male workers whereas more number of female workers were under the categories of unskilled workers. All of the owners faced the managerial problems like price inflation of raw materials, lack of govt. support and technical problem like electricity. The raw material was procured from the local market, other state of India & other countries in the form of rags. Quality of rags was considered while purchasing raw material as per the requirement of product preparation. Selected industries prepared the cotton blended shoddy yarn in different blends proportions i.e. cotton with acrylic, polyester, nylon and cotton with other fibre in 2.5s, 4s, 6s, 8 & 10s and 2 & 4 ply in available colur. The prepared shoddy yarn and fabric were tested for physical parameters. Numbers of defects were reported i.e. uneven yarn thickness slippage of yarn, use of uneven yarn & mismatch of colour in majority of the industries. The products prepared were rugs, foot mat, khes, stool mat, beach towel in different counts and decorated using frills, got/band. Manufacturing cost and utility of the product considered for calculating the cost in all the industries. The five samples of cotton blended shoddy yarns and their fabric samples of different ply, count and blend proportions procured from the selected shoddy industries to get the preferences for yarn count, ply and blend porportions for product development. The preference was done using preferential choice index by the experts. The selected yarn was cotton with polyester blended (70+30%) in 10s and 2 ply. The fabrics were got prepared in selected colour in one of the selected shoddy industry as per the selected specifications. The prepared fabric was tested for physical parameters. Top five ranked products i.e. curtain, table mat, cushion cover, mudha cover and ladies shirt were selected out of the prepared list of products that can be made using selected yarn. Top three constructional designs for each product were selected out of ten constructional designs for each product developed with the help of CorelDRAW-12 for product development. Top preferred one design for screen printing was selected for each product for placement, out of fifty screen printing developed designs. One best design placement for each selected product designs was selected, out of created forty five placements. Five products in three constructional designs were developed, enriched with selected screen printing designs and selected design placement enhanced by doing running stitch using hand embroidery threads in contrast colour selected colour of screen printing design and base colour of fabric. Hence, total fifteen products were developed. All the developed products were adjudged by the consumers very suitable in terms of texture, design, utility and appearance. On the basis of overall acceptance cushion cover, mudha cover and table mat were highly acceptable. Curtain was acceptable and the ladies shirt was least acceptable by the consumers. A design catalogue was prepared.
Open Access
Diversified use of recycled woollen blended yarn’ submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy, in the subject of ‘textile and apparel designing
(CCSHAU, 2018) Saini, Neelam; Yadav, Saroj
It is the fact that textile wastes are unavoidable bi-products of any manufacturing process and many textile processes produce it in high volume. Recycling is a key concept of modern waste management which includes pre- processing of waste material into new product in a manner that on the one hand some burden of solid waste on our ecosystem is lessened and on the other sustainability is achieved. To achieve the specific objectives of study, twenty shoddy units of Panipat, Haryana were selected to study the existing status of shoddy industry. Usage practices of recycled blended yarns with respect to manufacturing techniques, production process, procurement and consumption pattern, development of products were recorded. One recycled blended yarns of two different yarn counts was selected as per preferences of experts. An exhaustive list of products including apparel, home textile and utility articles was prepared and top ranked two products were selected. Graphical representations of basic weaves with their derivatives and fancy weaves were created using CorelDRAW-12 software and on the basis of experts preferences top ranked three weaves were selected for creation of possible weave combinations designs. Ten designs of each weave combination were created and out of thirty designs top preferred six designs, two of each weave combination designs were selected for fabric weaving. Twelve fabrics of recycled blended yarns and two of fresh yarns (control) were got woven. The selected recycled yarns and woven fabrics were tested for their physical properties. Twenty four shoddy products and four products of fabric woven using fresh yarns (control) were developed. The developed products were got assessed from consumers on different parameters. Results revealed that all the selected units were ISO 9000 and 14000 certified and had annual turnover of more than ` 25 lacs. Most of the units were on partnership pattern, established with the help of external financial support and running in their own premises. Shoddy yarn manufacturing units procured rags from local (15-30%), domestic (5-15%) and international (50-80%) markets to prepare recycled blended yarn of wool (40-70%), polyester, acrylic (5-40% each) and cotton (5-10%). All the ten shoddy product manufacturing units were preparing blankets, carpets, rugs. Manufactured shoddy yarns and products were mainly marketed in local, domestic and international markets though wholesalers (50-80%), market agents (10-50%) and retailers (10-30%). Recycled blended yarn composed of wool, acrylic and polyester fibres was most preferred (WMS 2.70). The selected blended yarn of 10s (WMS 2.76) and 8s (WMS 2.66) were used for fabric weaving. On the basis of experts‟ preferences gents‟ jacket (WMS 2.60) and ladies‟ kurti (WMS 2.50) were two top preferred products. Thirty weave combination designs were created using right hand twill (WMS 2.80), left hand twill (WMS 2.75) and zig zag twill (WMS 2.69) weave. The selected designs were design number 1 (WMS 2.76) and 9 (WMS 2.66) of left hand twill and right hand twill weave combination and design number 3 (WMS 2.86) and 6 (WMS 2.90) of right hand twill and zig zag twill weave combination and design number 1 (WMS 2.76) and 5 (WMS 2.83) of zig zag twill and left hand twill weave combination. The physical properties of shoddy fabrics were almost similar to the control fabrics as indicated by CD, F-value, CV and SE. Most preferred constructional designs were design number 7 (WMS 2.53) for gents‟ jacket and design number 10 (WMS 2.57) for ladies‟ kurti. All the developed twenty four shoddy products i.e. 12 gents‟ jacket and 12 ladies‟ kurti were found highly acceptable for all the assessment parameters as indicated by their WMS values above 2.33. The cost of developed gents‟ jacket ranged from `600 to 650 and ` 1117 to 1200 for ladies‟ kurti, which was rated as appropriate by most of the consumers. The products developed from recycled blended yarn were found highly acceptable by the consumers.
Open Access
Effect of enzymatic treatment on dyeing of cotton fabric with natural dye
(CCSHAU, 2018) Samant, Lata; Rose, Neelam M.
Increasing concern about environmental pollution in all sphere of life has raised grave concern and heated debates around the world about the concept of ecology and environment. In the present time, commercially viable alternative methods for preparing and finishing cotton substrates based on the use of enzymes have emerged. Keeping in view the current scenario of environmental consciousness, the present study has been planned to assess the effect of different enzyme treatments on dyeing efficiency of cotton for substituting metal based mordant and salts. Standardization of enzyme treatments for three enzymes i.e. acid cellulase, neutral cellulase and xylanase was done on the basis of dye absorption and wash fastness rating for different enzyme concentration and treatment conditions. The chemical and enzyme desized and scoured fabrics were pretreated with all the three enzymes and dyed with selected natural dye. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis of enzyme treated fabrics and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of selected dye and enzyme treated samples were done. The colour coordinates, colour strength and colour fastness of the enzyme treated dyed samples were assessed. Various mechanical, performance and functional properties of the enzyme treated dyed fabric were also tested. Comparative analysis was also done between alkali and enzyme scoured fabrics treated with enzymes and dyed with natural dye. It was found that percent dye absorption and wash fastness of catechu (Acacia catechu) dye was higher for all the three enzymes as compared to manjistha dye on alkali and enzyme scoured samples, hence catechu dye was selected. The parameter optimized for enzyme treatment of alkali scoured fabric were 1 percent enzyme concentration, 1:25 M:L Ratio, 4, 7 and 7 pH, 55, 65 and 60°C treatment temperature and 30, 45 and 30 minutes treatment time for acid cellulase, neutral cellulase and xylanase respectively. All these treatment variables were same for the enzyme scoured fabric except 0.25 percent concentration for neutral cellulase and 60 minutes treatment time for all the enzymes. SEM analysis demonstrated smoother surface of enzyme treated sample and FTIR analysis revealed the change in various chemical compositions on the fabric surface due to enzyme treatment. All the three enzyme treated dyed samples exhibited good (4) to very good (4/5) colour fastness properties. The results revealed that among all the enzyme treated dyed fabrics, neutral cellulase treated dyed fabric showed maximum decrease in bending length (2.87 cm) and friction (169.63 N) whereas xylanase treated dyed sample showed highest increase in elongation (26.80%), crease recovery angle (94.39 degree), moisture regain (6.39%) and wickability (5.4 cm). The enzyme scoured xylanase treated and catechu dyed fabric showed the highest UPF value (48.61) indicating excellent protection category while in alkali scoured xylanase treated dyed fabric UPF value was (37.22). The enzyme treated dyed fabrics showed bacterial resistance against E. coli (96.81%) and S. aureus (98.42%). Thus it is concluded that enzyme treatments enhanced the dyeing efficiency of the cotton fabric with better colour fastness properties. The enzyme pretreatment and catechu dye improved the mechanical and performance properties of cotton fabric with very good to excellent protection from UV radiation and bacterial attack. Hence the enzymes are suitable replacement materials for cotton fabric in textile wet processing due to their positive response towards environment and no harmful effect on fabric properties.
Open Access
Adaptation of kathiawar embroidery motifs to fabric painting
(CCSHAU, 2018) Pooja; Vivek Singh
The present study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana state to explore the possibility of adaptation of kathiawar embroidery motifs to fabric painting. Seventy kathiawar embroidery motifs were collected personally from secondary sources like books, journals, and internet. The collected motifs were categorized as geometrical, floral, and animal & bird motifs and were screened into thirty motifs by advisory committee keeping in mind their suitability for fabric painting on jacket. These three categories included ten motifs each. Top ranked four motifs in each category were selected by experts for further research work. Maximum number of collected motifs were animal & bird motifs followed by floral motifs. A total of sixty designs were created using twelve selected motifs with the help of CorelDRAW software. Top ranked five designs were selected by experts by using a preferential choice index for design placements and colour ways. A total of five painted jackets were developed as per the selected designs, their placements and colour ways. Developed jackets were assessed by thirty consumers for their acceptability level on various parameters. Design number 3, 13 and 21 were highly acceptable designs while design number 45 and 46 were acceptable designs. Created designs, design placements, colour ways and fabric painting technique were highly acceptable parameters of all the designs by consumers. In terms of overall appearance, three jackets (design number 3, 13 and 21) were assessed as highly appealing and two jackets (design number 45 and 46) were assessed as appealing. Cost of all the developed jackets was considered „appropriate. Consumers had high opinion about all the designs of developed jackets as they were strongly agreed with all the opinion statements regarding suitability of created designs for product and technique, size and shape of created designs, design placements, colour schemes and overall appearance of the developed jacket with average scores ranging between 2.36 to 2.59. Expert had high opinion regarding adaptation of kathiawar embroidery for fabric painting as they strongly opined that fabric painting is easy in execution and has effectively replicated the effect of kathiawar embroidery to maintain its beauty. It is time saving and cost effective surface embellishment technique as per market trend with WMS ranging between 2.34-2.76. Thus, transformation of innovative designs of kathiawar embroidery into fabric painting has enhanced the range of designing and productivity.
Open Access
Efficacy of lemon peel extract for microbial resistance on cotton fabric
(CCSHAU, 2018) Sushila; Arya, Nisha
The present study was planned to apply anti-bacterial finish on cotton fabric by using lemon peels extract. To achieve the objectives proposed in the research plan, lemon peels extract was selected for finish application on cotton fabric. Pretreatment was given to cotton fabric and finish using standardized concentration of lemon peels extract was applied on the fabric with exhaust and pad dry cure methods. Lemon peels were extracted by cold aqueous maceration. It was found that percentage yield of extract was 19.6 % for lemon peels extract. Bacteria(Bacillus spp.)was selected for the present study. To study the effect of lemon peels extract, finished samples were tested for microbial resistance quantitatively by AATCC-100 test method before and after washing of samples. The anti-bacterial finish applied with lemon peels extract by both methods i.e. exhaust and pad dry cure methods, was highly effective after 24 hours of inoculation against Bacillus spp. After 24 hours, anti-bacterial resistance gradually decreased and after 96 hours it reduced to 90.41% and 97.16% in cotton fabric sample finished by exhaust and pad dry cure methods, respectively. The cotton fabric sample finished with lemon peels extract by exhaust and pad dry cure methods exhibited cent percent wash durability after 24 hours of incubation in washed sample (one wash). After 24 hours, it gradually decreased and after 96 hours, it reduces to 89.24 % and 95.66% by exhaust and pad dry cure methods, respectively. Thus, there was continuous decrease in anti-bacterial activity with increase in incubation period after washing but even then anti-bacterial finish was actively retained in washed samples after 96 hours. It was further concluded that after inoculation of Bacillus spp. bacteria, microbes do not effect the physical properties of the finished samples heavily. Finished fabric was tested for physical properties and found that fabric weight, thickness, bulk and elongation of fabric were increased while fabric count, tensile strength, bending length, flexural rigidity, air permeability and moisture regain were decreased. After washing, physical properties of finished fabric were again investigated and found that fabric count, weight, thickness, bulk, bending length, flexural rigidity and tensile strength of lemon peels extract finished sample decreased while elongation, air permeability and moisture regain increased. Conclusively, lemon peels extract was observed as an effective natural source for imparting anti-bacterial finish on textiles.
Open Access
Efficacy of kinnow peels extract for microbial resistance on cotton fabric
(CCSHAU, 2018) Poonia, Neenu; Vivek Singh
Considering the significance of anti-microbial textiles, the kinnow peels extract finish was prepared and applied on cotton fabric. Efficacy of finish against anti-bacterial activity and washing was analyzed. The effect of finish and washing on physical properties of finished fabric and washed durability of finished fabric was also assessed. Extraction of kinnow peels was conducted by soxhlet method using optimized air dry powder weight and time-period The three concentrations 1mg/ml, 3mg/ml and 5mg/ml were tried for anti-bacterial activity against Bacillus spp. The 5mg/ml concentration exhibited strong zone of inhibition was selected for further research work. The kinnow peels extract was applied on woven cotton fabric by exhaust and pad dry cure method with 5g/l concentration. The anti-bacterial finish with 5g/l concentration of kinnow peels extract with dilution factor (107 and 108) was found cent percent effective after 24 hours of inoculation of Bacillus spp. After 24 hours percent bacterial reduction gradually decreased and after 96 hours, it reduced to 90.60% by exhaust and 96.78% by pad dry cure method. The kinnow peels extract finished samples exhibited cent percent wash durability after 24 hours of inoculation (one wash). After 24 hours, it gradually decreased and after 96 hours it reduced to 90.52% by exhaust method and 95.80% by pad dry cure method. Thus, there was continuous decrease in the anti-bacterial activity with an increase in incubation period after washing but even then the anti-bacterial finish was actively retained in washed samples after 96 hours. The cotton fabric samples finished by pad dry cure method exhibited higher anti-bacterial activity and wash durability as compared to exhaust method. There was remarkable increase in fabric count, weight per unit area, thickness, bulk, elongation, bending length and flexural rigidity and decrease in tensile strength, air permeability and moisture regain after the application of finish. After washing elongation, air permeability and moisture regain increased, while decrease in fabric count, weight per unit area, thickness, bulk, bending length and flexural rigidity tensile strength decreased. Almost similar trend was found in cotton fabric samples finished by pad dry cure method but samples finished by pad dry cure method exhibited more percent change as compare to sample finished by exhaust method. Conclusively, the kinnow peels extract finished fabrics exhibited excellent efficacy against anti-bacterial activity and washing.
Open Access
Development of multipurpose borders through digital embroidery
(CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Rani; Rose, Neelam M.
The folk art and traditional idea that are glitter of our culture, when applied on textiles by a commercial aspect is gaining popularity. Cutwork can serves as a great source of inspiration and ideas for creating new designs in fashion world. The present study was conducted to develop multipurpose cutwork borders using digital embroidery technique. Existing usage and purchase practices for borders were studied from thirty consumers through self-structured interview schedule. The 264 traditional motifs of cutwork were collected from secondary sources and screened for their suitability to borders as well as digital embroidery. The screened motifs were categorized in two categories viz. geometrical and floral motifs. The motifs were shown to the thirty experts to seek their preferences for selection of one third top preferred motifs from each category. Preferences of experts were also taken for fabrics and base colour of fabric for borders. A total of sixty designs were developed using the entire or component of selected thirty motifs with the help of CorelDRAW and Photoshop software and five top raked designs were selected for placements. Created twenty five design placements were again shown to the experts and one best placement of each selected five designs was chosen. Five colour ways for each selected five design placements were simulated and colour way that secured first rank was selected for embroidery. The selected five designs were converted into digital designs in embroidery software by assigning different types of stitch to different parts of the design. Five borders were developed through digital embroidery and cost of each border was calculated. The developed borders were assessed on different parameters. Results pertaining to existing usage and purchase practices followed by consumers for borders inferred that 93.33 percent of the respondents used borders for decoration purpose mostly on saris, kameez, dupatta, kurti, lengha, ladies kurta, cushion covers and bags. The important factors considered while buying borders were purpose of use, decoration and ease of care. More than half of the consumers reported that designs, colour and material of the available borders were not as per their preferences. The two third of respondents did not prefer use of any type of embellishment materials for borders. 90.00 percent respondents preferred to buy cutwork borders from retail shops. Out of 90 screened motifs, thirty motifs selected for design development were motif number 3, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41 and 44 in geometrical category and motif number 1, 2, 3, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 35, 41, 42 and 45 in floral category. The top preferred five designs i.e. design number 12, 20, 28, 48 and 55 were selected for creation of design placements. The most preferred placement of selected five designs were placement II of design number 12 and 28, placement III of design number 20, placement I of design number 48 and placement V of design number 55. The most preferred colour ways for digital embroidery on borders were monochromatic in design number 12, triad in design number 20, complementary in design number 28, analogous in design number 48 and 55. Five borders of ten meters length and preferred width were developed through digital embroidery technique using the most preferred placements and colour ways of selected five designs on net fabric of light beige colour. All the developed borders were found very appealing and highly accepted by consumers on all the parameters of assessment regarding suitability of digital embroidery technique in design development for borders using cutwork motifs. The digital embroidered borders were also found suitable for multipurpose use. The cost of the digital embroidered borders was rated appropriate by majority of the consumers. Thus, traditional motifs of cutwork adapted for designing borders infusing CAD/CAM technology is the best way not only to revive the age old practices but also makes it available globally.
Open Access
Application of weed plants extracts on cotton and silk for microbial resistance
(CCSHAU, 2017) Nagpal, Aditi; Punia, Parveen
The present research was planned study to the effect of weed plant extracts and their different standardized combinations on cotton and silk fabrics. To achieve the objectives, in the research plan, two weed plants Achyranthes asper and Boerhaavia diffusa were selected for finish application on cotton and silk fabric. Pre-treatment was given to cotton and silk fabric and finish was applied on both the fabrics in different standardized concentrations of Achyranthes asper and Boerhaavia diffusa extracts with exhaust and pad-dry-cure method. Different standardized concentrations were, for Achyranthes asper extract 3.5 concentration by exhaust method and 3.0 concentration by pad-dry-cure method on cotton fabric whereas in case of silk fabric 3.0 concentration for exhaust method and 2.5 concentration for pad-dry-cure method. For Boerhaavia diffusa extract by exhaust method 3.5 concentration and by pad-dry-cure method 3.0 concentration on cotton fabric whereas results of silk fabric show that 3.0 concentration for exhaust method and 2.5 concentration for pad-dry-cure method. Standardization of concentrations and combinations was done on the basis of minimum bacterial count. It was found that percentage yield of extract was 6% for Achyranthes asper and 8% for Boerhaavia diffusa extract. Pseudomonas sp. bacteria were selected for the present study. To study the effect of weed plant extract and their combinations the finished samples were tested for microbial resistance activity quantitatively by AATCC-100 test method before and after washing of samples. After assessment of microbial activity against Pseudomonas sp. bacteria percent reduction all finished were found effective against Pseudomonas sp. bacteria after inoculation. The antibacterial treatment with different standardized concentrations of weed plant extracts and their combinations with dilution factors was very effective after 24 hours of inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. bacteria After 24 hours percent bacterial reduction gradually decreased up to 21st days of inoculation. The weed plant extracts and their different combinations finished samples exhibited good wash durability after 24 hours of inoculation in washed samples (5 and 10 washes). After 24 hours it gradually decreased and reduced up to 21st days of inoculation. Thus, after washing there was continuous decrease in the antibacterial activity with an increase in incubation period. It was further concluded that after inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. bacteria microbes do not affect the physical properties of the finished samples heavily. Finished fabrics were tested for physical properties and found that fabric weight, thickness, bending length and elongation increased while tensile strength, moisture regain, wicking, airpermeability and air porosity decreased as compared to control samples. After washing physical properties of finished fabric were investigated and found that fabric weight, thickness, bending length and tensile strength decreased whereas there was increase in air-permeability, air porosity, moisture regain, wicking and elongation as compared to unwashed samples.

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

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