Loading...
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
Browse
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Composting of paddy straw using additives along with microbial consortia(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Vijay Kumar; Saharan, Baljeet SinghIn the present investigation, about 26 isolates (10 bacterial and 16 fungal isolates) available in Soil Microbiology laboratory, Department of Microbiology CCS HAU Hisar, were screened for enzyme activities including cellulase, xylanase, laccase and biosurfactant production. In case of bacterial isolates, maximum cellulose hydrolysis index (5.33) was exhibited by RC13.1 and RC3.5 isolate on CMC agar plate. Isolate RC13.1 has also shown maximum xylan hydrolysis index (4.43) laccase and biosurfactant production. In case of fungal isolates, (maximum cellulase (3.28), xylanase (2.32), laccase (qualitatively) was exhibited by H2, H3 and H16 isolates, respectively. H16 isolate also exhibited maximum biosurfactant production confirmed by oil displacement. The bacterial isolate, M2 showed maximum CMCase (0.33 IU/ml), Fpase activity (0.52 IU/ml) activity and second highest xylanase (7.63 IU/ml) and followed by laccase activity (5.2 IU/ml). In case of fungal isolates, maximum CMCase (0.31 IU/ml), and Fpase activity (0.42 IU/ml) were exhibited by H2 isolate. While isolates H3 and H16 showed maximum xylanase (16.11 IU/ml) and laccase (8.4 IU/ml) activities. Based on these activities and compatibility to each other, two bacterial (M2 and RC13.1) and three fungal (H2, H3 and H16) isolates were used for microbial consortium. Microbial consortium along with additives including FYM, cattle dung, poultry manure and mustard cake was analyzed for paddy straw degradation in flasks, trays, and pits. Treatment T5 having paddy straw + microbial consortium + poultry manure was recorded with lowest total organic carbon and maximum potassium content. Maximum total nitrogen and phosphorus content was observed in treatment T6 having paddy straw + microbial consortium along mustard cake after 90 days of composting. All the treatments having additives along with microbial consortium, had significantly higher microbial activity (dehydrogenase), humic substances and better pH, EC and germination index. On the basis of selected morphological and biochemical characters, the isolates RC13.1 and M2 were identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., respectively. Based on morphological characteristics, fungal isolates H2, H3, H16 were identified as Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus sp. and Phanerochaete sp., respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of mineral solubilizing bacteria and fly ash application on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop(2022-08) Savita RaniCoal is a predominant source of global energy and contributes about 38% of the total energy production worldwide. Fly ash is one of the by-products generated in thermal power plants. Fly ash has been shown to have the potential to improve soil as well as crop health. Efforts are being made to study its compatibility with soil microflora by incorporating in soil in certain fixed proportions. Fly ash application along with mineral solubilizing bacteria can be explored to cut down the use of chemical fertilizers for achieving high crop productivity. Fly ash used in present investigation had grey color, sandy texture, alkaline pH, with trace amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron. A total of 75 bacterial isolates were retrieved from fly ash contaminated soil by dilution and plating, out of which 21 bacterial isolates (MSB1-MSB21) exhibited zone of clearance on Pikovskaya’s, modified Aleksandrov and Zinc minimal medium. Maximum solubilization index for isolate MSB1 and MSB2 was 4.60 and 4.94 for phosphorous, 3.23 and 4.13 for potassium and 4.32 and 4.71 for zinc respectively. All twenty one MSB isolates were found to be IAA producers in the range of 0.12-9.82 μg/ml. Thirteen MSB isolates showed HCN production and five isolates were observed as siderophore producers. On the basis of biochemical characterization and partial 16S rDNA sequencing, the isolate MSB1 exhibited 98.28% similarity with Bacillus safensis strain FO-36b and isolate MSB2 was showing 99.68% similarity with Brevundimonas vesicularis strain Busing. The viable count of bacterial isolate MSB2 in nutrient broth amended with fly ash increased with increase in fly ash from 0.5 to 3.0% and decreased with further increase in fly ash concentration upto five percent. Maximum viable count of MSB2 was observed as 8.68 log cfu/ml at 3% fly ash concentration after 72h of incubation. Similarly, the bacterial isolate MSB2 survived in soil amended with 3% fly ash concentration with viable count 7.83 log cfu/g after 72h of incubation that decreased with increase in fly ash concentration and incubation time. Under pot house conditions, fly ash amendment in soil at 3% concentration and wheat seeds treated with culture of MSB2 resulted improved plant growth in terms of shoot weight, root weight and yield in terms of no. of seeds, no. of spikes, no. of tillers and seed weight in comparison with control. According to the findings of this study, fly ash (3%) combined with mineral solubilizing bacterium can be used to reduce the use of chemical fertilizer for achieving high crop yieldThesisItem Open Access Valorization of cellulose nanofibers from lignocellulosic residues and its antimicrobial application in food packaging(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09-27) Dandu Harikarthik; Malik, KamlaThe present investigation was carried out on the extraction and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from rice straw and sugarcane bagasse and their application for improving the shelf life of tomatoes and apples. Acid- and alkali-treated rice straw and sugar cane bagasse contained 88.5 and 89% cellulose, 4.7 and 4.80% hemicellulose, and 2.3 and 5.10% lignin, respectively. FTIR spectral analysis showed peaks at 1512 cm-1 that indicate significant solubilization of lignin in the respective treatments of rice straw and sugarcane bagasse. The disappearance of the peak at 1743 cm-1 is assigned either to the acetyl and uronic ester groups of the hemicelluloses or to the ester linkage of the carboxylic groups of the ferulic and p-coumeric acids of lignin or hemicellulose. Cellulose nanofibers were homogenised in a magnetic stirrer in proportion to 7 CNF:1 chitosan by varying different concentrations of chitosan (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1% chitosan) and further prepared as bio-nanocomposites. Bio-nanocomposites (BNC) 1% showed maximum antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Bacillus cereus (36 mm), Escherichia coli (10 mm), Xanthomonas campestris (38 mm), Erwinia carotovora (33 mm), Clavibacter michiganesis (29 mm), and Pseudomonas syringae (27 mm). Different concentrations of bio-nanocomposites were used as coatings for improving the shelf life of apples and tomatoes (cherry and Hisar Arun varieties). It was observed that the physiological loss (%) was less in 1% coated bio-nanocomposite (1.23, 3.75, and 2.11%) at 30 days as compared to control (4.02, 15.90, and 5.01%) of apples, cherry tomatoes and Hisar Arun, respectively. Fruit firmness was also found to be maximum in 1% coated bio-nanocomposite (16.99, 4.88, and 7.41 kg/cm2) at 30 days as compared to control (14.01, 1.02, and 3.45 Kg/cm2) of apples and tomatoes (Cherry and Hisar Arun). Total soluble solids (0 Brix) and pH were lower in the 1%-coated bio-nanocomposite at 30 days as compared to the control apples and tomatoes.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of paddy straw compost on microbial communities and plant growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Rekha; Malik, KamlaWorldwide, agricultural residue burning has become a serious environmental issue that has a very bad effect on human and animal health. Burning of agri-residues not only disturbs the soil structure but huge loss of plant nutrients, effect microflora and causes greenhouse gas emissions. Paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse are agricultural waste which composed of lignocellulose that cannot be degraded easily (Rath et al., 2022). Their direct use causes immobilization of nutrients, so composting arises as a safe option, resulting in the reusability of nutrients contained in these residues (Malik et al., 2021). The present study was investigated on effect of paddy straw compost on microbial communities and plant growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Bacteria were maximum in the mesophilic phase and the fungi at thermophilic phase, while actinomycetes in the maturation phase in treatment (T3-Paddy straw (4) + Poultry waste (1) + MC). Alkaline phosphatase and cellulase were maximum in T3 at 30 days of composting while dehydrogenase (DHA) activity was maximum at 60 days in T5. The temperature of compostable material increased from 38°C to 46°C after 40 to 45 days of composting and then decreased. Total organic carbon of the compostable material in different treatments decreased more in T3 followed by T4 due to losses of C and total N increased due to accumulation of nitrogen up to 90 days. The quality of compost was tested by as C:N ratio, NPK content, humic substances and germination index. Total nitrogen was increased from 0.56 to 1.44%, similar pattern was also observed in total phosphorous and potassium followed. Maximum reduction in C/N ratio was observed in T3 (22.29%). The C/N ratio of compostable materials ranged from 85.50 initially and dropped down to 22.29 after 90 days of composting. The amount of humic substances was highest in treatment T3 compared to all other treatments. Among all treatments, the germination index was highest in T3 followed by T4. The T3 compost was selected for growing Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) variety MH-421 in pot house conditions. Among the different treatments, T3 (60% soil + 40% PSW + PW + MC) showed highest microbial count, plant height (35.59 cm and 49.10 cm at 30 days and 65 days after sowing respectively), plant biomass, more nodule number, highest crude protein content of grains and seed yield as compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Covalent immobilization of bacterial alkaline protease and its application in poultry feed(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Kamaldeep Kaur; Sindhu, MeenaProteases are enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds in proteins. Proteases represent 60% of the enzyme market and around 66% of the proteases are derived from the microbial sources (Hadedy et al., 2023). Microorganisms act as an important source of enzymes because of their vast distribution, high reproduction, and potential to be genetically altered for higher productivity. Both bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis etc.) and fungi (Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger etc.) are capable of producing large amounts of protease enzymes. In industries, enzymes lack reusability during hydrolytic process, which influences overall economy of the process. This problem can be addressed by immobilization of enzyme on inert material (Wu et al., 2020). Immobilization convert enzyme from soluble form to insoluble form thus enhances stability and reusability. The immobilized enzyme has many advantages over the use of free enzymes such as: increased functional efficiency, reusability, increased product stability etc. The hydrolysis of poultry feed with protease aids in the digestion of dietary proteins in the gastrointestinal system by breaking down ingested proteins into their constituent amino acids for absorption.In the present study, protease enzyme was produced from bacterial isolate KTP9 under submerged fermentation having activity 17.43 IU/mL unit and 3.626 mg/ml of protein content under submerged fermentation. Ammonium sulphate precipitation increased the specific activity from 4.80 to 22.45 IU/ ml with 4.67 purification fold. Bacterial KTP9 free protease have optimum pH 8.0, temperature 35°C and found stable upto 28 days on storage at 4°C. The covalent immobilization of protease over aluminium oxide beads was performed. The immobilization yield and immobilization efficiency were found as 40.54% and 89.72%, respectively. Optimum conditions of immobilization were 1% Glutaraldehyde as linker with 1h and 1.5h cross-linking and coupling time, respectively. Upon immobilization, shift in temperature (35°C to 45°C) and pH optima (8.0 to 10.0) was observed as compared to free protease. The immobilized protease was found to retain 50% residual activity upto 35 days of storage at 4°C. Enzyme after immobilization can be reused upto 6 cycles with 50% residual activity. The immobilized protease showed 76% protein hydrolysis in 120 minutes as compare to bacterial KTP9 free protease.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting salt tolerant bacteria from Suaeda fruticosa L. rhizosphere(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Somu Nagajyothi; Kayasth, MonikaSoil salinity is one of the most severe environmental factors that limits the productivity of crops in arid or semi-arid regions around the world. The present investigation was undertaken to isolate and characterize plant growth promoting salt-tolerant bacteria. Rhizospheric soil samples were collected from Suaeda fruticosa halophyte in Hisar and were screened for plant growth promoting salt tolerant bacteria. Eighteen isolates were retrieved and analyzed for salt tolerance at various NaCl concentrations (2% to 10% NaCl). Twelve isolates were found salt tolerant at varied salt concentrations and evaluated for the plant growth promoting traits. All the salt tolerant isolates showed IAA production with maximum in isolates SA3, SR1, SR2, and SS1. Ammonia excretion was maximum in isolate SR1 and minimum in isolate SR5. Ten isolates showed phosphate solubilization and eight isolates showed Zn solubilization. All twelve salt tolerant bacterial isolates were found negative for siderophore production. Four isolates SA3, SR1, SS1 and SR2 with significant salt tolerance and PGP traits were characterized biochemically. Based on biochemical results, the tentative genus identified as Bacillus (SA3, SR1, and SR2) and Serratia (SS1). The effect of salt-tolerant PGP bacterial isolates on seed germination of wheat, pearl millet, mung bean, and chickpea under different salt concentrations was determined. By increasing the salt concentration, salt tolerant PGP isolates showed better germination than the control. However, isolates SA3 and SR1 showed maximum seed germination and were further identified by 16s rDNA gene sequencing. 16S rDNA gene sequencing of isolate SA3 showed 99.64% similarity with Bacillus safensis and SR1 isolate showed 99.78% similarity with Bacillus cereus.ThesisItem Open Access Amelioration of salt stress in rice (Oryza sativa) by using cellulose immobilized ACC utilizing bacteria(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-09) Bharti; Pathak, D. V.Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses responsible for reducing plant growth and crop productivity. Plants subjected to excess salt initiate ionic imbalance, which leads to metabolism imbalances induced by ion toxicity and water deficit generated by hyperosmotic stress. Plant growth-promoting microbes enhance plant growth under salt stress by different mechanisms. In this context 32 bacterial strains were isolated from soil collected from salt-affected regions. Out of these14 isolates were found to tolerate NaCl concentration up to 15%(w\v). All bacterial isolates were quantitatively screened for IAA production, Ammonia production, and qualitative screening was done for zinc solubilization, potassium solubilization, phosphorous solubilization, and salt tolerance. Out of all bacterial isolates, 23 were found to utilize ACC. On the basis of ACC utilization activity, and PGPR traits, two potential isolates, STB11 and STB15 were selected for further studies. Most bio-fertilizers are unable to establish in the rhizosphere due to lack of nutrients and stress caused due to excess salt and water deficiency. In this study, for the first-time effect of bacterial cellulose in agriculture field was explored. Isolated ACC utilizing bacteria were immobilized on bacterial cellulose and evaluated for ameliorating salt stress in rice crop. A total of 26 cellulose-producing bacteria were isolated from different rotten fruits and kombucha tea. Only one (CPB26) among them was selected as a potential cellulose producer, based on the amount of bacterial cellulose produced. Central Composite Design based Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM) was employed to design the optimization experiments. Temp. 35C, pH 6, and incubation days 5 were found to be optimum for maximum cellulose production. Selected isolate CBP26 preferred peptone as nitrogen source and glucose as carbon source. Among metal ions, Mg2+ and Fe2+ were found to support bacterial cellulose production, highest at 0.15%(w/v) concentration, whereas Zinc did not support bacterial cellulose production. Out of four different enhancers, 1%(v\v) ethanol enhanced cellulose production. For confirmation of the bacterial cellulose, pellicle of bacterial cellulose was treated with cellulase enzyme, which digested it completely in 24h. Ultrafine Bacterial cellulose nanofibrils of size 20nm were visualized under scanning electron microscopy. FTIR spectra of bacterial cellulose obtained from analysis was found similar to those reported previously and typical bacterial cellulose thermal behavior was observed upon thermogravimetric analysis. X-RD analysis revealed that the bacterial cellulose was ordered crystalline with a crystallinity index of 77.9% and 11nm crystal size. The water holding capacity of bacterial cellulose was found to be 360%. The water evaporation rate of soil mixed with bacterial cellulose was less than the soil without bacterial cellulose. Dried bacterial cellulose was converted to powder form to carry out further studies. Selected bacterial isolates STB11 and STB15 were immobilized on powdered bacterial cellulose by absorption and incubation method. After the incubation step, immobilized bacterial cells were coated on rice seeds (Pusa 1121). Sowing of these coated seeds was done in pots (4 seeds/pot) under pot house conditions. Different RSC water i.e.,4, 8, 10 was used for irrigation of crops. The selected bacterial isolates were found to be effective in terms of rice plant growth such as plant height varied from 13cm -78.5cm from 15 to 90 days after sowing (DAS), maximum in T20 (RSC8+BCI STB15) 78.5cm at 90 DAS, root length (7.99-29.9cm), maximum in T21 (RSC 10+BCI STB15) 29.9cm, fresh weight of shoot and root varied between 1.49- 3.43 and 0.3-1.34g/plant respectively, dry shoot and root weight varied between 0.15-0.49 and 0.15-0.18g/plant respectively. Selected bacterial isolates also enhanced N (2.31- 13.66mg/plant-1) and P (0.10-0.27mg/plant-1) and increased superoxide dismutase activity in plants (1.07-3.54Unit/g FW), maximum in T20 (RSC8+BCI STB15) 3.5 unit/g FW. Rhizospheric bacterial viable count of rice plants was found maximum at 60 days after sowing in T20 followed by T21 i.e., 8.09 and 8.06 log Cfu/g of soil, respectively. On the basis of partial 16s rDNA sequencing bacterial isolate STB11 was identified as Bacillus pumilus, STB15 as Enterobacter spp. Bacterial cellulose producer CPB26 was identified as Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens. All the three identified bacterial gene 16s rDNA sequences were submitted to NCBI and allotted the accession numbers.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of co- inoculation of rhizobium and trichoderma on nodulation efficiency, plant growth parameters and biocontrol efficacy in mung bean crop (Vigna radiata L.)(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Pallaganti Sowmya; Ajay KumarMung bean (Vigna radiate L.) belongs to the Leguminosae family and one of the most popular short duration pulse crops of India. It is one of the essential food legumes cultivated worldwide. is an excellent source of high-quality protein and contains about 22-25% protein, 1.0-1.5% oil, 3.5-4.5% fibre, 4.8% ash and 62-65% carbohydrates on dry weight basis. It is easily digestible and hence it is suitable for all age group of people and green fodder to feed animals. Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria that can form root nodules in leguminous plants and provides the nitrogen through fixation process which can limit the use of chemical fertilizer. Trichoderma belongs to the Deuteromycetes class of fungi and has been exploited as biocontrol agents against a diversity of plant pathogenic fungi. In the present investigation, mung bean cultures and Trichoderma isolates were screened for their compatibility. Trichoderma asperellum and Rhizobium MB 17a were found compatiblemwere then optimized for their growth interaction. The coculture was found to be more effective when tested for their antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina. The coculture recorded higher plant growth promoting traits including IAA production, ammonia excretion phosphate solubilization, , zinc solubilization, siderophore production, HCN production and ACC utilization. were evaluated for growth promotion of mung bean under pot culture conditions during 2020. Rhizobium and Trichoderma coculture gave best results in improving growth and seed yield of mung crop.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on antagonistic activity of bacteria against root knot nematode(s)(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-09) Antil, Sonam; Pathak, D.V.Root-knot nematodes under the genus Meloidogyne are world widely distributed plant parasites that cause serious damages to many important agricultural crops such as potato, cotton, tomato, brinjal, etc. Bacteria associated with roots and rhizosphere of many plant species have been extensively tested for the control of various soil borne pathogens including plant parasitic nematodes. Four bacterial isolates- KMT-4, KMT-5, KMT-8 and KMS-6 were originally isolated from nematode infested rhizospheric soil belonging to research field of Department of Nematology, CCS HAU, Hisar and have demonstrated potential nematicidal activity against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. All the isolates showed HCN and siderophore production but chitinase activity was exhibited by KMT-5 only. The bacteria were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as: Bacillus aryabhattai (KMT-4), B. cereus (KMT-5), B. megaterium (KMT-8), B. altitudinis (KMS-6). For in vitro bioassays, M. javanica eggs were isolated from infected roots and juveniles (J2) were obtained through MBFT. Effect of bacterial strains on egg hatching and J2 mortality was checked by preparing the extracellular and intracellular extracts of all four bacterial strains and tested their activity on M. javanica eggs and J2. The larval mortality and egg-hatching inhibition rates of M. javanica were increased with the rising concentration of extracellular extracts of all the bacterial strains and the duration of exposure. A pot experiment was also planned in spring 2021 on tomato to check the genetic stability of the bacterial strains. All four bacteria reduced nematode infection and promoted plant growth far better than control and chemical treatment as well. The nematicidal bacterial extracts were subjected to crude extraction from extracellular and intracellular extracts for proteinaceous as well as non-proteinaceous nematicidal compound(s). Crude extraction done for extracellular non-proteinaceous was found potent of all the bacterial strains when tested against M. javanica eggs and J2 with B. cereus KMT-5 showing maximum activity. Thus, this study aimed to separate, purify, and identify nematicidal compound from B. cereus KMT-5 and to validate its anti-M. javanica activities. Compound was purified through silica gel column chromatography using ethyl acetate: methanol as mobile phase with increasing polarity gradient and fractions obtained were checked via thin-layer chromatography. Similar fractions were combined and tested against M. javanica eggs and J2. Out of five subfractions, subfraction III (FIII) showed maximum activity. The nematicidal compound from FIII was extracted via prepTLC and subjected to HPLC. Structural identification was conducted through H1-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The nematicidal compound was identified as phytosphingosine based on H1-NMR shifts and structure was in silico verified using MestReNova 14.2 software. Purified nematicidal compound phytosphingosine from B. cereus KMT-5 was then tested against M. javanica eggs and J2. Only 5.6 J2 were obtained after 96h of treatment with phytosphingosine whereas in control there were 98.0 J2 showing a significant difference in hatching rate. The mortality rate of M. javanica J2 reached to 94.6% after 72h of exposure to phytosphingosine.
