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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2020 - 202325
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × Start date: 2020 ×
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Now showing 1 - 9 of 25
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANINE SUPERFICIAL CORNEAL ULCERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SUBCONJUNCTIVAL AND TOPICAL APPLICATIONS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-20) DENY JENNES; Dr. Soumya Ramankutty
    Comparative evaluation of autologous platelet rich plasma as topical and subconjunctival injection for the treatment of canine superficial corneal ulcers was conducted in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai. A total of twelve animals with both superficial epithelial and superficial stromal ulcers were selected for the study. They were randomly divided into two groups of six animals each. Signalment and detailed anamnesis of the selected cases were recorded on the day of presentation. Clinical,ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic examinations of the animals were carried out on day of presentation and on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Platelet rich plasma was prepared from venous blood of the selected animals with EDTA as the anticoagulant, through double centrifugation – modified syringe method. In group I, the PRP was applied topically as drops twice daily for seven days and in group II, PRP administered as superior bulbar subconjunctival injection. Among the selected cases, theanimals with superficial epithelial ulcer obtained complete corneal clarity in both groups. Animals with superficial stromal ulcers had retained a scar on the 28th day in both groups. On day 7 all the animals except one in both groups were negative for fluorescein dye test. From 14 day onwards all the animals were completely negative for fluorescein dye test. Corneal oedema and vascularisation disappeared earlier in group II compared to group I. The efficacy of PRP injection through subconjunctival route was found to be superior than the topical application in the present study. The PRP treatment was effective for faster superficial corneal ulcer healing
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SONOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MAMMARY GLAND NEOPLASM AND ITS CORRELATION WITH SURGICAL MARGINS AND MALIGNANCY IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-23) ALEENA THOMAS; Dr. Sudheesh S. Nair
    The study was conducted to assess the utility of ultrasonography in pre-surgicallydetecting the malignancy and surgical margins of canine mammary neoplasm. Eighteen dogs with mammary neoplasms and seven apparently healthy female dogs belonging to different breeds and age formed the subjects of the study and all underwent a detailed clinical and laboratory investigation which included ultrasonography and radiological evaluation. Majority of the canine mammary neoplasms were recorded in purebreds of the age group 8-12 years. Pulse rate and rectal temperature were found to be elevated in dogs with mammary neoplasm. Elevated serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels and lowered total erythrocyte count were the major haemato-biochemical findings observed in dogs with mammary neoplasm. The most commonly affected glands were caudal abdominal followed by inguinal mammary glands. The extent of primary neoplasm was measured using Vernier calliper and calculated the tumour volume using the modified ellipsoidal formula. The mean volume was greater for malignant neoplasms. Lateral thoracic radiographs of all the 18 animals bearing mammary lesions were evaluated to detect the presence or absence of pulmonary metastases. Sign of early pulmonary metastases was evident on the lateral thoracic radiographs of 11 dogs with malignant mammary neoplasms, whereas no metastases were detected in benign cases of neoplasms.On histopathological evaluation of eighteen excised tumour masses, 12 were diagnosed asmalignant and six as benign mammary neoplasm. The ultrasonographic features of mammary glands such as undefined margin, invasiveness, posterior acoustic enhancement, higher dimensions, higher volume and elevated peak systolic velocity could be generalised as features of malignancy whereas defined margins, absence of invasiveness, absence of posterior acoustic enhancement and lower peak systolic velocity could be related with benign lesions. Even though the present study evaluated mammary glands from seven normal apparently healthy female dogs, ultrasonographic study of dogs in different stages of oestrous cycle are recommended to comment further on specific ultrasonographic features in a normal apparently healthy female dog. These sonographic findings of mammary neoplasm proved to be highly helpful in detecting the surgical margins and selecting specific surgical approaches in individual cases.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SUPRACUTANEOUS LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-17) SHAKIR S. N; Dr. Laiju M. Philip
    The study was conducted in six clinical cases of long bone fracture in dogs presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital Kokkalai to standardise and assess the efficacy of supracutaneous locking compression plating. Dogs presented with a history of non-weight bearing lameness were subjected to clinical, orthopaedic and radiographic evaluation for the assessment of fracture healing. Mid-diaphyseal and distal third diaphyseal transversefractures involving radius and ulna and femur were managed with open reduction and immobilisation of fractured bone fragments using 2.7 mm supracutaneous locking compression plate. All dogs were unable to place the foot on the ground (Grade 10) and not able to bear weight on fractured limb (Grade VI) before surgery and gradual improvement in the lameness was noticed on post operative observation. All the dogsreturned to sound gait, normal weight bearing and satisfactory functional limb usage by sixth post operative week except in one dog. Post operative apposition and alignment between fracture fragments was good throughout the observation period.Bone healing with periosteal and endosteal callus formation in three cases (50 per cent)and minimum callus formation in other two cases (33.33 per cent) were observed on postoperative radiographic assessment. Nonunion of fracture was observed in one case(16.66 per cent). The implant was intact and patient acceptance was satisfactorythroughout the observation period owing to its low profile nature. Physiological and haematological parameters were within the normal range. The serum alkaline phosphatase level was high on the day of presentation and significantly decreased (p<0.01) progressively upto implant removal. Implant was removed under sedation in all dogs by six to eight weeks. Based on present study, it was concluded that supracutaneous locking compression plating system was found to be technically feasible and effective in the treatment of long bone fractures in terms of early weight bearing and functional outcome
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA FOR TREATMENT OF SOLE LESIONS AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF ASSOCIATED BIOMARKERS IN DAIRY CATTLE
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNVERSITY, 2022-05-12) LAIJU M. PHILIP; Dr. K. D. John Martin
    A prevalence of clinical lameness of 26.31 per cent was obtained on screening a herd of 114 lactating cows using claw health indicators and infrared thermography during July 2020 and June 2021. Eighteen clinically lame cowsmaintained under identical management conditions with sole ulcer or whiteline disease in one of the hind lateral claws were selected and randomly assigned to treatment into three groups. A positively controlled, randomised clinical trial was conducted for the evaluation of healing of sole lesions with the therapeuticapplication of platelet rich plasma in two different protocols in two groups, against the conventional treatment methods in another group. Autologous PRP was prepared by a modified double centrifugation syringe method in the former two groups of animals, assessed the quality and standardised to 1× 109 platelets/ mL for therapeutic application. Sole lesions in all the animals were treated by therapeutic hoof trimming followed by hoof block application on contralateral claw, dressing with 10 per cent Zinc oxide ointment and hoof bandaging under suitable anaesthetic method. In one group, PRP gel was applied topically over the lesion and in other group, 10 mL of PRP was administered by regional intravenous injection and both treatments were repeated after 48 hours. A remarkable improvement in the clinical healing and wound closure were observed in PRP IVRA group than PRP gel and control groups in the early phase of healing. PRP IVRA group had better quality horn and less pain sensitivity. The greater expressions of IL1α, IL1β, IL10, Hp and MMP13 genes were observed in lame cows compared to sound cows. Relative gene expression of cytokine was downregulated by IVRA of PRP progressively during the healing of sole lesion at all the time points. Histopathological examination and post therapy locomotion score revealed no significant differences between the treatment groups at any observation time. Hence the present study concluded that intravenous regional infusion of PRP could be considered as better regenerative therapy along with therapeutic hoof trimming for the management of sole ulcer and whiteline disease in dairy cattle
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MULTIMODAL BALANCED GENERAL ANAESTHESIA USING TILETAMINE, ZOLAZEPAM, BUTORPHANOL, DEXMEDETOMIDINE, PROPOFOL AND LIGNOCAINE IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-14) SRUTHI CHANDRAMOHAN; Dr. Sooryadas S.
    Ten adult dogs of different ages, belonging to either sex and categorized as ASA class I, II or III, posted for various surgeries were premedicated with meloxicam @ 0.2 mg/kg and sedated using a combination of dexmedetomidine @ 5 mcg/kg, butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg, tiletamine-zolazepam @ 2mg/kg intramuscularly. Upon sedation, anaesthesia was induced with propofol administered intravenously “to effect”. Upon induction, all the animals were intubated and provided 100% oxygen through a suitable breathing circuit from an anaesthesia machine. Following intravenous administration of a loading dose of lignocaine @ 2 mg/kg, anaesthesia was maintained using two CRIs – one comprising dexmedetomidine @ 2 mcg/kg/h, lignocaine @ 50 µg/kg/min, and ketamine @ 40 µg/kg/min and the other propofol @ 50 µg/kg/min. The combination provided smooth and profound sedation within 6.18 ± 1.34 minutes. Anaesthesia could then be induced with propofol administered intravenously at 0.58 ± 0.06 mg/kg. The animals recovered in 38.5 ± 5.72 minutes, following cessation of CRIs. Profound muscle relaxation, analgesia and unconsciousness were achieved. Reduction in heart rate and pulse rate were present, but mean arterial blood pressure was high, ensuring adequate organ and tissue perfusion. There was significant decrease in rectal temperature following induction and during the period of anaesthetic maintenance. There was significant reduction in the rate of respiration and respiration became shallow. Hence ventilation was assisted in all the animals to maintain eucapnea. Blood lactate, ALT and creatinine values were found lower after recovery when compared to baseline values, suggesting improved organ perfusion. It could be thus concluded that the anaesthetic protocol did not compromise cardiovascular functions, but caused respiratory depression. The resultant hypoventilation could easily be managed by assisting ventilation manually or mechanically. The protocol provided excellent analgesia for soft tissue procedures and various orthopaedic procedures. Nociception may be noticed with some severely painful orthopaedic manoeuvers, which could be easily managed by supplementing ketamine at its analgesic doses.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN CATS BY EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATOR WITH INTRAMEDULLARY PIN TIE-IN CONFIGURATION USING EPOXY PUTTY
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-02-10) RENY RAJ; Dr. S. Anoop
    The study was carried out with the objective to standardise and evaluate efficacy of long bone fracture management in cats using external skeletal fixator with intramedullary pin tie-in configuration using epoxy putty. Six cats were selected irrespective of age, breed and sex for the study. All the cats in the study were domestic short hair breeds with age ranging from four months to ten months and body weight ranging from 1.1 to 2.8 kilogram. Among the six cats, four were males and two were females. The exciting causes of fracture were jumping from a height (4) and automobile accident (2). Orthogonal views of radiographs were taken as the confirmatory diagnosis and showed one mid-diaphyseal transverse, two mid-diaphyseal short oblique and three mid-diaphyseal long oblique fractures. The implant sizes were selected based on the measurements from the radiographs pre-operatively and comprised of an intramedullary pin which occupied 40-60 per cent and Schanz screws covering 30-40 per cent of the medullary canal. A retrograde intramedullary pinning was carried out and the Steinmann pin was bend at the point of exit of the skin and kept parallel to the bone. Transfixation Schanz screws are applied at either side of the fracture and both are joined with the epoxy putty. Follow-up radiographs taken on day 14, 28 and 42 revealed rigid and stable fracture fixations with callus formation. All the cats showed grade VI weight bearing lameness pre-operatively. Postoperatively, five cases progressed to grade I lameness and one case to grade II by the end of day 28. There was no statistically significant difference in the haematological parameters throughout the observation period. However, the mean serum alkaline phosphatase level was elevated throughout the study period. Fracture fixation using external skeletal fixator with intramedullary pin tie-in configuration using epoxy putty had excellent stability and provided early ambulation to the cats. Self-mutilation and early ambulation by the cats posed a threat to its stability.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF HEALING OF CORNEAL WOUNDS GRAFTED WITH FRESH PRESERVED CANINE AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-29) ANJU MARY JOHN; Dr. Jinesh Kumar N.S.
    The study was conducted in six clinical cases of dogs presented with corneal wounds to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode. Canine amniotic membranes were collected during elective caesarean section from healthy dogs. Amniotic membrane was peeled off from the foetal sac and was rinsed with sterile saline solution containing 0.1 mg/ml gentamicin and 2.5 mcg/ml amphotericin B. The membranes were then flattened on to nitrocellulose paper and were stored in 98 per cent glycerol at room temperature. Corneal wound healing was assessed in all the dogs after grafting with the fresh preserved canine amniotic membrane.Preoperatively, the animals were given moxifloxacin eye drops, one drop four times daily and atropine eye drops, one drop once daily. Under general anaesthesia, debridement and scarification of cornea was done using sterile cotton buds and lance blade. Three layers of canine amniotic membrane were secured in place by suturing over bulbar conjunctiva at 360° in five dogs and on cornea itself in one dog, using 8.0 vicryl as suture material. This was followed by a third eyelid flap. Topical instillation of antibiotic eyedrops was continued until healing while atropine eye drops were continued for four days postoperatively. Third eyelid flap suture was removed on 10th postoperative day. Postoperatively all the animals were evaluated on 10th, 20th, 30th and 45th days. Values of Schirmer tear test, abnormal ocular discharge and number of blinks per minute were higher in initial days, which later got reduced post-operatively. FDT was positive for all the six dogs on presentation, which became negative in five dogs on 10th day and in another dog on 20th day, suggestive of complete re- epithelialisation of cornea. A progressive reduction in corneal oedema, and improvement in corneal clarity was observed. The superficial corneal vascularisation reduced significantly and only regressing vessels noticed in three animals on 45th day of observation. All the animals regained corneal transparency, except for haziness in one dog. Corneal pigmentation was not observed in four cases, whereas two dogs showed increased extent of pigmentation at the nasal limbus. The dogs with corneal pigmentation were Chinese Pugs who already had corneal pigmentation at the initial presentation. Positive neuro-ophthalmic tests and normal vision were present in all the animals on 45th postoperative day.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HEALING OF BONE DEFECTS TREATED WITH DECELLULARISED TISSUE ENGINEERED TRIPHASIC COMPOSITE BIOCERAMIC IN RAT CALVARIAL DEFECT MODEL
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-29) MANASA M.; Dr. Dinesh P.T.
    The study was conducted to assess the healing potential of decellularised tissue engineered tri-phasic composite bio-ceramic (test graft) in comparison with tri-phasic composite bio-ceramic (control graft) as bone graft substitutes in rat calvarial critical size defect models. Four-millimeter diameter defects were created and grafted with test and control graft on left and right parietal bones respectively in 18 adult male Wistar rats, under general anaesthesia. Healing was evaluated by radiography, histology and assessment activity of bone turnover markers. Grossly, the test graft material was incorporated with regenerated bone by 8 weeks and control took 12 weeks to achieve the same. Serial radiographic evaluation revealed that the grafts were in position throughout the healing period. The test graft had integrated with the host bone radiographically by eight weeks whereas control graft took twelve weeks for complete integration. In the present study it was observed that activity of ALP and ACP were haphazard throughout the observation period owing to the fact that stage of healing in test and control side was not in par. Histological examination revealed complete healing of the defect grafted with test bioceramic by 4 weeks without any signs of inflammation or fibrous proliferation. On contrary, defect grafted with control bio-ceramic was not completely regenerated even by 12 weeks but it was filled with scattered islands of woven bone. By 12th week test graft was completely replaced by new bone, showing 100 per cent new bone formation whereas on control side it was only 29.29 per cent. In all the stages of healing, test material had the highest per cent of new bone formation that filled the defect than control. Therefore, the present study has proved the successful use of test bioceramic and its advantages over the already available bone substitutes for the treatment of critical sized defects in rat calvaria.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PARA-OSSEOUS CLAMP ASSISTED CERCLAGE WIRING FOR MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-07-29) AKHILA T.R.; Jinesh Kumar N. S.
    The study was conducted in six animals to evaluate the efficacy of Para￾osseous clamp assisted cerclage stabilisation (PCCS) for management of long bone fractures in dogs. All the selected dogs were subjected to clinical, physiological neurological, orthopaedic, radiological and haematobiochemical examination pre-operatively and postoperatively on second, fourth, eighth and twelfth week. Bones affected in the selected cases were radius and ulna (3), tibia (2), and femur (1). Out of six cases selected, the number of forelimb and hind limb affected with fracture were equal (50.00 per cent). The breeds of dogs under the study were Spitz (3), Non-descript (2), and Labrador Retriever (1). The number of females and males affected were equal. The body weight of the animals ranged from four to 16 kilogram. The age of the animals varied from three months to one year. The symptoms were swelling, pain on manipulation, non-weight bearing, abnormal angulation, lameness and crepitation at the fracture site. Preoperative radiographic examination of the affected limb revealed diaphyseal fractures in all dogs. Surgical management using PCCS was resorted to. PCCS was employed in all six dogs with the use of stainless steel K-wire of 1.5mm and 1.8mm diameter with standard length of 15cm. 20 G stainless steel orthopaedic wires with and without loops were used for anchorage of K-wire clamps to the bone shaft. This resulted in good fracture fixation and immobilisation. Immediate postoperative radiographic evaluation confirmed apposition and alignment of the fracture fragments and proper placement of k wires and cerclages in all the six dogs. The length, size and position of k-wires were appropriate in all the cases. Follow-up radiographs taken on second, fourth, eighth and twelfth postoperative weeks revealed good implant stability and fracture fixation except in one dog which had implant failure due to bending and breaking of K-wire. Implant failure was noticed with femur diaphyseal fracture probably due to the inadequate stiffness of the assembly. A revision surgery was performed to improve the functional usage of the limb. All the dogs on the day of presentation showed non weight bearing lameness of Grade 3. Postoperatively, all the dogs except one dog progressed to grade lameness by the end of twelfth postoperative week. The haemoglobin level, volume of packed red cells, differential leukocyte count, total erythrocyte and total leukocyte count were all within the normal range and there was no statistically significant difference in the values throughout the period of observation. Serum calcium and phosphorus values were within limits and had no significant change during the period of observation. All the fracture cases had a normal ALP value on the day of surgery and gradually increased above the normal range from second week of observations to twelfth week of observation. The ALP value showed a significant increase during the fracture healing period. Serum acid phosphatase value showed hike from fourth week of observation up to observation of twelfth week. Serum ACP values had significant increase throughout the study but values were within normal limits. Radiographic examination revealed visible periosteal callus from second week of tibial fracture healing but similar callus was visible only after fourth week in radius ulna. Remodelling was visible on 12th week in one dog and 20th week in other dog with tibial fractures. Out of the three dogs which had undergone PCCS stabilisation for radius ulna fracture, two had sound gait on latest video report but the follow up radiographs were not available to check the activity at fracture site. Based on the present clinical study, it was concluded that PCCS was successfully employed for tibial diaphyseal fractures in animals with bodyweight less than 16 kg