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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF CANINE PYOMETRA WITH PROSTAGLANDIN E1 ANALOGUE AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-08-10) ARYA KRISHNAN S; Dr. Hiron M. HarshanA study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic protocols in the treatment of canine pyometra based on clinical, haemato biochemical, B-mode ultrasonographic and Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation. Twenty two bitches presented to TVCC, Mannuthy and UVH, Kokkalai and confirmed with pyometra were randomly grouped into three based on the treatment followed, as group I (mifepristone @ 5 mg/kg b.wt. PO b.i.d., misoprostol @ 10 mcg/kg b.wt. PO b.i.d.), group II (mifepristone @ 5 mg/ kg b.wt b.i.d., misoprostol @ 3mcg/kg b.wt. intravaginally b.i.d.), group III (mifepristone @ 5 mg/kg b.wt. PO b.i.d.). In bitches with serum progesterone > 2ng/mL on the day of presentation cabergoline was administered @ 5 mg/kg b.wt. PO o.d. for nine days. Haematology recorded anaemia, leucocytosis with neutrophilia in patients with pyometra, which resolved after treatment. Bitches treated withmifepristone and misoprostol (oral/ vaginal) attained a faster return to normal leucogram. Serological analysis revealed elevated progesterone, alkaline phosphatase and total protein, which reduced to physiological values by day 15 in animals of all the treatment groups. No abnormal values were marked in alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen or creatinine in all the bitches during the duration of treatment, probably as a result of excluding pyometra affected cases from medical management, which had gross systemic affections. B-mode ultrasonography revealed distended uterine horns with anechoic to hypoechoic contents and thickened wall in all bitches, which had reduced at statistically similar rate to normal by day 15 of treatment. Bacteriological isolates from anterior vagina revealed Gram negative bacilli followed by Gram positive cocci and Gram negative coccobacilli. Maximum sensitivity was noticed to Gentamicin, followed by cotrimoxazole and Ceftriaxone tazobactum in antibiogram. Resistive index was found to be a reliable tool as a recovery marker, as they increased from values below the marker values of 0.72 to above as the treatment progressed. RI values increased to 0.72 by day 3 in bitches treated with intravaginal misoprostol. Though bitches in all the groups attained recovery, in terms of haemato-biochemical and ultrasonographic observations a faster recovery rate was recorded in bitches treated with mifepristone and misoprostol (oral or intra vgainal). Based on clinical improvement, the bitches in group II had a mean recovery time of 2.42 + 0.48 days, which was significantly lower than that of bitches in group I and III. It could be concluded that all three protocols were effective for medical management of pyometra in bitches. The combination of oral misoprostol and intravaginal misoprostol along with supportive therapy was better in terms of clinical recovery.ThesisItem Open Access FOETO-MATERNAL HAEMODYNAMICS AND COMBINED THICKNESS OF UTERUS AND PLACENTA FOR PREDICTION OF TIME OF WHELPING IN CANINES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-06-01) PRINCY JOHNSON; Dr. Magnus Paul KThe study was conducted in the Teaching veterinary clinical complex, Mannuthy, Thrissur and University veterinary hospital, Kokkalai, Thrissur on 18 pregnant bitches to analyse the foeto-maternal haemodynamics and combined thickness of uterus and placenta for the prediction of the time of whelping in canines. The study was performed in three groups of pregnant animals in 4 ± 1 days before parturition (DBP), 1 to 2 DBP and during the parturition. Dogs after screening were physically and clinically examined for behavioural and physical changes before whelping. The birth canal was examined for changes using a vaginoscope, and rectal temperature was monitored. Resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of uteroplacental arteries (UPA), foetal abdominal aorta (FAA) and vaginal artery were evaluated. The combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP) was analysed to determine the placental separation and readiness for whelping. Foetal heart rate was measured to detect foetal distress. Haemodynamic indices were correlated with serum oestrogen and progesterone levels during prepartum and partum. Statistical analysis of the study was conducted using SPSS version 24.0. Mean RI values of UPA were recorded as 0.73 ± 0.03, 0.70 ± 0.04 and 0.68 ± 0.04 in group A, B and C respectively as the animal approached parturition, but did not show any statistical difference. Similarly, the RI of FAA was 0.77 ± 0.02, 0.76 ± 0.02 and 0.73 ± 0.02 in group A, B and C respectively at different stages of the study and did not have any significant difference. The decrease in RI values of UPA and FAA though not significant statistically suggests increased perfusion in the vessels towards whelping. An increase followed by a decrease was noted in the PI of UPA and FAA but without significant difference. The vaginal artery showed no significant changes in RI and PI between the prepartum and partum stage, hence its role in the prediction of whelping is uncertain. The CTUP values were within the normal range in all the dogs, suggestive of a normal healthy placenta. Hence the prognostic role of CTUP in assessing the placental separation could not be elucidated from the current study. Foetal heart rate showed subsequent acceleration and deceleration as the parturition approached. The correlation between Doppler indices and hormone values was not conclusive. It can be concluded that Doppler haemodynamic indices hold promise as a tool to predict impending whelping but needs extensive studies with better sample size and extensive in-house research.ThesisItem Open Access FOLLICULAR FLUID EXOSOME SUPPLEMENTATION ON IN VITRO MATURATION COMPETENCE OF BOVINE OOCYTES EXPOSED TO HEAT STRESS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-05-16) ARYA THERES; Dr. R.S. AbhilashThe present study was designed to assess the effect of supplementing follicular fluid exosomes on in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilisation, cleavage and to evaluate the effect of exosomes on heat-induced alterations in the developmental competence of bovine oocytes. Ovaries from crossbred cattle were collected and all visible surface follicles were aspirated and culture-grade oocytes were subjected to further study. A total of 523 oocytes selected for the study were randomly divided into four groups. Exosomes were isolated from bovine follicular fluid by differential ultracentrifugation and western blotting was performed to confirm the presence of exosomal marker CD63. Groups I (n=111) and II (n=247) oocytes were subjected to IVM at 38.5°C for 24 h and groups III (n=81) and IV (n=84) oocytes at 41°C (heat-stress) for the first 14 h followed by 38.5°C for the next 10 h. Group II and IV oocytes were supplemented with exosomes at the rate of 1 µL per 100 µL IVM medium. Following IVM of oocytes for 24 h, IVF was carried out by co-incubating with capacitated spermatozoa for 18 h and embryo culture was carried out subsequently. The maturation rate differed significantly (p ≤0.01) between the oocytes with and without exosome supplementation. The highest maturation rate was observed in group II (95.80 ± 1.67) followed by group IV (83.47 ± 0.39), group I (76.10 ± 0.95), and the lowest in group III (64.56 ± 2.59). Fertilisation was assessed after 48 h of sperm oocyte co-incubation and the cleavage rate based on the no: of matured oocytes kept for fertilisation were 42.50 ± 6.44, 45.56 ± 2.00, 19.30 ± 5.12 and 33.73 ± 2.11 in groups I, II, III and IV respectively. Cleavage rate based on the total number of oocytes kept for maturation in groups I, II, III, and IV were 32.47 ± 5.23, 43.66 ± 2.13, 12.47 ± 3.40 and 28.14 ± 1.64 per cent, respectively. Fertilization rate based on the number of matured oocytes were 49.58 ± 8.93, 56.01 ± 2.87, 22.47 ± 7.11 and 38.69 ± 3.97 per cent respectively in groups I, II, III and IV. Also, fertilization rates based on the total number of oocytes kept for maturation were 37.85 ± 7.01, 53.68 ± 3.02, 14.37 ± 4.32 and 32.26 ± 3.17 per cent respectively in groups I, II, III and IV. The results indicate that heat stress (group III) significantly declines the fertilisation rate (22.47 ± 7.11), and supplementation of exosomes(group IV) enhances the fertilisation rate (38.69 ± 3.97 ) suggesting that exosomes can alleviate the heat stress. Also, a significantly higher fertilisation rate in group II (56.01 ± 2.87) compared to group I (49.58 ± 8.93 ) suggests the positive effect of exosomes on fertilisation. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that follicular fluid exosome supplementation in maturation medium could enhance the fertilisation rate and alleviate heat-induced alterations in the developmental competence of bovine oocytes.ThesisItem Open Access FREEZABILITY AND IN VITRO FERTILITY OF MALABARI BUCK SEMEN CRYOPRESERVED IN LIPOSOME-BASED EXTENDER(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, MANNUTHY, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-23) URMILA S.; Dr. Lekshmi Bhai K.The present study evaluated the freezability and in vitro fertility of Malabari buck semen cryopreserved in liposome based extender. Fresh semen ejaculates collected on six different days from three adult, healthy Malabari bucks were used for the study. Initially, they were evaluated for volume of the ejaculate (mL), progressive motility (%), concentration of spermatozoa (x106/mL), viability of spermatozoa (%), morphological abnormalities of spermatozoa (%), functional membrane integrity of spermatozoa (%), acrosome integrity of spermatozoa (%), malondialdehyde concentration (nmol/mL) and cervical mucus penetration distance by spermatozoa (mm). After evaluation, fresh semen ejaculates were pooled and divided into two groups (n=6) as Group I (semen extended with tris-egg yolk based extender and Group II (semen extended with liposome based extender) and subjected to cryopreservation. Post thaw evaluation of Group I and Group II showed that progressive motility of spermatozoa (%), viability of spermatozoa (%), functional membrane integrity of spermatozoa (%), acrosome integrity of spermatozoa (%) and cervical mucus penetration distance by spermatozoa (mm) were significantly higher in Group II (p<0.05) compared to Group I. The morphological abnormalities of spermatozoa (%) and malondialdehyde concentration (nmol/mL) were significantly higher in Group I (p<0.05) compared to Group II. In vitro fertilisation rate of oocytes fertilised by semen extended with liposome based extender (Group II) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to those fertilised by semen extended with tris-egg yolk based extender (Group I). Therefore, it can be concluded that liposome based extender is more efficient than tris egg yolk based extender for cryopreservation of Malabari buck semen.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY IN CANINE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMOUR(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, MANNUTHY, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-02) AJA TAJ NAZER; Dr. B. Bibin BechaA retrospective study was conducted for a three-year period at the University Veterinary Hospitals and the overall occurrence of CTVT were recorded as 0.15 percent among total cases, 0.88 per cent among total reproductive cases, 21.42 per cent among total tumour cases and 4.74 per cent among dogs with vaginal bleeding. Highest occurrence was found in Labrador Retrievers (41.30%), intact female dogs (92.22%), dogs aged 2-5 years (73.91%), pluriparous dogs (40.85%) and during south-west monsoon season (33.70%). Thirty-one CTVT confirmed dogs were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. The group I (n=13) dogs were treated with vincristine sulphate @ 0.025 mg/Kg bodyweight intravenously at weekly intervals till tumour regression. The group II (n=9) dogs were treated with ivermectin @ 200μg/Kg subcutaneously, followed by vincristine sulphate @ 0.025 mg/Kg bodyweight intravenously after 24 h and repeated at weekly intervals till tumour regression. The group III (n=9) dogs were treated with vincristine @ 0.0125mg/Kg body weight intravenously, followed by cyclophosphamide @ 5mg/Kg orally for 10 days. Vital parameters during different days of treatment were within normal limits. The body weight of CTVT affected dogs ranged from 7.0– 40.5 Kg with an average body weight of 22.79 ± 1.73 Kg. Body Condition Scores (BCS) were 4–5 in all dogs on all days of observation. Majority of tumours were located in the vulva (51.61%), followed by vagina (19.35%) and vestibulo-vaginal junction (16.13%), and appeared as cauliflower like friable mass that bled easily. The size of the tumour ranged from 0.9–8.5 cm with an average size of 3.90 ± 0.35 cm. A significant decrease in Canine Karnofsky Score was observed in three groups by day 21, which increased gradually. On TNM staging, majority of dogs scored T3N0M0 (54.84%), followed by T2N0M0 (32.26%) and T1N0M0 (6.45%). Two cases of metastasis (6.45%), were also reported (T3N0M1 and T4N0M1). The haemato-biochemical parameters like TEC, Hb, VPRC, TP, BUN, creatinine, albumin, globulin and ALT were within normal range. A significant difference was observed in differential leucocyte count, thrombocyte count and mean corpuscular volume (p<0.05). Significant difference were observed in AST, ALP and bilirubin values (p<0.05). On cytomorphological classification, majority of tumours were plasmacytoid (74.19%), followed by lymphocytoid (22.58%) and mixed type (3.23%). The combined malignancy scores were found to decrease after successive treatments from marked (+++) malignancy sore to absent (0) by day 21 in groups I and II and day 28 in group III. The immunocytochemical scoring with vimentin showed strong immunoreactivity on day of presentation in all dogs, and it was scored absent in group I by day 21, in group II by day 14 and in group III by day 28. The duration of treatment in vincristine, vincristine-ivermectin combination and vincristine-cyclophosphamide combination were 23.10 ± 1.49, 22.00 ± 1.00 and 30.00 ± 2.00 days, respectively. Duration of treatment and side-effects were found to be less in vincristine-ivermectin combination therapy. No recurrence of tumour was observed in three treatment groups. Considering the response to treatment, duration of treatment and intensity of side effects, combination therapy of vincristine with ivermectin gave better response in CTVT treatment. Cytology, mitotic index, apoptotic index and immunocytochemistry signalling with vimentin could be used to predict the proliferation and regression of tumour mass and thus response to therapy.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF FERTILITY AND FECUNDITY IN FEMALE DOGS BY SONOGRAPHIC, HORMONAL AND GENOMIC STUDIES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-12-09) NIKHILA E.S; Dr. Magnus Paul KPopularity of dog breeding is increasing worldwide. The commercial canine breeding mainly aims to attain maximum number of litters during the life time of a female dog. Low fecundity is a major issue faced by commercial breeders. The present study was undertaken for the assessment of fertility and fecundity in female dogs by sonographic, hormonal and genomic studies. A total of sixteen fertile female dogs aged two to six years presented to TVCC, Mannuthy during the period from February 2021 to November 2021 for breeding advice and subsequent pregnancy diagnosis forms the subject of the study. All the animals were subjected to exfoliative vaginal cytology (EVC) to assess the stage of oestrous cycle and subsequent Doppler assessment of ventral perineal artery haemodynamics. Mean cornification index (%) of the animals under study was 89.5 ± 1.81 and 88.2 ± 2.13 in high fecundity and low fecundity groups respectively. Early pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on day 21st of dioestrum. Progesterone estimation was also done on the same day in all the animals to relate with foetal number. Based on the foetal number on radiography animals were grouped in to two of eight bitches each. Group I with greater than three foetuses and group II with three or less than three foetuses. No significant difference was observed in the Doppler parameters of ventral perineal artery during different stages of oestrous cycle and between the groups. However, a gradual increase was observed in the ventral perineal artery resistivity (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) between the stages of oestrous cycle. This might be due to the vasodilatory effect of oestradiol. Serum progesterone profile in the high fecundity and low fecundity was not statistically significant. Mean serum progesterone concentration in high fecundity and low fecundity group was 44.60 ± 3.39 and 42.25 ± 5.13 respectively. Prediction of litter size by ultrasonography on day 21of dioestrum was successful in 75 per cent (n=6) animals in group II compared with 25 per cent (n=2) in group I. Partial characterization of LHCGRgene revealed a novel polymorphism in the exon-1 in high fecundity group. The sequence analysis of amplicon of exon-1 of LHCGR gene showed 99 per cent similarity with the reference sequence (GenBank Accession No:NC_0518141). Two SNPs at 815th (g.815 C>T) and 872th (g. 872 A>G) base pair of LHCGR was identified. The sequence analysis of amplicon of exon-2 of LHCGR gene showed 99 per cent similarity with the reference sequence (GenBank Accession No:NC_0518141). One SNP at 175th (g.175 C>T) base pair of LHCGR was identified. From the present study it could be concluded that blood flow in the ventral perineal artery do not having any correlation with the number of ovulations as well as the number of pups born. This was also evident in the progesterone levels as the level of progesterone was not influenced by the ovulations or the number of CLs. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the effect of novel SNPs on fecundity in dogs after confirming the influence by extensive association studies.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALISATION OF PROGESTERONE, OESTROGEN AND KI-67 RECEPTORS IN GENITAL TRACT TUMOURS OF FEMALE DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-11-24) KODANGE OMKAR TUKARAM; Dr. Shibu SimonThe objectives of the current study involved assessment of expression of progesterone and oestrogen receptors in the genital borne neoplasms by immunohistochemistry, correlation of steroid receptor status with proliferation marker (Ki-67) and their clinical management. The study was conducted in 12 postpubertal bitches between two to twelve years of age, presented at University Veterinary Hospitals, Kokkalai and Mannuthy. The bitches presented to either of the University Veterinary Hospitals, Kokkalai and Mannuthy with suspected genital neoplasia confirmed based on symptoms, vaginal cytology, ultrasonography and radiological evaluation were included in the research. The incidence of neoplasia was the highest (50 %) among the age group of 5-8 years in comparison with other groups and the nulliparous bitches were twice in number when compared to multiparous bitches. The breeds of afflicted canines consisted of Pomeranian (n=3), Labrador retriever (n=3), Rottweiler (n=2), English cocker spaniel (n=1), Dachshund (n=1), Nondescript (n=1) and Dobermann (n=1). No breed predisposition was recorded in the study. The symptoms recorded were stranguria (58.3 %), aberrations of oestrous cycle (16.6 %), haemorrhagic vaginal discharge (91.6 %), faecal tenesmus (50 %), perineal swelling (33.3 %), visible protruding mass (66.6 %) and inappetence (58.6 %). Clinicogynaecological examination revealed that bitches afflicted with pedunculated and sessile tumours were equal in numbers. The intra-luminal and extra-luminal masses accounted for 25 per cent and 75 per cent, respectively. The cytological evaluation of exfoliated cells in the samples confirmed dioestrus in three and anoestrus in nine animals. Exfoliated neoplastic cells were only observed in canine transmissible venereal tumour and vaginal cytology was unremarkable for other tumours. All haematological values were within the normal reference range. Ultrasonographic evaluation of all the neoplasms indicated a heterogenous echotexture. Doppler evaluation of the tumours revealed unidirectional perfusion in all except two types of tumours; the canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which had an arbitrary perfusion. Ultrasonographic screening of the vital abdominal organs indicated absence of metastasis to other organs. Similar observations were made with radiography of abdomen and thorax. Episiotomy was performed for extraluminal tumours while local excision was performed in all intraluminal tumours except CTVT. A chemotherapeutic regimen involving intravenous infusion of vincristine sulphate at 0.025 mg/kg weekly was given in CTVT and SCC until complete remission of the neoplasm. The tumours werehistopathologically confirmed as myofibroma (n = 6), leiomyoma (n = 1), CTVT (n = 3), SCC (n = 1) and fibroma (n = 1). Masson’s trichrome staining confirmed connective tissue involvement in myofibroma, leiomyoma and fibroma. The combined scores for ERα expressions in myofibroma, leiomyoma and fibroma were 5, 5 and 7, respectively. The combined scores for PR expression in myofibroma, leiomyoma and fibroma were 5, 5 and 2, respectively. The expression for ERα and PR was absent in CTVT and SCC. The combined score for Ki-67 expression myofibroma, leiomyoma, fibroma, CTVT and SCC were 3, 4, 2, 7 and 8 respectively. Spearman’s rank correlation between the scores of immunohistochemistry staining for the expression of ERα, PR and Ki-67 in these tumours was highly significant (p < 0.01). The correlation between ERα and Ki-67 had a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05). The correlation between PR and Ki-67 was not significant (p > 0.05). A target selective therapy in a histologically confirmed leiomyoma with oral mifepristone therapy (25 mg/day for 12 weeks) revealed 70 per cent reduction in tumour volume.This result suggests probable use of hormone modulation therapy in PR expressing genital tumours. The study also suggests that a decline in ERα expression may concurrently upregulate Ki-67 receptor expression in genital tumours indicating a shifttowards malignancy by the tumour. The differential expression of these proteins should be considered for the stratification of patients while designing therapeuticThesisItem Open Access INTRAUTERINE OZONE TREATMENT FOR SUBCLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS IN CROSSBRED DAIRY COWS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-13) H NEELAKANTA NIKSHEPA NITHISH; Dr. C. JayakumarThe study was undertaken at University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy with the objective of assessing the therapeutic efficiency of intra uterine ozone therapy in management of sub clinical endometritis (SCE) and its influence on the reproductive performance in postpartum (PP) cross bred dairy cows. The study assessed the efficacy of intra-uterine ozone therapy with and without PGF2α analogue in the treatment of SCE in crossbred dairy cows. Efficacy of treatment was evaluated through endometrial cytology, microbiological evaluation (CFU), endometrial histopathology and uterine sonography findings before and after treatment in SCE positive animals. Also, the diagnostic competence of these techniques in SCE was also undertaken. Twenty four cows with normal calving and confirmed with SCE on 30th Day Postpartum (DPP) was randomly divided in to three experimental groups after their first exhibited oestrus on 45th DPP viz,Group I - Intrauterine ozone therapy with 3300 mcg for two days from the onset of oestrus, Group II - Intramuscular administration of 500 mcg cloprostenol on 10th day of oestrus and Group III- Intrauterine ozone therapy with 3300 mcg for two days from the onset of oestrus followed by intramuscular administration of 500 mcg cloprostenol on 10th day of oestrus. The (mean±SE) per cent of PMN cells before and after treatment were 5.12± 0.56, 5.25 ± 0.56, 4.81 ± 0.56 and 1.06 ± 0.21, 1.68 ± 0.21, 1 ± 0.21, respectively for three treatment groups. The (mean±SE) total score of histopathology samples before and after treatment were 6.25 ± 1.57, 5.88 ± 0.89, 6.75 ± 0.79 and 2.75 ± 0.52, 4.75 ± 0.92, 3.13 ± 0.58 in Group I, II and III, respectively. Both endometrial cytology and histopathology yielded significant difference before and after treatment, except in Group II with regard to histopathology. In CFU and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) findings, though the values were non-significant before and after treatment, a positive variation in both parameters could be noticed envisaging a usefulness of treatment in all the groups. The overall conception rate to Artificial Insemination in four consecutive oestrous periods was 62.5 per cent. The average of number of inseminations (2.38 ± 0.37, 2.88 ± 0.35 and 2 ± 0.42) and days to conception (89.66 ± 5.59, 100 ± 10.49 and 85.83 ± 8.78 d) varied in treatment groups, but without significant difference. The study determined that intra uterine O3 therapy alone or in combination was effective in management of SCE in PP cows signified by a decrease in PMN leucocytes, histopathology scores and satisfactory PP reproductive performance indices. The study concluded the usefulness of intra uterine ozone therapy as a novel, alternate and safe PP reproductive management strategy to improve reproductive health and efficiency in cattle herds with increased incidence of SCE.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF THE UTERINE FLUID AND ENDOCRINE CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH METOESTRUAL BLEEDING IN DAIRY CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-05) NISARGA M; K. PromodThe present study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the changes in uterine fluid, serum oestrogen and progesterone profiles associated with metoestrual bleeding in dairy cattle. The study was conducted in Group I animals (n=12) which included cows with the historyof profuse metoestrual bleeding and Group II cows (n=12) without metoestrual bleeding. A total 24 cows were studied for the rheological properties of cervical mucus discharge (CMD), endometrial cytology and biochemical changes of uterine fluid during oestrus (day 0) and metoestrus (day 2). The serum progesterone and oestrogen concentrations on days 0, 2 and 10 of oestrous cycle were estimated by RIA. Per rectal examination revealed persistence of dominant follicle (58.33 per cent) on ovaries and high uterine tonicity during metoestrus in group I cows. Majority of group I cows exhibited high oestrus intensity and prolonged duration of oestrus. The Group I cows voided CMD with bloody opaque, thin/watery consistency and ‘nil’ fern pattern during metoestrus. While the Group II cows exhibited CMD with turbid, thick/viscous and atypical fern pattern during metoestrus. The mean ± SE pH of CMD of Group I cows (7.96±0.10) had significantly (p<0.01) higher values than that of cows group II cows (7.64±0.07) during metoestrus. The mean spinnbarkeit values of Group I cows (9.35±0.50 cm) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of Group II cows (7.75±0.30) during metoestrus. The mean serum progesterone concentration of Group I cows (1.61±0.55 ng/mL) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of Group II cows (0.36±0.07 ng/mL) on day of oestrus. The mean serum oestradiol concentration of Group I cows (6.85±0.53 pg/mL) was significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared to Group II cows (8.48±0.49 pg/mL). Cytology revealed the PMN cell per cent during metoestrus was significantly (p<0.01) higher in Group I cows (4.04±0.25 per cent) than in Group II cows (3.02±0.11 per cent). A significantly (p<0.01) higher LE activity of uterine fluid was observed in Group I cows (142.5±33.26 cells/μL) than that of Group II cows (7.5±2.26 cells/μL) during metoestrus. In conclusion, the oestrus characteristics, the pH and spinnbarkeit value of CMD, serum progesterone and oestrogen concentration, PMN cell per cent and LE activity of uterine fluid during metoestrual bleeding was significantly varied. The overall conception rate in these cows (33.33 per cent) was found lower than that of the cows without metoestrual bleeding (83.33 per cent)
