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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2001 - 20066
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Subject: Animal Genetics and Breeding × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION FOR MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS IN VECHUR CATTLE
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2005) SHYMAJA UTHAMAN; K.V. Raghunandanan
    A study was conducted in Vechur cattle of Kerala to study the association of microsatellite marker alleles with the milk production and composition traits and to evaluate seven ancestors using microsatellite markers. Blood and semen was used as the source of DNA in this study. DNA samples were extracted from fifty unrelated animals and thirty three ancestors and progenies. Five microsatellite markers with established linkage to QTL controlling milk production traits like milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage were used. The DNA samples obtained from the fifty unrelated Vechur cattle were typed using these five microsatellite markers. The five markers were found to be highly polymorphic with the PIC value ranging from 0.82 at the BM1508 locus to 0.89 at the HUJII77 locus. Data regarding the peak yield, days to attain peak yield, AFC and intercalving period were collected from the Vechur Conservation Centre, Mannuthy. Milk samples collected from the Vechur Conservation Centre were used to determine the milk fat percentage, protein percentage, SNF and total solids. The mean fat percentage and AFC were found to differ significantly in different families. Statistical analysis revealed that the V43 and V88 families had a mean fat percentage significantly greater than the population mean. The mean AFC of V43 family was also found to be significantly greater than the population mean. The V44, V88 and VI17 families had a mean AFC significantly lower than that of population mean. The V44 family had the lowest mean AFC and was also significantly different from the V88 and VI17 families. Microsatellite analysis was carried out for the thirty three combinations of ancestors and progeny using the same five markers. The allelic effect of microsatellite markers in the families was studied for fat percentage and AFC. The allelic mean for fat percentage of 223 bp size allele at the HUJII77 locus was found to be significantly higher when compared to those animals without this allele even though there were no earlier reports indicating linkage between this marker and QTL affecting fat percentage. The allelic mean of fat percentage for 205, 209 and 221 bp at the HUJII77 locus was significantly lower when compared to those of animals without this allele. The mean of the animals with 208 bp allele at the ILSTS096 locus was found to be significantly greater for fat percentage when compared to the mean of those without this allele. There are earlier published reports indicating linkage between this marker and QTL affecting fat percentage. Selection for this allele will not be effective as it is already present in high frequency in the population. The 252 bp allele at the BL41 locus had an allelic mean for fat percentage significantly lower than that for animals without this allele. The 238 bp size allele of this locus had an allelic mean for AFC significantly greater than that for animals without this allele. Earlier reports establish linkage between this marker and QTL affecting fat percentage but not AFC. Selection can be applied against this allele to prevent its frequency from increasing in the population. The allelic mean of 158 bp allele at the BM1508 locus had a mean fat percentage significantly lower than that for the animals without this allele. There are earlier reports of linkage of this marker with QTL affecting protein percentage but not fat percentage. Selection against this allele is necessary as this allele is present in high frequency in the population. Animals with 113 bp allele had an allelic mean of fat percentage significantly lower than that for the animals without this allele. This marker has linkage with QTL affecting milk fat percentage. It is advisable to select against this allele to increase the milk fat percentage in the population. Even though the V44 sire can be selected for improving the fat percentage, the mean AFC of this sire was found to significantly greater than that of the population mean hence it is not preferred. The sire V88 can be selected for improving the fat percentage as well as reducing the AFC. There is a possibility to improve the Vechur cattle maintained at the Vechur Conservation Centre, Marmuthy for fat percentage and AFC by adopting line breeding for V88 sire
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GROWTH AND SURVIVABILITY OF GH/Msp I GENOTYPES IN MALABARI GOATS
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy., 2004) BINDU MATHEW; Dr. k.C. Raghavan
    Growth hormone gene, due to its essential role in lactation and growth processes, is a perfect candidate marker associated with somatotropic axis. Selection of animals based on the growth hormone genotypes can be tntroduced in the animal husbandry sector for better production. The present investigation was undertaken to study the growth and survivability of GH/Mspl genotypes in Malabari goats at different centers of Badagara. Thalassery. Thanur as well as Malabari conservation unit. Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode. DNA was isolated from 32 bucks, 241 does mated to those bucks and 297 of their progeny using phenol - chloroform extraction method. A 768-bp fragment from third exon to fifth exon containing the polymorphic Mspl site was amplified well using bovine primers, indicating species homology. The amplified product on digestion with the Mspl enzyme revealed the GWMspl {+) and (-) alleles. The percentage of incidence of (+/-) genotype was 61.76 and that of (+/+) genotype was 38.24. None of the animals typed were of the GH/Mspl (-/-) genotype. The genotype frequencies of bucks and does were consistent with the general population. In the specific heterozygous mating (+/- x +/-), 28 per cent of the progenies were (+/+) homozygotes and the rest 72 per cent were heterozygotes (+/-). Early embryonic mortality was not found to be a cause for the absence of the GH/Mspl -/- genotype as the kidding percentage in heterozygous mating were not different from other types of ma.rngs. There was no relationship between growth upto SIX months of age and G\l!Msp\ genotypes. The study conf.mrs a strong heterozygotie advantage for the GH/Mspl +/genotype and also the absenee of GH/Mspl -/- genotype in Malaban goats. Presence of duplicate copies of the growth hormone gene in goats may be a possible reason for the above results.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MICROSATELLITE MARKER BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIGENOUS PIGS OF KERALA
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy., 2006) ARIPRASATH. K; Dr. A.P. Usha
    The study was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity among four indigenous pig population of Kerala using microsatellite markers. The animals were selected from various part of Kerala, population I included the conserved Angamali pigs from university farm, Mannuthy, population II consisted of animals from Koothattukualm, population III were the animals from Ollur and animals from border districts of Kerala formed the population IV. Genetic analysis was carried out using five polymorphic microsatellite markers. Blood samples were collected from 100 unrelated indigenous pigs from all four populations and DNA was isolated. The phenol-chloroform method of extraction yielded 224.35±9.86pg/5ml of blood. PGR conditions were standardized for all five selected markers namely, S0005, SOlOl, SW1026, SW2517 and S0008. The forward primer of each marker was endlabelled with 732 P-ATP as source of radio signal. The Ml3 single strand DNA was sequenced and used as a size standard. Autoradiography was employed to visualize the results. A total of eight alleles were detected in S0005 and SOlOl, five alleles in each of SW1026 and S0008, and six in SW2517. The heterozygosity varied from 0.7747 in SW2517 to as large as 0.8475 for S0005. The heterozygosity values for SOIOI, SW1026 and S0008 were 0.7774, 0.7672, and 0.7424 respectively. The PIC values ranges from 0.6974 for S0008 to 0.8291 for S0005. The PIC values for SOIOI, SW1026 and SW2517 were 0.7483, 0.7284 and 0.7381 respectively. The allele frequencies were used to estimate the Nei's standard genetic distance among the populations. The distance measure ranged from 0.5704 to 0.7161, with the highest value noticed between population II and IV and the lowest between population I and III. A dendrogram was constructed using the POPGENE version 3.2 program which grouped the population I and IV in one cluster and II and III populations in another cluster. >
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF GOAT BREEDS USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy., 2005) AMRITA SUSAN JACOB; Dr. T.V. Aravindakshan
    The study was undertaken to assess the genetic vana^lfly' tSnong four goat breeds of South India using microsatellite markers. Three breeds studied were native to Kerala. These were Malabari, Attappadi Black and non-descript goats of Thrissur. The fourth breed, Salem Black, originated in the Salem district of Tamil Nadu. Microsatellite analysis was carried out using four highly polymorphic bovine markers. Blood samples from 30 genetically unrelated animals of each breed were collected and used as a source of DNA. The phenol-chloroform extraction procedure was used and the mean yield of DNA obtained was 361.43±10.73 pg/five ml blood. The four markers selected for the study were, INRA63, ILSTS030, HUJII77 and BM6121. PGR conditions were standardised for all the primers. The forward primer of each primer pair used in the PGR assay was end labeled with y^^P-ATP prior to setting up of the PGR. Ml 3 DNA was sequenced and used as the size standard. The PGR products were separated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Detection of the products was done by autoradiography. Gels after electrophoresis were dried and was set for autoradiography with X-ray film in a cassette fitted with intensifying screen. Allele sizes were obtained by comparing with the sequence of Ml 3 single stranded DNA size standard. A total of eleven alleles were detected at the INRA63 locus. The mean heterozygosity and PIG values obtained were 0.774 and 0.743, respectively. Seventeen alleles were detected at the ILSTS30 locus. The mean values of heterozygosity and PIG were 0.878 and 0.866, respectively. Thirteen alleles were detected at the BM6121 locus with mean heterozygosity and PIG values of 0.851 and 0.833, respectively. The HUJII77 locus was the most polymorphic of all the four loci detecting 21 alleles. The mean heterozygosity and PIG values were 0.899 and 0.88, respectively. The allele frequency measures were used to estimate the Nei's standard genetic distance among the populations using the POPGENE program. The distance measures ranged from 0.388 to 0.224, with the highest value noticed between Salem Black and non-descript goats of Thrissur and the lowest between Malabari and non-descript animals. A dendrogram was constructed using the POPGENE program which grouped the Salem Black and Attappadi Black goats in one cluster and Malabari and the non-descript goats of Thrissur in another.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LITTER TRAITS IN DESI, LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE AND THEIR CROSSBRED PIGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2001) GOPINATHAN., A.; USHA, A. P.
    The present study was undertaken to compare and evaluate litter traits in Large White Yorkshire, Desi and their Crossbred pigs and to decide a breeding strategy. The data on 20-25 farrowings were collected from Centre for Pig Production and Research, Mannuthy for Large White Yorkshire, Desi and Crossbred pigs. A random sample of eight animals from each genetic group was selected and maintained from weaning to eight month of age to study the growth, feed conversion efficiency and carcass characteristics. The average birth weight and weaning weight, litter size at birth and weaning, litter weight at birth and weaning, pre-weaning mortality for each genetic group were calculated. Large White Yorkshire was found to be superior for all traits followed by Crossbred and Desi pigs. Crossbred pigs had lowest pre-weaning mortality while Desi pigs had highest litter size at birth. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of genetic group was found to be highly significant for all litter trmts except litter size at birth and weaning. The data were analysed using least squares analysis of variance to study the effect of different factors on birth weight and weaning weight in all three genetic groups. Least squares analysis of variance for birth weight revealed that the effect of sire and litter size at birth was highly significant in all three genetic groups. Sex had significant effect only in crossbreds. For weaning weight, the effect of sire and litter size at birth were found to be highly significant while sex did not show a significant effect on weaning weight in all three genetic groups. The effect of genetic group was found to be highly significant for third, fifth and eighth month body weight. But there was no significant effect noticed between Large White Yorkshire and Crossbred pigs during third month. The average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency was highest for Large White Yorkshire followed by Crossbred and Desi pigs from weaning to eight months of age. In carcass traits like back fat thickness, loin eye area, dressing percentage and carcass length. Large White Yorkshire averaged better than Desi and Crossbred pigs. The effect of genetic group was found to be highly significant for all carcass traits. The cost of production per kg of live body weight was calculated in three genetic groups, Large White Yorkshire had lower cost of production when compared to Crossbred and Desi pigs from weaning to eight month of age. The present study revealed that Large White Yorkshire had higher body weight gain, better feed conversion efficiency, average daily gain and higher values for carcass and litter traits when compared to Crossbreds and Desi pigs.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    POLYMORPHISM OF GROWTH HORMONE GENE IN MALABARI GOATS {Capra hircus)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2002) CHITRA, R.; Aravindakshan, T.V.
    Malaban goats are noted for their high milk yield and meat production qualities. They represent a unique genetic resource by virtue of their adaptability, resistance to many infectious diseases and prolificacy in the humid tropics of Kerala. They also exhibit considerable variation in individual performance m milk production, growth rate and fecundity. The growth hormone (GH) gene is a potential target for studies of molecular variation because of its possible direct or indirect effects upon growth, lactation and mammar>' gland development in dair>' animals. The polymorphism m the third mtron of GH gene was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PGR) and restriction endonuclease digestion. Genomic DNA was isolated from a random sample of 196 genetically unrelated Malaban does in second lactation belonging to three different population groups based on geographical locations. The mean yields of DNA from 5 ml of whole blood extracted by phenol-chloroform was 231.097±11.65 pu. The ratio of optical densities at 260 and 280 nm was above 1.7 indicating good deprotemisation. Oligonucleotide primers based on bovine sequences were used for amplification of GH gene in goats. The successful amplification of the expected 768 bp fragment indicated the suitability of bovine primers for goats and conservation of DNA sequence in related species. The digestion of the amplified product with Msp\ restriction enzyme revealed two alleles viz., Msp\ (+) and Msp\ (-) with gene frequencies of 0.70 and 0.30, respectively. In the Malabari goats tested in this study only (+/+) and (+/-) GH/Mspl genotypes were encountered where as none of the animal was of the (-/-) genotype. It is suspected that the Msp\ (-) allele in the homozygous condition might be lethal or linked to a lethal gene. The population of the Malabari goats investigated in the present study was not under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium though it was a large random mating one with no known mutation, or migration. Hence, it is suspected that the selection process acting against the (-/-) genotype through reduced viability or early embryonic death may be a possible reason for the disagreement of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in Malabari goats for this locus. It was observed that the goat population was in genetic equilibrium with respect to growth hormone locus in all population groups. The genetic equilibrium might be indicative of the homogeneity of different population groups though they differed significantly with respect to morphological and other phenotypic characters. Studies on the association of GH/Mspl genotypes with growth and milk traits in Malabari goats revealed the following results. The (+/-) genotype was superior to (+/+) genotype with respect to milk protein percentage in population-1. The (+/-) genotype was found to be associated with significantly high milk SNF percentage in population II and pooled population. The GHIMspl genotypes did not exhibit significant effect on body weight, body measurements, peak milk yield, milk fat and the litter size. The , ^ T. Kil-I ARY ) population groups differed significantly with respect to body weight, body measurements like length, heart girth and height at withers, peak milk yield and litter size. These results revealed the influence of management and other environmental effects on growth traits in Malabari goats. It is concluded that the typing of the Msp\ polymorphism using PCR-based procedure is a very efficient way to identify the GH genotypes in Malabari goats