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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Study of Combining Ability and Yield Stability Analysis in Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.)(Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Kumari, Hemlata; Singh, P. K.The present investigation entitled “Study of Combining Ability and Yield Stability Analysis in Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during rabi 2016-17, kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18. Six parents were crossed in diallel fashion including reciprocal during rabi, 2016-17 at farm of Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (India). The 38 genotypes (06 parents, 30 F1's and 2 checks) were evaluated in six environments during kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18, at three different farm of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur), namely , Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour; Bhola Paswan Shashtri College of Agriculture College, Purnea and Pulse Research Centre, Mokama with objectives to study inter-relationship of component character with grain yield and among themselves, to estimate the general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses, respectively and to study the G x E interaction and stability parameter of crosses. Data were recorded for twelve quantitative characters such as days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk , anthesis-silking interval, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant. The pooled analysis of variances for the design of experiment revealed that, the mean squares due to genotype and environment were highly significant for all the characters. Similarly, mean squares due to genotype x environment was also found to be highly significant for all the characters except, protein, lysine and tryptophan. The mean performance, crosses, namely, CML 167 x CML 161, CML 161x CML167, CML 167 x VL1037, VL1056 x CML 167 and CML 167 x VL1056 were found to be top rankers for grain yield per plant in comparison to the better check, Shaktiman-4. Pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in protein and grain yield per plant were highly significant except anthesis-silking interval and days to75per cent maturity was found to be non-significant. The mean squares due to specific combining ability were highly significant for the characters, namely, days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity , number of grains per plant, 1000 - grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant except anthesis-silking interval was found to be non-significant. mean squares due to reciprocal specific combining ability (RSCA) for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel protein, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant were highly significant except anthesis-silking interval and days to75 per cent maturity was found to be non-significant. Estimates of components of variance for twelve characters revealed that variance due to SCA was more than variance due to GCA for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, anthesis-silking interval, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant. Parent CML 167 was found to be good general combiner for grain yield per plant. Crosses, namely, CML 161 x CML 167, CML 167 x VL 1056, CML 171 x VL 1037, CML 161 x CML 193 and CML 193 x VL 1037 were found to be top five good specific combinations for grain yield per plant. Reciprocal specific combinations, VL 1037 x CML 167, VL 1056 x CML 171, VL 1056 x CML 161, VL 1037 x CML 161 and CML 171 x CML 161 were found to be top combinations good for grain yield per plant. The best hybrid CML 161 x CML 171 and CML 161 x VL 1037 was identified on the basis of SCA/RSCA, GCA, mean performance and stability for grain yield across the environment. So, the experimental hybrid, CML 161 x CML 171 was identified as the promising hybrids for grain yield per plant and VL 1037 x VL 1056 for quality parameter across the environment.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of integrated weed management on direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Dubey, Santosh Kumar; Kumar, ArunDepartment of Agronomy, BAU, SabourA field experiment was carried out during Kharif season 2016 and 2017 at Bihar Agricultural College farm, Sabour under the Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur to assess the effect of integrated weed management on direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The soil texture of the experimental site was silt loam and was low in available nitrogen (188.61 kg ha-1), and medium in available phosphorus (21.65 kg ha-1) and potassium (194.88 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with fourteen weed management treatments involving various herbicides (Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1 (PE), Pendimethalin 500 g a.i ha-1 (PE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Almix 4 g ha-1 (PoE), Almix 2 g a.i ha-1 (PoE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Ethoxysulfuron 15 g a.i ha-1 (PoE), Ethoxysulfuron 7.5 g a.i ha-1 (PoE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Pyrazosulfuran 25 g a.i ha-1 (PE), Pyrazosulfuran 12.5 g a.i ha-1 (PE) fb 1 HW 40 DAS, Bispyribac-Na 30 g a.i ha-1 (PoE) , Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i ha-1 fb 1 HW 40 DAS (PoE), Azimsulfuron 35 g a.i ha-1 (PoE), Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i ha-1 fb 1 HW 40 DAS (PoE), weedy and weed free with three replications. The crop was infested with divergent type of weed flora e.g. sedges, grassy and broad leaved weeds group. However, dominancy of Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cynodon dactylon , Caesulia axillaries and Commellina benghalensis, Eclipta alba, Euphorbia hirta and Phyllanthus niruri were very less, so they were grouped as other weeds. Sedges and broad leaved weeds e.g. Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria and Cyperus difformis were controlled very effectively by the Ethoxysulfuron and Azimsulfuron as post-emergence and however, Sedges, Grassy weeds and Broad leaved weeds e.g. Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria and Cyperus difformis , Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli Caesulia axillaries were controlled very effectively by the Bispyribac-Na as post-emergence. Only Grassy weeds Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli were controlled very effectively by Pendimethalin as pre-emergence. At 30 days after sowing, Bispyribac-Na 30 g a.i. ha-1 (T9) and Azimsulfuron 35 g a.i. ha-1(T11) applied as post-emergence being at par, recorded significantly lower density (21.85 and 35.10 m-2) and dry weight (18.02 and 29.42 g m-2) of weeds over rest of the treatments. At 60 and 90 days after sowing, Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12) each applied as post-emergence with hand weeding at 40 days after sowing being at par, recorded significantly lower population (24.94, 29.72 and 18.91, 22.55 m-2) and dry weight (38.79, 46.24 and 29.12 , 34.72 g m-2) of weeds over the rest of the treatments. While, application of Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1 (T1) and Pyrazosulfuron 25 g a.i. ha-1 (T7) recorded maximum weed population and dry weight which was at par with each other. The maximum weed control efficiency was recorded (88.14%) under Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and (85.82%) under Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12). Among herbicides, minimum weed index (1.91%) was recorded under Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and (6.99%) under Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12). Whereas, maximum weed index (40.79%) was recorded under Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1(T1) and (34.37%) under Pyrazosulfuran 25 g a.i. ha-1 (T7). Among weed management practices, maximum growth attributes, yield attributes and N, P and K uptake by grain and straw were recorded under Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) followed by Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12) which was comparable to weed free, but was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Application of Pendimethalin 1000 g a.i. ha-1(T1) followed by Pyrazosulfuran 25 g a.i. ha-1 (T7) was least effective and recorded minimum number of tillers, dry matter accumulation, number of panicles m-2, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, grain and straw yield as compared to other treatments. However, all the herbicidal treatments were found significantly superior over weedy in respect of crop growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield and N, P, K uptake by grain and straw. In weed management treatments, higher value of net return (Rs. 85728 and Rs. 79565) and benefit: cost ratio (Rs. 2.67 and Rs. 2.49) was obtained in Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) and Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12), respectively. While weedy (T14) gave the lowest net return (Rs. 28753).and benefit: cost ratio (Rs.0.99). On the basis of pooled data of the experiment during kharif 2016 and 2017, it may be concluded that post-emergence application of Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) proved superior over rest of the treatments with respect to weed control efficiency, grain yield and economics of direct seeded rice followed by post-emergence application of Azimsulfuron 17.5 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T12). On the basis of conclusion, it may be recommended that post-emergence application of Bispyribac-Na 15 g a.i. ha-1 fb one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T10) in direct seeded rice should be practiced for minimizing weed growth and maximizing economic, yield and net return.ThesisItem Open Access Marker assisted backcross breeding for submergence tolerance in rice variety Rajendra Sweta(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Smriti, Smriti; Singh, S.P.Submergence stress regularly affects rice crop in major parts of eastern India comprising Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Chhattisgarh and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Out of 42 biotic and abiotic stresses that prevail in rainfed lowland rice areas of eastern India, submergence stress is the third most important limitation to rice production. A major QTL mapped on chromosome 9, designated as sub1, has provided the scope to apply marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) to develop submergence tolerant varieties suitable to be grown in these regions. Developing rice cultivars with tolerance of submergence and with agronomic and quality traits acceptable to farmers is a feasible approach to address this problem. In the present study, BC2F1 generation was developed between a submergence tolerant donor, Swarna-Sub1and the widely grown recurrent parent, Rajendra Sweta. A parental polymorphism survey between these two parents revealed 46 polymorphic SSR loci covering all the chromosomes of rice genome. Foreground selection was done in each generation for the confirmation of Sub1 QTL. Molecular markers that were tightly linked to Sub1, flanking Sub1 and unlinked to Sub1 were used to apply foreground, recombinant and background selection, respectively, in BC2F1 generation. Out of 91 plants, 50 plants were found positive in foreground selection using Indel primer Sub1bc2. Recombinant selection was done on these 50 heterozygous plants with RM219. Out of these 50 individuals, five recombinants were selected namely, BC2F1-4,BC2F1-28,BC2F1-37,BC2F1-43 andBC2F1-79. Background selection was carried out on these five recombinants with 46 SSR markers. Recipient allele frequency was calculated for these five recombinants which ranged from 51.1% to 78.2%. In BC2F1 generation, maximum recipient parent recovery obtained was 78.2% for individual BC2F1-79. Screening for submergence tolerance revealed that the recombinants were able to survive complete submergence for 14 days and were also able to recover faster upon de-submergence. Higher ADH enzyme activity was observed in donor as well as recombinants during submergence. Similarly, higher concentration of carbohydrate before submergence and its slower depletion during submergence was observed in all the recombinants. Chlorophyll content was found greater in the recombinants than the recipient parent Rajendra Sweta.Morphological observations (days to flowering, plant height, tiller number, flag leaf length, panicle length, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant) under stress condition revealed that for all the traits Sub1’s were similar to or better than Rajendra Sweta. The newly improved rice line, BC2F1-79 containing Sub1and showing highest recovery may further be utilized in backcross breeding program to improve its recovery percentage and the similar strategy can be followed to introgress other QTLs for biotic and abiotic resistance into the high yielding varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Improvement in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for yield and quality attributing traits(Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), BAU, Sabour, 2019-01-31) Adarsh, Anupam; Kumar, RandhirBitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important cucurbitaceous crop belonging to the family cucurbitaceae and is widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its fruit. Bitter gourd being rich in all the essential vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A, B1, B2, C and iron, its regular intake prevents many complications such as hypertension, eye complications, neuritis and defective metabolism of carbohydrates. It increases body's resistance against infection. The crop is highly cross pollinated due to its monoecious nature. The genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association and path analysis for qualitative and quantitative characters were carried out in 21 accessions. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in years, (Feb-June) 2015, (Feb-June) 2016 and (Feb-June) 2017.Significant variation was observed among most of the genotypes for all the traits under studied. High PCV along with high heritability, and genetic advance were observed for fruit weight, vitamin C, carotenoid and total phenol content whereas high PCV along with moderate value of genetic advance was observed for days to 1st fruit harvest, fruit length, fruit fly infestation, number of seeds/fruit, flavonoid, iron and fruit yield/plant. The correlation analysis for morphological traits revealed that all the traits were positively correlated with yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level except node number to 1st staminate flower, node number to 1st pistillate flower, days to 1st staminate and pistillate flower anthesis, days to 50% flowering and days to 1st fruit harvest. The correlation analysis for biochemical traits revealed that all the traits were negatively correlated with yield per plant except Vitamin C, total chlorophyll, total phenol and iron both at genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed that lowest positive direct on yield per plant was observed for fruit fly infestations. Negative direct effect on yield per plant were recorded on node number to 1st staminate flower, internodal length, no. of primary branches/vine, days to 1st fruit harvest, days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis, node no.to 1st pistillate flower, days to 1st staminate flower anthesis, vine length, number of seeds/fruits. The indirect path analysis for morphological traits revealed that characters fruit diameter had maximum positive indirect effect via fruit weight (1.128), fruit length (0.911), vine length (0.745), days to 50% flowering (0.223), number of fruits/vine (0.174) and fruit fly infestations (0.142). Days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis had maximum positive indirect effect via fruit weight (1.095), node number to 1st pistillate flower (0.582), node number to 1st staminate flower (0.640), days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis (0.381) and days to 1st fruit harvest (0.369). The indirect path analysis for biochemical traits revealed that characters total Phenols had maximum positive indirect effect via flavonoids and acidity. Chlorophyll a had maximum positive indirect effect via Vitamin c, total sugar, flavonoids, chlorophyll b, acidity and total phenol. Residual effect of path analysis was very low (0.7339) suggesting inclusion of maximum yield influencing characters in analysis. The multivariate analysis according to Tocher’s method revealed that genotype was grouped into five clusters depending on their genetic divergence Cluster I had maximum number (11) of genotypes closely followed by cluster II (7). Cluster III, IV and V consists of only 1 genotypes. These accessions were further analyzed by multilocus RAPD and ISSR marker system. Combined data analysis of RAPD (17) and ISSR (11) markers provided 73.66 % polymorphism with 5.33 polymorphic amplicons per primer. The better discriminatory power of ISSR markers over RAPD markers may be due to comparatively higher values of average polymorphic information content (PIC;0.175), gene diversity (0.213) and allele frequency (0.814) as well as the diverse nature of the genotypes. The clustering of the both RAPD and ISSR marker divided the genotypes into five different sub-cluster. Some genotypes i.e. BRBTL, BRBTW, Pusa Aushadhi, Karela Safed, Gangajalee small and Pusa Rasdar were selected based on molecular and morphological diversity of genotypes. Random crosses were made and their heterotic effects had estimated. BRBBTL x Pusa Aushadhi and BRBTL x Gangajalee small had shown significant heterotic effects for most of the traits in terms of better parent and standard parent. Genetic effects of both qualitative and quantitative traits of both crosses of bitter gourd were studied using generation means analysis in six populations including P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 generations of cross BRBTL x Pusa Aushadhi and BRBTL x Gangajalee Small. Significant parental difference was observed for all the traits in both the crosses. Scaling test indicate significant additive, dominance and non-additive gene action were responsible for most of the traits. The cross BRBTL x Pusa Aushadhi exhibits additive × dominance (j) and dominance × dominance (l) were highly significant for most of the traits whereas the additive(d), dominance (h) and additive x dominance (j) had found significant in cross BRBTL x Gangajalee Small.ThesisItem Open Access Study the Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Development in a Village: A Case Study(Department of Extension Education, BAU, Sabour, 2019-05-25) Kumar, Neeraj; Singh, S. R.India live in villages and the later continue to be the sole basic units of administration in the country since time immemorial. However, quite ironically, the ‘village’ is often associated with ‘backwardness’, tradition’ or ‘conservative attitude’. Bihar is a state blessed with fertile lands, diverse climatic situations and large human as well as natural agricultural resources. But it is also a state which faces the persistent problems like fragmented land holdings, poor farm infrastructure, poor access to extension services and high population density and resultant poverty. The low average yields of most commodities, the huge gaps between the demonstrated and generally realized yields, the low farmers’ income and widespread rural poverty despite the blessed richness of the natural resources needs a holistic system based approach to simultaneously enhance productivity, profitability, equity and environmental sustainability through synergistically integrating crops including horticultural and other cash crops, livestock, fisheries, agro forestry, watershed-based soil and water management, social capital formation, agro-processing and marketing in an end-to end mode. In order to understand as to how to address the constraints and problems in agriculture to lead to overall development, an in-depth study of one village needed to be undertaken and on the basis of the database, a development programme needed to be undertaken. Only such an experience of working in a village could provide an insight for future village development programmes on large scale. Keeping this in aim in view, this research study entitled “Study the Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Development in a Village: A Case Study” was conceptualized with the following specific objectives: 1 To study the situational profile of the farmers and the village. 2 To assess the livelihood diversification pattern among the farmers. 3 To identify the opportunities of agricultural development in the selected Village. 4 To determine the challenges and constraints of the agricultural development in the selected village. Twin villages, Birnaudha and Barhari of Goradih block in Bhagalpur district of Bihar state which were already selected under FARMER FIRST Programme of ICAR by Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (BAU, Sabour) were selected purposively for this investigation. This study aimed to build valuable data base for this all-inclusive development programme so that planning and execution of the programme could have a data support and could provide a benchmark for evaluation of achievements of the efforts made under the programme. But total households in these villages numbered more than 1,300. Considering the limitation of a Student’s study with respect to time and resources, only 400 farm families were randomly selected for this investigation. The variables of the study were selected through a lot of discussion with the scientists working in the Farmer First Project, progressive farmers of the villages and other scientists of the University who enjoined wide field experience. These variables were operationally defined and measures were decided objectively and scientifically. For measuring some variables like Socio-economic status, gender participation and marketing behavior of the respondents, well established scales were used and for other variables, schedules were developed. The entire schedule was pre-tested for its reliability and validity. The data collected with the help of schedule was subjected to suitable statistical analysis and results were discussed in the light of literature available in the subject area of the study. The majority of the respondents (68.75%) were in the age of 36-50 years, belonged to BC II Category (65.0 %), about 47.0 per cent respondents possessed high school and above qualification, while 14.25 per cent were illiterate. Further, the majority of them (86.25%) had nuclear families and family size of 57.50 percent was medium. About 70.00 percent respondents were marginal farmers, 45.0 percent possessed Pucca houses 35.0 percent had mixed type of houses. Agriculture was the sole occupation of 32.50 percent respondents only. There were 28.75 percent respondents doing the work of labour along with farming. About half of the respondents (52.75%) had an annual income in the range of Rs. 50.001 to 75,000 and income above Rs. 1.0 lakh was of 7.25 percent respondents only. About 54.25 percent had medium level of material possession followed by low (27.25%) and high level (18.50%). Under the above background, the majority of respondents (75.0%) had received some training in agriculture, from one day to more than 10-days duration. But still 53.75 percent respondents had medium level of knowledge followed by 36.25 percent having low level of knowledge of important farm technologies. So, large adoption gap (67.0%) exists with respect to improved technology of commonly cultivated crops. Component-wise, maximum gap was found with respect to Plant protection measures (91.0%). It was followed by seed treatment (90.0%). The adoption gaps were also very large with respect to improved varieties and seed materials (75.0%), intercultural operation (70.0%), water management (66.0%), fertilizer management (63.0%) and sowing methods and time of planting (51.0%). Out of six personalized sources of information, neighbours were used regularly by maximum number of respondents (44.50%) followed by relatives (41.0%). Among mass contact sources, Kisan Diary was most regularly used source of technical information (45.0%), other sources played marginal role. The majority of the growers (61.12 %) sold their produce immediately after the harvest. The majority of the growers (88.88%) used Tempo/Jeep for transportation of their agricultural produce to the market. Livelihood diversification was found with 48.50 percent respondents at medium level and 27.25 percent at high level. The Index Value of the financial capitals was highest (62.14) whereas of Human capitals was the lowest (48.92). The associations of Extension contact and mass media contacts with all the five livelihood capitals and the overall security were positive and highly significant. The fertile soil for cultivation was perceived by the respondents to be the most important factor for agricultural development. Major crops grown in this villages are rice, wheat, maize, potato & other vegetables. However, the agricultural sector in the village is plagued with numerous, and well known, constraints and problems. The present study discusses the issues plaguing the agricultural sector in the village, Bihar and talks about the possible opportunities interventions to make the best use of available resources adopting a multi-pronged strategy of development. It also talks about the village specific problems and suggests ways and means to tackle them.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of GA3 application on physiological regulation of flowering and maturity in mango [Mangifera indica L.] cv. Langra(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2019-01-12) Singh, Deen Dayal; Singh, Rewti RamanMango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops of many tropical and sub-tropical countries of world which belongs to the family Anacardiaceae (Nakasone and Paul 1998 and Purseglove 1972).The experiment was carried out in Horticulture Garden of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour during Rabi season of 2013 - 2015 with the objectives focused in this direction on the effect of GA3 application on physiological regulation of flowering and maturity in mango [Mangifera indica L.] cv. Langra. A critical analysis of data revealed that wide range of phonological observation was observed on morphological traits. The traits such as panicle emergence (14.55 Days), days to 50 % flowering (38.45 Days), bud break to full bloom (45.85 Days) and period of full bloom to maturity (110.43 Days) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 100 ppm, respectively. The other traits like panicles per tree (1044.45) and maximum leaf area (89.73 cm2) were recorded when application of gibberellic acid @ 200 ppm respectively. The other traits like length of panicles (26.73 cm) was recorded when application of gibberellic acid @ 0 ppm while flowering intensity (67.09 %) was recorded when spray of gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm. A wide range was observed with application of gibberellic acid on Physiological parameters. The trait such as photosynthetic rate (8.71 µmol/m2/sec) and internal CO2 concentration (283.80 ppm) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 200 ppm while Stomatal conductance of leaf (0.163 µmol/m2/sec) was recorded at the time of stone formation stage. The physical observations fruit set percentage (17.98 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm within pea stage and fruit retention percentage (0.67 %) and fruit drop percentage (99.01 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 0 ppm within stone formation stage. The other traits like yield (288.73 Kg/ plant) and length of fruit (97.47 mm) was recorded with spray of gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm respectively. The other traits like pulp weight (210.00 g), edible: non edible ratio (2.69) and Pulp and stone ratio (6.11) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm, however, maximum stone weight (37.95 g) and peal weight (59.91 g) was recorded at the time of 20 days before expected harvest stage. A wide range of Chemical parameter was observed with application of different dose of gibberellic acid. The parameters such as total soluble solids (20.53 0Brix), acidity percentage (0.364 %), total sugar content (16.24 %) and ascorbic acid content (57.65 mg/ 100 g fruit weight) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm, respectively. The wide range of Leaf nutrient was observed with different dose of gibberellic acid. The parameters such as nitrogen content (1.31 %) and phosphorus content (0.109 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 0 ppm. Other traits like potassium content (0.91 %) and iron content (79.52 ppm) and manganese content (58.86 ppm) and copper content of leaf (32.90 ppm) were recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 200 ppm respectively. The traits like leaf calcium content (1.87 %) and magnesium content (0.188 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 100 ppm while as leaf zinc content (19.97 ppm) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 0 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Mineral nutrient studies in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady under alluvial soil of Bihar(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2019-11-25) Kumari, Pushpa; Ahmad, M. FezaAn experiment entitled “Mineral nutrient studies in papaya (Carica papaya L) cv. Red Lady under alluvial soil of Bihar” was conducted during 2016-18 at the experimental site of Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAC, Sabour to the main objective of the study was to verified effect of different source of fertilizers and its various doses on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics along with mineral nutrient uptake pattern during different growth stages of papaya. Treatments comprising three levels each of neem coated urea (0, 100 and 200 g/plant), calcium nitrate (0, 100 and 200 g/plant) and murate of potash (0, 200 and 400 g/plant) alone and its combination were taken under Randomised Block Design (factorial) with two replication. In each replication four plants has been considered as an experimental unit. In another experiment, three harvesting time (7 A.M, 12 P.M and 5 P.M) under RBD were also chosen to evaluate the effect of harvesting time on postharvest shelf life of papaya fruits. Significant variation among physical and quality parameters, nutrient content of leaf petiole and fruit at different developmental stages of papaya was observed. The vegetative parameters like plant height, stem thickness and no. of leaves/plant increased as the duration of planting increases, but the growth was faster at 3rd to 6th month of planting. After 7 month of planting, plant height, stem thickness and no. of leaves/plant varies from 99.34 to 103.05 cm; 67.91 to 76.90 mm & 18.55 to 20.89 for individual application and93.97 to 109.67 cm; 66.99 to 84.93 mm & 16.74 to 22.31 respectively due to interaction of these fertilizer sources. The total no. of flowers per plant increased significantly as the level of fertilizer increases alone (19.33-21.53) and its combination (18.00-22.29). From this study, we found that no. of fruits increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen and potash doses (14.97 to 18.14). Fruit weight increased up to 100 g dose of nitrogen then decreased at higher dose (200 g); however, it increased with the increase of potash level from 0 to 400g during both the year (0.896-0.928 kg and 0.890-0.956 kg respectively). Fruit yield varies from 13.79- 17.22 kg/plant and 16.10 - 19.41 kg/plant in 1st and 2nd year respectively. The quality parameters viz., TSS and carotenoid content of fruits were found significant in alone (7.77-8.88 °B and 2.29 - 2.67 mg/100g, respectively) and combination of nitrogen and potash (7.28 - 9.00 °B and 1.75 - 2.94 mg/100g, respectively). Acidity content of fruit varies from 0.33-0.35 %. Firmness of fruit varies from 8.81- 9.57 kg/cm2in alone application of all these fertilizers. Nitrogen content of leaf petiole (1.48-1.87 %) increased with the increase of nitrogen and potash level; however, phosphorus (0.19 % - 0.23 %) and potash (2.01 % - 2.44 %) content of leaf petiole increased only up to 100 g concentration and then decreased in 200 g of applied nitrogen. Similarly, calcium and magnesium content of papaya petiole decreased as the levels of neem coated urea increased (1.31 % - 1.23 % and 0.63 % - 0.59 %) but their content increased with increasing levels of MOP (1.21 % - 1.31 % and 0.58 % - 0.63 %, respectively). The zinc and copper content of leaf petiole increased up to 100 g neem coated urea and then decreased at higher dose (200 g) whereas, Zn and Cu content increased with the increase of CaNO3 and MOP level (19.19 - 20.75 ppm and 2.44 - 2.93 ppm, respectively). The iron and manganese content of petiole increased continuously with increasing levels of neem coated urea increases (30.76 - 43.01 ppm and 17.15 - 20.39 ppm); whereas, Fe and Mn content increased only up to 100 g of CaNO3 and 200 g dose of MOP. Similarly, the nutrient content of fruit at different growth stages from fruit set to ripening was recorded. Nitrogen and potash content decreased from fruit set (0.48 % and 2.02 %) to maturity stage (0.21 % and 1.81 %) and then again increased at ripening stage (1.33 % and 1.96 %) respectively. Similar pattern was observed for iron content in the fruit. However, the phosphorus content increased up to maturity (0.41 % to 0.58 %) and then decreased at ripening stage (0.29 %). The calcium content in the fruit fall drastically from fruit set to maturity (1.54 % - 0.16 %) and then increased at ripening stage (0.51 %). However, magnesium, zinc, manganese and copper content of fruit decreased continuously from fruit set to ripening. Data related to quality parameters of harvested fruit at different time of the day and storage at ambient condition were varied significantly. The TSS content of fruit ranged from (8.48 to 9.95 °Brix), acidity (0.25 % to 0.29 %), TSS-Acidity ratio (30.27 to 38.25), PLW, (15.12 % to 19.81 %) and fruit volume (517 to 822 ml) at 9th day of storage. Whereas, ascorbic acid content varies between 26.62 - 54.47 mg/100 g, phenol, 143.63 - 178.05 mg GAE/100g FW and carotenoid, 3.13 - 4.46 mg/100 g at 9th days of storage. The highest fruit firmness (7.20 kg/cm2) recordedat 5 PM and lowest (4.88 kg/cm2) at 12 P.M. Out of three levels of two nitrogenous fertilizers, calcium nitrate was found significantly superior over neem coated urea. Among different combinations, calcium nitrate @ 200g along with 100g neem coated urea showed best result. Interaction of neem coated urea @ 200 g, CaNO3 @ 100 g and MOP @ 400g showed best among different combination in governing the plant morphology. Among the different harvest time 5 PM harvested fruit show overall good in preserving antioxidant properties and quality of fruit for longer duration. After 6th days of storage fruit losses its market value due to loss of moisture firmness and appearance.The findings of these research might be beneficial for farmer to give optimum doses of nitrogen and potash at proper growth stage, and harvest the fruit at optimum time of the day, so that plant produce optimum yield and quality fruit with maximum storage life after harvesting.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under need based nitrogen management strategies and tillage options using active crop canopy sensor(Department of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour, 2019-11-13) Pratap, Tej; Haque, Md. MizanulWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important grain crops and is the backbone of the national food security system. The country has witnessed a dramatic increase in wheat production from a mere 2.9 mt in 1964 to all time record 98.38 mt (2016-17). This increase production has mainly come through a net gain in productivity per unit area. In Bihar wheat is growing in an around 2.2 mha and produced 5.5 mt with a productivity of 28 q/ha. The productivity of wheat in Bihar is below the national wheat productivity which creates an opportunity for improving productivity. In order to meet the food demand of the growing population which is expected to reach 1.3 billion by 2020 AD, it is essential to sustain the productivity at a much higher level. The projected demand for wheat by 2020 is 105.0 mt and to achieve is new and innovative production technological approaches are to be explored. Resource degradation problems are being manifested is several ways like soil health degradation and adverse environmental effect due to global climate change. Decline soil carbon and fertility are affecting soil biodiversity resulting in multiple nutrient deficiencies and above all a decline in factor productivity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for promoting conservation agricultural practices and adoption of precision technologies that can reverse the process of resource degradation. Hence, increased production efficiency and resilience in agriculture is what the need at the current juncture. In-efficient input (fertilizers) use is a key factor pushing the cost of cultivation and pulling down the profitability in wheat farming. Hence, we must ensure synergy for better synchronization of the demand of crop with nutrients inputs to achieve maximum benefit interms of higher production and input-use-efficiency. Site specific nutrient management practices (SSNMP) are adopted with due consideration to spatial and temporal variability in order to maximizeproduction and minimize cost of production and environmental damage. Among different management variability, SSNM and soil management are two major concerns. Nitrogenous fertilizers being basic and widely used nutrients in crop production needs special attention for precision management practices for improving N-use efficiency reducing N losses and environmental pollution.For improving N-use efficiency, reducing N lossesand environmental pollution Precision tools, viz. active canopy sensor and SPAD meter may prove to be beneficial in ecologically sound and economically viable options of wheat production. Keeping the above facts in consideration, a field experiment entitled “performance of wheat under need based nitrogen managementstrategy and tillage options using active crop canopy sensor.” Was carried out with three replications during the year rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 in BAC, Research Farm Sabour. Two different tillage options (conventional tillage, CT and Zero tillage, ZT) were kept in main –plots and six different nutrient management practices [viz.N1-Recommended dose of nutrients (150:60:40 kg NPK/ha, full P & K and ½ N at basal +1/2 N in two splitting at 1st & 2nd irrigation- Top dressing after irrigation, N2-Recommended dose of nutrients (150:60:40 kg NPK/ ha, full P & K and ½ N at basal + ½ N in two splitting at 1st & 2nd irrigation-Top dressing before irrigation, N3-SSNM Based on Nutrient Expert (NE), N4-70% N of SSNM based on NE+ remaining N as guided by Green Seeker, N5 Nitrogen enriched plots (225:60:40 Kg. NPK/ha.) and N6- SPAD based nutrient management, (75 Kg. N as basal + 25 Kg. N as 1st top dress + 25 Kg. N at 42 SPAD reading) were evaluated in sub plots. The experimental results revealed that different tillage option could not affect the growth & yield attributes of wheat crops where as, different nutrients management practices significantly influences the several growth and yield attributing characters. Yield opened under conventional tillage practice (43.4 q/ ha. & 45.0 q/ha. During both years) zero tillage practices (41.5 q/ha. & 44.3 q/ha.) were statically alike Different nutrients management practice and positive influence on growth, yield attributing characters and yield of wheat crops. SSNM based on nutrients expert (70 % N) + remaining N as guided by green-Seeker recorded higher mean wheat grain yield of 45.5 q/ha. and 49.4 q/ha during both years of experimental and was statically at par with the mean grain yield recorded under N3, N6 and N1-level of nutrients management. Similarly other growth and yield attributing characters like dry matter at different growth stages, LAI, CGR, effective tillers, spike length, number of grains per spike, HI and test weight followed the same trend. Maximum uptake of N, P and K were recorded under N4 level of nutrients management. Based on N applied in various nutrients management option and observed that the agronomic nutrients management use efficiency was higher (43.33 & 47.03) in the treatments N4 so far the B:C ratio is concerned the maximum value (2.82 &3.02) is recorded under N4 treatments and was statistically at par with the B:C ratio under the treatment N6. Based on the result obtained during both years of experimentation, it may be concluded that performance of timely sown irrigated wheat crop under conventional and zero tillage condition were found to be statically alike in obtained grain yield of wheat but for economic point of view cultivation of wheat under zero tillage condition was found to be the most economic method of wheat cultivation. Among the different nutrients management practices the 70% N of SSNM based on NE along with Green-Seeker guided N application may prove to be the effective and efficient management practices for resource efficient and cost efficient production of wheat. The result of the present study are promising to suggest that precision N management based on Nutrient Expert tool and Green-Seeker guided N management can potentially improve agronomic economic return from irrigated wheat production system.ThesisItem Open Access Runner production of strawberry and its survivability in subtropical condition of Eastern India(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2019-10-04) Kumar, Vikash; Sahay, SanjayThe cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) belongs to family Rosaceae is a natural hybrid, derived from two North American species, Scarlet (Fragaria virginiana Duch.) and Chilean (Fragaria chiloensis Duch.). This is an octaploid (2n=8x=56) developed in France during the 17th Century. Due to popularity of strawberry, there is need of cultivation of strawberry but insufficient planting material is major limiting factor. As we know, commercially strawberry is propagated by runner therefore keeping the facts we need huge planting materials for the fulfilment of cultivation of strawberry. In view of potential commercial value of this crop, it is highly desirable to develop an efficient tissue culture protocol as well as runner production in field condition for rapid and large scale multiplication of strawberry under Bihar conditions. In the experimental results, sterilizing agent HgCl2 @ 0.1 % for 3 minutes was effective for 70 % establishment. The other parameters like the minimum number of days taken for shoot proliferation (21.67) and the maximum number of shoot generated per explant (5.40) were found in MS media supplemented with BAP @ 3.0 mg/l + NAA @ 0.5 mg/l respectively. The maximum shoot length (5.80 cm) was found in MS media consisting with BAP @ 3.0 mg/l and the maximum number of leaves per generated shoots (6.04) was found in MS media added with BAP @ 4.5 mg/l + NAA @ 0.5 mg/l. The maximum root formation (53.96 %), root length (4.80 cm), number of root generated per shoot (6.80) and the number of days taken for root initiation (18.40) were achieved in half MS media consisting with IAA @ 1.5 mg/l. Strawberry plantlets obtained through micropropagation exhibited 20-60 per cent survival during acclimatization in different potting mixtures. In the field condition, the maximum plant height (28.54 cm), plant spread (39.00 cm), crown diameter (42.68 mm), petiole length (12.53 cm), number of leaves per plant (25.60), number of runner per plant (15.73), runner length (23.27 cm) and leaf area (36.52 cm2) were found with application of GA3 @ 250 ppm. The results described various factors that influence the phenolic exudation, establishment, shoot proliferation, shoot multiplication, root induction and acclimatization of strawberry as well as runner production with application of GA3 @ 250 ppm in order to make it commercial production of strawberry planting materials for future perspective.
