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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of quality and yield parameters in Katarni rice derived lines under different photoperiods(Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2023) Mahto, Divya; Singh, P. K.Rice is one of the major staple foods for more than 60% of the world population in general and South-East Asian people, in particular. However, very few high yielding non-basmati aromatic semi-dwarf rice varieties are available for cultivation. Katarni rice is traditional rice which is native of Bihar and extensively grown in few blocks of districts of Bhagalpur, Munger and Banka. This rice has a unique aroma with medium slender grain but it suffers from lodging problem due to weak culm and tall height (150-170 cm) which results in its low yielding (25-30 Q/ha) ability. Simultaneously, it is photosensitive with longer maturity period of 150-155 days. Hence in order to enhance its Farmers adoption a high yielding semi-dwarf and early maturing aromatic lines of Katarni is needed.To reduce the height and maturity period, a marker assisted backcrossing and forward breeding programme was initiated at Rice Section, BAU Sabour by crossing Katarni with two semi-dwarf and medium maturing rice varieties namely Rajendra Sweta, IR64 and MTU7029.Present study was undertaken to assess the genetic variability among the 54selected advanced breeding lines of Katarni along with parental checks i.e. Katarni, R. Sweta, IR64, MTU7029, Sabour Surbhit and Rajendra Suwasini at four different date of sowing in two years i.e. 2018 (DOS 1: 15-6-2018) and 2019 (DOS2: 29-5-2019, DOS3: 15-6-2019 and DOS4: 15-7-2019). In a trial conducted in Alpha Lattice (Incomplete Block Design), the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed highly significant differences for all the traits among all the genotypes studied. Grain yield per plant had positive non-significant correlation with days of 50 % flowering in all three trials except for the DOS-4. Plant height had a negative and non-significant correlation with grain yield in all the trails. The pooled analysis of Amylose content at DOS-1 and DOS-3 revealed that nine genotypes had low amylose content (24 %). The pooled analysis of ASV at DOS-1 and DOS-3 revealed that ten genotypes had ASV score between 1-2, 17 genotypes had ASV score between 2-3, 17 genotypes has ASV score between 4-5 and 10 genotypes had ASV score between 6-7. Maximum positive correlation with grain yield has been showed by number of tiller per plant in all the four trials. In DOS-1 and DOS-4, length/breadth ratio and ASV, whereas in DOS-2 and DOS-3 number of tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight showed highest direct effect on yield per plant. Trait linked SSR markers used had showed considerable polymorphism among the genotypes. The gene specific primers for heading date (Hd3A), semi-dwarf (sd1) and fragrance (badh2) also explained variation among the genotypes. Genotypes KRS-20, KRS 37, KRS-15 and KRS-16 can be exploited in breeding programme to obtain high yield genotypes as these genotypes showed high per se performance for yield per plant and number of tillers per plant under all four date of sowing.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of submergence tolerant backcross derived lines of an elite rice variety “Rajendra Sweta(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2022) Singh, Digvijay; SatyendraThe present research work entitled Characterization of submergence tolerant backcross derived lines of an elite rice variety “Rajendra Sweta” was undertaken on the backcross populations developed through Marker Assisted Back-crossed introgression of submergence tolerant Sub1 QTL from donor parent Swarna Sub1 to Rajendra Sweta, a well-adapted, high yielding and preferred rice variety of Bihar state in order to remove its bottleneck of submergence susceptibility. Total of 5 best homozygous plants out of 32 BC2F2 with maximum morphological similarity to Rajendra Sweta were selected to carry out background selection. The highest recurrent parent genome recovery was in plant number BC2F2-RS-126-100-50 (94.81 %) selected for the development of BC2F3. In BC2F3, 45 single plants based on phenotypic similarity to Rajendra Sweta were selected and advanced to BC2F4 generation. Screening for submergence tolerance revealed that all the Sub1 introgressed BC2F4 lines exhibited survival percentage either similar or better than the donor parent Swarna Sub1 and tolerant check FR13A. All the Sub1 introgressed BC2F4 lines of Rajendra Sweta expressed increased rate of ADH and PDC activities and maintained higher level of both soluble (NSC) and insoluble carbohydrate (SC). BC2F4 lines had low chlorophyll degradation compared to Rajendra Sweta. Five backcross derived lines namely BC2F4-RS-24, BC2F4-RS-14, BC2F4-RS-7, BC2F4-RS-18, BC2F4-RS-37 were found better than the recurrent parent Rajenda Sweta in terms of yield, grain and cooking quality traits. Identified backcross derived lines could be further utilized for detailed study related to adaptability under different agro-climatic zones of the state.ThesisItem Open Access Mapping of QTLs for grain iron and zinc content in rice(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2022) Singh, Rahul; Singh, S.P.Rice is a major cereal crop rich in starch, carbohydrates but deficient in major micronutrients such as iron and zinc content in grains. The population solely depends on rice based food for their calorific supply suffers from malnutrition and several health impairments termed as hidden hunger. A small increase in iron and zinc density in rice variety using plant breeding methods and procedure can be able to improve socio-economic condition of the peoples. Primary and basic step to develop such a miracle variety is to identify and mapping the linked QTLs. Thus present investigation was aimed to map the QTLs linked with grain iron and zinc content in F2 mapping population derived from selfing of true F1 cross made between Samba Mahsuri (female parent) and Sathi (male parent) at Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar. Ten morphological and two qualitative (grain iron and zinc content) data were recorded from each individual plant separately from the F2 mapping population. All the recorded data were subjected to descriptive analysis and correlation analysis. Whereas for genotyping, selective genotyping was used in which a distribution curve were constructed using grain iron and zinc data recorded from 192 F2 population including parents. Of this population selective genotyping were carried out using 47 genotypes from lower tail of distribution and 47 genotypes from upper tail of distribution along with both parents. In total 96 genotypes including parents were used to generate genotypic data using parental polymorphic molecular markers. Both phenotypic (grain iron and zinc content) and genotypic data were subjected to QTL analysis using QTL Cartographer software. The finding of descriptive analysis of present investigation revealed that number of filled grains per panicle, grain yield per plant, days to fifty percent flowering, plant height, grain zinc content, number of effective tillers per plant and grain iron content showed range value in their descending order. Positive skewness was recorded for number of effective tillers per plant, grain length-breadth ratio, thousand grain weight, grain zinc content and grain yield per plant. While negative skewness was recorded for days to fifty percent flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain breadth and grain iron content. Number of filled grains per panicle, grain length-breadth ratio, grain zinc and iron content were found to be platykurtic nature of distribution. Significantly and negative correlation were found for grain iron and zinc content with plant height, number of effective tillers per plant, number of field grains per panicle and grain yield per plant, whereas significantly positive correlation with each other. Grain yield per plant exhibited significantly positive correlation with plant height, number of effective tillers per plant and number of field grains per panicle. Transgressive segregants were observed for grain iron and zinc content in the segregating population. In addition, QTL analysis was carried out using single marker analysis and composite interval mapping. Single marker analysis detected 19 markers linked with grain zinc content from which six markers namely, OSZIP1, RM475, OSZIP3B, RM20, RM141 and RM12 located on the chromosome 1, 2, 4, 12.1, 12.2 and 12.4 showed higher phenotypic variance 11.79%, 19.83%, 8.13%, 12.79%, 15.6% and 15.9% with LOD value 11.79, 20.77, 7.97, 12.87, 15.98 and 16.30, respectively. Similarly, Single marker analysis detected 5 markers linked with grain iron content from which 3 markers RM475, RM320, and RM441 located on the chromosome 2, 7 and 11 and showed phenotypic variance of 7.49%, 5.2% and 6.47% with LOD value 7.32, 5.02 and 6.29, respectively. Composite interval mapping identified one novel QTL for grain zinc content namely qZn2.1 on the chromosome 2 flanked with marker RM301-RM475. QTL qZn2.1 showed phenotypic variance of 8.02% with LOD value 5.14. However, composite interval mapping identified 2 novel QTLs for grain iron content namely qFe2.1 and qFe12 on the chromosome 2 and 12 flanked with marker RM301-RM475 and RM141-RM235, respectively. QTL namely qFe2.1 and qFe12 showed phenotypic variance 28.74% and 34.52% with LOD value 8.79 and 9.1, respectively. Further fine mapping of QTLs in advanced line for grain iron and zinc content may be helpful in improving nutrient density in rice variety using marker assisted selection. Additionally, positive correlation between grain iron and zinc content leads to simultaneous improvement for both the traits.ThesisItem Open Access Combining Ability and Yield Stability in Maize (Zea mays L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2021) Chaurasia, Niranjan Kumar; Nirala, R. B. P.The present investigation entitled, “Combining ability and yield stability in maize (Zea mays L.)” was carried out with seven inbred lines, twenty one F1’s which were developed through diallel matting scheme (Method II Model I) and three hybrid checks at three locations during Kharif 2019 and Rabi 2019-20. The locations were (i) Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour (Zone-IIIA of Bihar); (ii) Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College, Purnea (Zone-II of Bihar) and (iii) Pulse Research Centre, Mokama (Zone-IIIB of Bihar). The mean data of fourteen characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, anthesis-silking interval, days to 50 per cent physiological maturity, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row, grains per plant, 1000-kernel weight, shelling per cent and grain yield per plant were analyzed using statistical methods (i) to study general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses, respectively, (ii) heterotic responses of maize hybrid, and (iii) G x E interaction and stability parameters of yield and component characters. The pooled analysis of variance for design of experiment over six environments indicated highly significant mean squares due to environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interactions (GEI) for all the fourteen quantitative traits under study. The pooled analysis of variance for diallel analysis (Method II Model I) revealed highly significant mean squares due to environments, genotypes, parents, hybrids, parents vs hybrids, genotype x environments, parent x environments, hybrid x environments and parent vs hybrids x environments for all the characters under study except due to hybrids x environments for ear length, kernel rows per ear and shelling per cent. The pooled analysis of variance for combining ability reveled highly significant mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), environments, GCA x environment interactions and SCA x environment interactions for all the characters under study. The magnitude of mean squares due to GCA x environment interactions were greater than respective SCA x environment interactions for all the character studied except days to 50 per cent anthesis, ear length and 1000-kernels weight. The pooled estimate of variance components for various parameters showed a lower ratio of σ2gca/σ2sca for all the characters studied except anthesis-silking interval revealed preponderance of non-additive gene effects in expression of characters. The pooled estimates of GCA effects of seven parents revealed the parents, namely, P1, P6 and P7 were good general combiner for grain yield per plant and its component traits. The pooled estimates of SCA effects revealed the hybrids, namely, P3 x P6, P4 x P5, P2 x P5, P2 x P3, P2 x P4, P3 x P4, P2 x P6, P3 x P5, P1 x P5, P1 x P6, P3 x P7, P4 x P7, P1 x P7, P1 x P2, P6 x P7, P1 x P3, P5 x P6 and P1 x P4 were good specific combinations for grain yield per plant. These hybrids were also found to be good specific combinations for three or more yield component traits. The hybrids, P1 x P4, P2 x P5, P3 x P6, P4 x P5 and P6 x P7 were found to be good specific combinations for early days to 50 per cent anthesis, early days to 50 per cent silk, shorter anthesis-silking interval and early days to 50 per cent physiological maturity. The pooled estimates of mid parent, better parent and standard heterosis over the best check, DMRH-1308 (C1) for grain yield per plant revealed the hybrids, namely, P1 x P7, P2 x P5 and P3 x P6 exhibited significant to highly significant positive heterotic responses for this trait. Analysis of variance for stability of fourteen quantitative traits in maize over six environments revealed mean squares due to genotypes, Env. + (G x Env.), environment (linear) and pooled deviations were highly significant for all the characters under studied. The significant to highly significant mean squares due to G x E (linear) were observed for all the traits under study except for days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear length, kernels per row and grains per plant. The higher magnitude of mean squares due to environment (linear) than the G x E (linear) were recorded for all the studied traits indicated that linear response of environment accounting for major part of the total variance. The estimates of environmental indices revealed the environment, E4 (Rabi 2019-20, BAU, Sabour) had highly positive environmental indices for all the traits under study. Hence, E4 was considered as the most favorable environment amongst the six environments for expression of all the studied characters. The estimates of stability parameters for grain yield per plant revealed nine hybrids, namely, P1 x P2, P1 x P4, P1 x P5, P2 x P4, P2 x P5, P3 x P4, P3 x P5, P4 x P7 and P5 x P6 had high mean grain yield, unit regression coefficient (bi=1) and non-significant deviation from regression (S2di=0) indicating these hybrids were stable for this trait over the test environments. Based on estimates of high GCA (at least for female parents), SCA, standard heterosis and stability parameters for grain yield per plant two hybrids, namely, P1 x P5 and P1 x P2 were identified as promising stable experimental hybrids over test environments. Hence these hybrids may be exploited commercially under test environments for the high grain yield.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability, heterosis and stability analysis in kharif maize (Zea mays L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2021) Krishna, Bal; Singh, BirenderAn investigation entitled “Combining ability, heterosis and stability analysis in kharif maize (Zea mays L.)” was carried out with thirteen phenotypically different inbred lines (females) and three testers (male). These lines and testers were planted during rabi 2019-20 and crossed to produce 39 F1s using the linetester mating design. The 39 hybrids were evaluated alongside their 13 lines, 3 testers and 2 checks in a randomised block design with three replications at three locations during kharif 2020. The locations were (i) Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour (Zone-IIIA of Bihar); (ii) Irrigation Research Station Farm, Araria, (Zone-II of Bihar) and (iii) Betelvine Research Centre Farm, Islampur, Nalanda (Zone-IIIB of Bihar). The mean data of twelve characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silking, anthesis-silking interval, days to 75 per cent brown husk, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield were analyzed using various statistical methods to study morphological diversity, combining ability and stability analysis of yield and component characters. Pooled analysis of variance for design of experiment over three environments revealed highly significant mean squares due to environments, genotypes and genotype × environment interactions for all the twelve quantitative traits under study. Sixteen parents were grouped into 5 clusters and cluster I (7) accommodated maximum number of parents. The trait kernels per row contributed highest for total divergence. The maximum intra-cluster distance was recorded in cluster III (14.59) followed by cluster II (8.75), cluster I (3.69) and cluster IV (2.37). Maximum inter-cluster distance was evident between the clusters II and V (658.68) followed by I and II (448.15). Variance due to specific combining ability (SCA) was larger than that general combining ability (GCA) for the all characters indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene action in the expression of various traits. The pooled estimates of GCA effects of 13 lines and 3 testers revealed the lines, namely, namely, L3 followed by L8 and L6 had highly significant positive GCA effects and they were grouped as good general combiners for more grain yield and most of its component traits. The tester viz. T2 showed highly significant positive GCA effect and regarded as good general combiner for high grain yield and most of its component traits. The pooled estimates of SCA effects revealed that thirteen hybrids namely, L1T3, L5T2, L3T1, L8T1, L12T1, L4T1, L9T3, L13T2, L6T2, L3T3, L11T2, L10T1and L2T2 had highly significant to significant positive SCA effect and they were grouped as good specific combinations for high grain yield and most of its component traits. The pooled estimates of economic heterosis over best check, C1 revealed that twelve of the hybrids viz. L13T2, L12T2, L11T2, L9T3, L8T3, L8T1, L6T2, L5T2, L3T3, L3T1, L2T2 and L1T3 were found to have significant to highly significant positive standard heterosis for grain yield and some of the yield contributing traits. Analysis of variance for stability of twelve quantitative traits in maize over three environments revealed mean squares due to genotypes, environments, genotypesenvironments, Env. + (Gen. Env.) and Gen. Env. (Lin.) were highly significant to significant for all the characters under studied while environments (Lin.) was highly significant for all the characters except kernels per row and pooled deviation was also highly significant for all the characters except days to 75 per cent brown husk. The estimates of stability parameters for grain yield revealed two hybrids, L13T2 and L8T3 showed non-significant (S2di), high mean value than population mean and regression coefficient around unity (bi≃1). It revealed the stability of this hybrid for high grain yield under varying environmental conditions. Hence, it is suggested from this study that the parents identified could be utilized for the development of either the synthetic varieties or elite breeding population and the crosses identified could be directly used for heterosis breeding in maize.ThesisItem Open Access Study of Rice genotypes for dry direct seeded condition(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2020) Kanishk, Saraf; Singh, . S. P.Rice production is getting problematic by rising water scarcity and increasing labour costsaround the globe because of climate change, population growth, increased industrial uses and increased demand for the labour respectively. Direct seeded rice hasemerged as one of the potential alternativeto reduce water requirement and cost of cultivation. Thepresent investigation includes theidentification of suitablegenotype(s) for dry direct seeded condition. Fifty diverse genotypes were evaluatedin alpha lattice design with two replications and observations were taken for twenty-five characters. Significant variations among the genotypes were found for all the characters under study except for the relative growth rate. Sixteen characters, namely germination%, total fresh weight (25 and 55 DAS), total dry weight (25 and 55 DAS), Early seedling vigour, SPAD, Flag leaf length, flag leaf breadth, leaf area index,carbohydrate content, chlorophyll stability index, number of tillers per m2, days to 50% flowering, harvest index and dry matter efficiency were found to be significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. Of these,twelve characters namelyearly seedling vigour, seedling height, SPAD, Days to 50% flowering, no. of tillers per m2, flag leaf length, flag leaf breadth, leaf area index, carbohydrate content, harvest index and dry matter efficiencyexhibitedpositive direct effect, whilerest of the charactersshowed indirect effect on grain yield. Fifty genotypes have been studied for molecular characterization using SSR markers. Among theSSR markers used in the study, RM 171 generated maximum number of alleles (07). Maximum polymorphism information content (PIC) values (0.461) was found in RM 105. PIC values have revealed that the RM105 to be the best marker for diversity analysis among the genotypes followed by RM 316, RM 11 and RM 495. The UPGMA cluster dendogram has grouped the genotypes into VI clusters with cluster I containing highest number of genotypes, followed by cluster IV with 0.25 similarity coefficient.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Yield and Descriptor traits(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2020) Kumari, Suvidha; Kumar, MankeshKatarni is traditional non-basmati aromatic rice in Bihar and extensively grown in few blocks of districts of Bhagalpur, Munger and Banka. It has recently been granted Geographical Indication tag due to its territory specific quality traits. The traditional Katrani rice is low yielder due to its tall height (150-170 cm) and weak stature and lodging tendency at the time maturity. To reduce the height and maturity period, a marker assisted breeding programme was initiated in 2013 by crossing Katarni with three semi-dwarf rice varieties namely Rajendra Sweta, IR64 and MTU7029. Till 2018, generation was advanced to F5 through forward breeding and homozygous Katarni derived lines were obtained. Till reaching F6 generation, due to several rounds of meiosis the degree of recombination is higher as compared to F2 populations. DUS testing of selected homozygous lines derived from crosses of Katarni at F6 generation is needed to characterize them with specified traits descriptors before releasing the promising entries as variety and to protect the Plant Breeder’s Right. Assessment of the variability among and between the Katarni derived and local aromatic landraces is needed to identify the target trait for yield enhancement. Present study was framed for assessing the distinctness and uniformity of the genotypes using morphological descriptors of rice and molecular markers. Evaluation of variability for yield attributing traits was also done in study. The result showed that out of 26 visual accessible traits, 11 characters were monomorphic, 7 characters were dimorphic and 8 characters were polymorphic. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits studied. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were recorded for decorticated grain width, decorticated grain length, stem length excluding panicle and panicle number per plant indicating that the selection of these characters will be rewarding. Highly significant positive correlation of grain yield was exhibited with width of leaf blade and stem thickness. The path coefficient analysis revealed that the characters like length of leaf blade, width of leaf blade, stem thickness and decorticated grain length has positive direct effect towards grain yield. Result of molecular characterization revealed that the maximum number of allele found in RM481, RM206, RM164, RM257, RM212, RM204, RM241 and PITA-2 primer. The highest PIC value and D value was recorded for primer RM164, RM21, RM4924 and RM241. Cluster formation of genotypes based on both observable traits and molecular profiling separated the Katarni derived lines in a separate group.ThesisItem Open Access Identification and molecular mapping of QTLs for herbicide tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2020-02-17) Sundaram, Prity; Singh, S. P.Competition with weeds is a major constraint to chickpea production, exacerbated by limited herbicide control options. Because of the sensitivity of chickpea to herbicides choices for post-emergence herbicides are limited. Imazethapyr, an imidazolinone compound, is used as selective herbicide to control most annual grasses and certain broad leaf weeds. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for herbicide tolerance may facilitate breeding for improved herbicide tolerance in chickpea. An essential pre-requisite for such understanding is the development of standardised method for phenotypic classification of data and for this, preliminary experiments were conducted, which revealed that 3.5 mL/L dose level of imazethapyr was the optimised dose for screening of the ICC 14077 (susceptible parent) × ICCV 10 (tolerant parent) derived mapping population. A set of 188 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was evaluated under field conditions to assess the genetic variability, to study the relationships of herbicide tolerance with grain yield and associated traits and identification of QTLs associated with herbicide tolerance in chickpea. Apart from field experiment, four times screenings of RILs and parent for herbicide tolerance were done in glasshouse. The population means for all the studied traits in herbicide sprayed condition were found to be lower than that of respective trait in unsprayed conditions except days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. 100-seed weight was the least affected and grain yield was the most affected trait by herbicide treatment. The genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation estimates were recorded high for grain yield and visual score in herbicide sprayed condition. Negative correlation of visual score with grain yield, plant height, biomass, 100-seed weight and harvest index were observed indicating, lines lower in visual score, with taller plant height, larger seed size, more biomass accumulation and higher harvest index will be more tolerant to herbicide and will yield more grain in herbicide sprayed conditions. The cost-effective Affymetrix® Axiom® genotyping array was used for genotyping of the population. A high-density linkage map of eight linkage groups was constructed covering 704.67 cM of the chickpea genome with an average interval of 0.07 cM between markers using 9410 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The highest number of markers was observed on CaLG03 (4227) while, the lowest number of markers was observed on CaLG05 (294). A total of four QTLs were identified for herbicide tolerance. QTL analysis detected a single genomic interval containing a major QTL- qIMIT6 (on position 20cM, phenotypic variance explained ranging from 15.24% to 27.83% and logarithm of odds score value ranging from 8.46 to 13.47) for visual scores in all four screenings in glasshouse and all four scorings at different days after herbicide spray in field condition, which was responsible for herbicide tolerance in chickpea. Apart from this, three other minor QTLs were identified (qIMIT-2 on CaLG02, qIMIT-3 on CaLG03 and qIMIT-4 on CaLG04) explaining phenotypic variation for visual score ranging from 5.71% to 7.30% in field scoring. The tolerant parent ICCV 10 was contributing the desirable alleles for all the QTLs found for herbicide tolerance in the four genomics regions on CaLG06, CaLG02, CaLG03 and CaLG04. The traits that were found to be associated with grain yield under herbicide spray can be used as the indirect selection criteria for herbicide tolerant lines in chickpea. Further, the lines with higher grain yield, lower visual score, more biomass and taller plant height in the present RIL population can be used directly in the breeding programme for developing herbicide tolerant chickpea cultivars. And finally, the markers linked to the major QTLs can facilitate marker-assisted breeding for herbicide tolerance in chickpea.
