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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and efficacy of biopesticides and entomopathogenic nematodes against Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Maize(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2021-06) Kumar, Pintu; Kumari, KiranMaize is a staple crop in India. The recent invasion of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) threatens the food security of millions of people. Economic damage in maize is mainly associated with defoliation of the whorl by fall armyworm larvae, although the insect also acts as a ‘cutworm’ by severing the main stem near the crown early in the growing season. It has potential to cause damage up to 100 %. Hence, in light of above facts the present study was undertaken with the following objectives: 1. Population dynamics of S. frugiperda in maize, 2. Comparative efficacy of bio-pesticides against S. frugiperda under laboratory condition, and 3. Bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae against S. frugiperda under laboratory condition. During the period of investigation it was observed that the initial average population of fall armyworm in the first week of January was 2.05 at 30 days old crop and reached to peak in the first week of March with a mean population of 22.32 at 89 days old crop, thereafter it declined and low population was found throughout the cropping season of Rabi, 2019-20 while, the activity of fall armyworm started in the last week of July with initial average population of 2.52 at 30 days old crop with maximum population in last week of August at 59 days old crop, then declined gradually and remained associated throughout the cropping season of Kharif, 2020. The correlation studies of fall armyworm and abiotic factors during Rabi, 2019-20 revealed that relative humidity was positively associated whereas rainfall and sunshine hours was negatively associated with the population build-up of fall armyworm. However, remaining parameters did not show significant correlation with fall armyworm population. During Kharif, 2020 with regards to the population of fall armyworm not any significant correlation was found with the weather parameters. Further, different bio-pesticides (mycotoxins) at three different doses and one semi synthetic biopesticide were tested against fall armyworm in vitro, the result indicated that the Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g/l caused highest per cent mortality (100 %) within 72 hours after treatment application. While, Metarhizium anisopliae @ 7 ml/l caused 100 per cent mortality after 96 hrs of application. Efficiency of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae was evaluated at five inoculums levels i.e., 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 IJs against S. frugiperda. Result showed that Steinernema carpocapsae could bring 100 per cent mortality of S. frugiperda within 72 hrs, applied at 500 IJs/ petri plate. The results revealed that the mortality of S. frugiperda larvae increased due to the increase in the inoculum level and period of exposure up to certain level. The present investigation reflects that the mycotoxins of Metarhizium anisopliae can able to generate toxicity to the larval instars and their detoxifying enzymes could be suitable to replace the toxic chemicals available in the pesticide market. The results also demonstrate the possibility of using the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) as biological control agents for S. frugiperda. Thus, the fungal bio-pesticide, Metarhizium anisopliae and the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Steinernema carpocapsae appeared more effective and can be alternative to chemical pesticide. Hence, these may be incorporated in Integrated Pest Management strategies against S. frugiperda.ThesisItem Open Access Study on soil surface and aquatic macrofauna in rice from rice based cropping system at Sabour(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2018-06) Annamalai, P.; Goswami, Tarak NathThe experimental field having the rice based cropping system situated at Sabour (NL 25°14' 3" EL 87°2' 42") and which has been maintained continuously for last six years was chosen for the present investigation. All the recommended package of practices except plant protection measures have been done during the period of investigation. In the present study, the soil surface macrofauna (ground dwelling) as well as aquatic macrofauna (when available) were sampled twice a month during the study period from (July, 2017 to October, 2017). The soil surface and aquatic macrofauna found during the period of present investigation belonged to 42 species, 12 orders under five different classes among which many are going to be reported for the first time from Bihar through this investigation. Identification of two millipede species and one Orthopteran have been possible only at family level only while of two species have possible only at order level. A total of 3148 macrofauna were sampled from the paddy field during mentioned period of investigation. These whole sampled macrofauna under different insect and non insect orders indicated that the order Coleoptera recorded the highest number of individuals (957, 30%) which was followed by Littorinimorpha (Gastropoda) (740, 23%), Hymenoptera (728, 23%), Araneae (Arachnida), Hemiptera (Insecta), Polydesmida (Diplopoda), Hygrophila (Gastropoda), Orthoptera (Insecta), Dermaptera (Insecta), Caenogastropoda (Gastropoda) and Stylommatophora (Gastropoda). Coleopterans in the present investigation during the period of observation belonged to eleven families namely, Chrysomelidae, Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae, Anthicidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Malachiidae, Curculionidae, Tenebrionidae, Elateridae and Limnichidae. As far as the total numbers of individuals belonging to different families were concerned, the family Chrysomelidae was having the highest number (321) followed by Dytiscidae (252), Limnichidae (98), Hydrophilidae (97), Carabidae (50), Staphylinidae (31), Anthicidae (28), Elateridae (28), Curculionidae (19), Tenebrionidae (19) and Malachiidae (14). Individuals belonging to the family Chrysomelidae in most of the cases were having significantly higher level of population in the zero tillage plots. Regarding the aquatic macrofauna the family Gerridae was having the highest number (128) followed by Hydrometridae (33) and Nepidae (15). The Limnogonus nitidus population was significantly higher in the zero tillage plots as compared to the conventional tillage and permanent bed method. The other soil surface dwelling and aquatic macrofauna except Garstropoda and Diplopoda in most of the cases were found in higher level in the zero tillage plots. However, the cropping systems and the interaction on majority of the studied macrofauna did not show any significant differences.ThesisItem Open Access Distribution pattern and life table of stem borer Chilo partellus(Swinhoe) on maize(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Kumar, Devbrat; Kumari, KiranMaize (Zea mays L.) is a cereal grain, called “queen of cereal”. It is the third important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat with a share of 10 percent in total cereal production, occupying an area of 9.60 million ha with production of 26.0 million tonnes in which Bihar is contributing an area 0.70 million ha and production 2.05 million tonnes.Maize has a loss of 20 percent in yield due to insect damage. It is damaged by a large number of insect pests at different stages of crop growth. Among the insect pests, maize stem borer (ChilopartellusSwinh.) is a key pest causing losses to grain yield, which ranged between 24.3 and 36.3 percent in different agro climatic regions of India (Bhanukiran and Panwar, 2000).Keeping all these in view, the present investigation was aimed to study on “Distribution pattern and life table of stem borer Chilopartellus (Swinhoe) on maize” with the objectives: i.Seasonal Incidence of Chilopartelluson maize,ii. Determination of distribution Pattern of C. Partelluson maize, and iii. Life table study of C. Partelluson maize. The study on seasonal incidence of stem borer, C. partellusand its relationship with abiotic factors during Kharif and Rabi season, 2016-17 revealed that the incidence of stem borer started (1.67 and 2.51 percent dead heart) in the second week of July at 15 days and last week of November at 21 days old crop age, respectively and reached to its peak ( 16.67 and 11.00 percent dead heart) in the last week of August and third week of February at 57 days and 110 days old crop age during the experimentation period, respectively. Afterwards, the incidence of maize stem borer had declined gradually. The correlation studies of dead heart infestation and abiotic factors during Kharif,2016 showed that the maximum temperature was positively non-significantly correlated and minimum temperature and sunshine hours were positively significantly correlated while rainfall and relative humidity were negatively non-significantly correlated with dead heart infestation.Correlation studies for Rabi season, 2016-17 showed that the maximum temperature was positively significantly correlated, minimum temperature and sunshine hours were found to be positively non-significantly correlated while relative humidity was negatively significantly correlated with the dead heart infestation. The egg distribution within plant showed more number of eggs(107±0.55) on first leaf sheath followed by second leaf sheath (75.33±1.72) and least number on basal leaf sheath (47.10±0.55). The total oviposition period was observed to be five days with average fecundity as 220±3.76 per female moth. The distribution pattern of larvae was found in scattered fashion from seedling to initial vegetative phase of the crop while at the age of 22 to 71 days its distribution pattern was found contagious in nature. Life table study revealed that 42 percent mortality of eggs due to unknown factors whereas, 19.54 percent failed to hatch, 37 percent larval mortality was due toparasitization and 16.07 percent died due to unknown factors. Percentage mortality of pupae was 11.76 due to diseases while 15.38 percent failed to emerge into moths. Thus due to effect of biotic and abiotic factors the total mortality (K value) of Chilopartelluswas 0.88.ThesisItem Open Access Insect pest complex of linseed and management of Dasyneura lini Barnes(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Kunal, Gautam; AnilThe investigations on insect pests of linseed and management of D. lini were conducted at Experimental Farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour during Rabi season of 2016-17. A total of nine insect pests (D. lini, Thrips palmi Karny, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), Agrotis ipsilon Hufnage, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, Spilosoma obliqua Walker, Monolepta signata Olovier, unidentified aphids and wire worm) and four natural enemies (Coccinella septumpunctata L., Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius), Oxyopes sp. and Paederus sp. were found to be associated with linseed. The highest population of A. ipsilon (1.00 larva/m2) and thrips (26.60 nymphs & adults/plant) were observed during 52nd and 9th SMWs, respectively. However, the highest population of aphids (2.40 aphids/plant), Helicoverpa (1.00 larvae/m2), Oxyopes (1.00 spider/plant) and coccinellids (1.0 coccinellid/plant) were observed during 8th SMW. Similarly, the maximum fresh bud fly infestation (6.12%) was also recorded during the 8th SMW. Minimum temperature had positive correlation (P=0.01) with the population of A. ipsilon, H. armigera and cumulative bud fly infestation, whereas maximum temperature showed positive correlation (P=0.01) with cumulative bud fly infestation. Minimum relative humidity and population of A. ipsilon were found to be positively correlated (P=0.01), whereas maximum relative humidity had negative correlation (P=0.01) with H. armigera and cumulative bud fly infestation. Out of 101genotypes screened for resistance against the infestation of D. lini, 12 genotypes were categorized as resistant, 65 as moderately resistant, 17 as moderately susceptible, 05 as susceptible and 02 as highly susceptible. The field trial on different dates of sowing revealed that the infestation of D. lini increased and yield decreased in all five tested varieties in progressive manner with delay in date of sowing. The lowest mean bud fly infestation (13.39%) and highest mean yield (1385.30 kg ha-1) was obtained with the crop sown on 08.11.2016, whereas the highest mean bud fly infestation (37.46%) and lowest mean yield (177.75 kg ha-1) was obtained with crop sown on 08.01.2017. The application of insecticides showed significant reduction in bud fly infestation and increased yield over untreated check. The minimum bud fly infestation (8.25%) was recorded with the application of fenvalerate 20 EC being at par with imidacloprid 17.8 SL (8.57%) followed by spinosad 45 SC (9.87%) at 15 days after second spray. Among the insecticides/bio-pesticides, the maximum infestation (16.26%) was recorded with neem leaf extract followed by fipronil 5 SC (12.31%) and dimethoate 30 EC (10.87%). The maximum incremental yield (5.21 q ha-1) was obtained with fenvalerate followed by imidacloprid (4.54 q ha-1) and spinosad (3.29 q ha-1). However, the minimum incremental yield (0.39 q ha-1) was obtained with neem leaf extract followed by fipronil (2.05 q ha-1) and dimethoate (3.06 q ha-1). The maximum benefit-cost ratio (15.12:1) was obtained with fenvalerate followed by imidacloprid (11.47:1) and dimethoate (5.92:1). However, minimum benefit-cost ratio (0.30:1) was obtained with neem leaf extract followed by fipronil (1.42:1) and spinosad (1.86:1).ThesisItem Open Access Morphological identification of cucurbitaceous fruit flies in Bihar and genetic diversity of Bactrocera cucurbitae(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Singh, Maneesh Pal; Saha, TamoghnaCucurbits are the major vegetable crops belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, primarily comprising species consumed as food worldwide. The family consists of about 118 genera and 825 species (Prabhakar et al., 2012). In Bihar major growing cucurbits including bottle gourd, pointed gourd, bitter gourd and ash gourd. The production of cucurbits is hindered due to several factors like insect pests and diseases and out of those; fruit flies are one of the major limiting factor of cucurbits production occurring not only in Bihar but also in India. In India, fruit flies have been identified as one of the ten most serious problems of agriculture, because of their polyphagous nature and causes a huge economic loss to fruits and vegetables which varies from 2.50 -100 per cent depending upon the crop and season (Dhillon et al., 2005). There are approximately 4,500 species of fruit flies (Tephritidae) represented one of the largest families of Diptera and at around 243 species of fruit flies were recorded from India (Agarwal and Sueyoshi, 2005). Among those, Bactrocera cucurbitae, B. tau and Dacus ciliatus are the most diverse. Fruit flies are indeed the excellent candidates for studies on biodiversity, adaptability in changing climate and invasion to new areas because of their capability of flying long distances, polyphagous in nature, vast host range, homoplasmy in taxonomic characters, high reproductive potential, wide range of distribution due to their high adaptability and great economic importance as a pest. Proper insect pests’ management leads to better production in agroecosystem and a better management practice not supposed to be completed without proper identification of a particular pest. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to study the morphological identification of predominant cucurbitaceous fruit flies and to find out the genetic diversity of Bactrocera cucurbitae through gene specific marker. After a roving survey at four different agroclimatic zones of Bihar, it was observed that a total of six major fruit fly species associated with cucurbitaceous crops viz. Bactrocera. (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett), B. (Z.) tau (Walker), B. (Z.) caudata (Fabricius), B. (Bactrocera) nigrofemoralis White & Tsuruta, B. (Hemigymnodacus) diversa (Coquillett) and Dacus (Didacus) ciliates Loew. Their distribution pattern in different agroclimatic zones with their associated hosts was also recorded. The collected fruit fly species were identified taxonomically according to keys provided by White and Elson-Harris, 1992 and Drew and Raghu, 2002. Significant achievements of our studies were i. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) nigrofemoralis White & Tsuruta will be the first report from Bihar as new fruit fly species and also identified new host of Dacus (Didacus) ciliatus Loew, Bactrocera (Hemigymnodacus) diversa (Coquillett) from pointed gourd and flowers of Cucurbita moschata respectively. On the basis of amplified PCR product of DNA of B. cucurbitae, the expected product length of MCOX-I gene was 700 bp and the product obtained was nearly between 700 to 750 bp. The expected product length of MCOX-II gene was 600 bp and the product obtained was nearly between 500 to 600 bp. It revealed that there were not much difference in the banding pattern but very small difference noticed in the bands and which would be helpful for future studies in molecular diversity analysis after getting complete sequencing.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seasonal incidence of insect-pests and pollinators in guava and eco-friendly management of fruit fly(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2016-09) Kumar, Chandan; Ray, S. N.The Guava (Psidium guajava) belongs to the family of Myrtaceae. It is a very rich source of vitamin C (Mahmood, 1994). Guava, the “poor man’s fruit” or “apple of the tropics” was a popular tree fruit of the tropical and subtropical climates. About 80 species of insects have been recorded on guava trees, affecting yield and quality of fruits. Fruit flies, castor capsule borer, mealy bug, whiteflies and coccids (scale insects and mealy bugs) are considered as major pest of guava, while aphids, thrips, cockchafers, stem borers and fruit borers, etc., are the minor pests (NHM, 2012). The infestation of fruit fly is a major limiting factor in production of guava. Apart from these pollinators are also playing an important role in the production of guava. Considering the above background information in view, the present experiment was undertaken on “Studies on seasonal incidence of insect-pest and pollinators in guava and eco-friendly management of fruit fly” with the objectives i. To study the seasonal infestation of insect-pests of guava, ii. To record the diversity and activity of pollinators in guava and iii. To evaluate different traps for fruit fly management. The incidence of fruit flies was recorded as high as from second week of June to August and the peak population was recorded at 32nd standard week (August). Among different species of Bactrocera, the highest population was recorded with B. dorsalis followed by B. zonata and B. correcta. The incidence of mealy bug was observed as high as from second fortnight of January to second fortnight of February, while castor capsule borer peak incidence was recorded at 49th standard week (December). Regarding diversity of pollinators are concerned, a total of four species of Apis were observed in the field pollinating the guava flower namely Little bee, Apis florea; Rock bee, A. dorsata, Italian bee, A. mellifera, Indian bee, A. cerena indica. In addition to, coccinellid and hover fly were also observed in the flowers of guava. A. mellifera was recorded as the most abundant pollinator of guava flowers based on the number of visit observed. The maximum pollinators were visited the guava flowers during 0700 hr followed by 1000 hr. Three traps viz: Sabour trap, Water trap and Nomate trap along with untreated control were taken for the management of fruit flies. Among the traps, Sabour trap performed well as compared to other traps based reduction of fruit damage both wt. and no. basis and simultaneously obtained highest yield as compared to others. The highest cost-benefit ratio was obtained with Sabour trap (1:18.71) followed by water trap (1:8.97).ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and management of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in aromatic rice(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2016-09) Patel, Vikas Kumar; AnilScirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the major insect-pests causing serious losses in rice and the incidence of insect-pests is comparatively more in aromatic rice. The investigation on population dynamics and management of S. incertulas in aromatic rice was conducted during Kharif, 2015. The adults of S. incertulas were found to be active during 29th to 44th standard meteorological weeks (SMWs), whereas infestation was noticed during 34 to 44 SMWs. The maximum pheromone trap catch (9.80 moths/trap/week) and light trap catch (46.00 moths/trap/week) were obtained during 38th SMW. Temperature (maximum & minimum), relative humidity (maximum & minimum and rainfall were found to be positively correlated with the population dynamics of S. incertulas, whereas Sunshine hours were found to be negatively correlated. All the insecticides were found to be superior in efficacy over the untreated check. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was proved to be the most effective insecticide which resulted in 4.45 per cent dead heart (DH) and 5.55 per cent white ear head (WEH) followed by fipronil 5 SC (4.79% DH, 5.92% WEH) and cartap hydrochloride 50 SP (5.09% DH, 6.74% WEH). Moderate level of efficacy (5.47% DH, 6.93% WEH) was obtained with flubendiamide 20 WG followed by indoxacarb 15.8 EC (5.65% DH, 6.97% WEH) and spinosad 45 SC (5.90% DH, 7.03% WEH). The lowest level of efficacy (7.44% DH, 8.30% WEH) was recorded in novaluron 10 EC followed by monocrotophos 36 SL (6.87% DH, 7.70% WEH) and triazophos 40 EC (6.61% DH, 7.48% WEH). Being at par with each other, all the insecticides were found to significantly reduce the mean population of natural enemies after first and second sprays over the untreated check and. Monocrotophos was found to be the relatively less toxic to the spiders followed by flubendiamide/fipronil and triazophos, whereas ii chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb were found to be the more toxic to the spiders followed by spinosad and novaluron. However, spinosad was found to be less toxic to the dragonflies and damselflies followed by novaluron and cartap hydrochloride. Monocrotophos was found to be more toxic to the dragonflies and damselflies followed by fipronil and chlorantraniliprole. The order of persistent toxicity against neonate larvae of S. incertulas was observed as chlorantraniliprole > fipronil > flubendiamide > cartap hydrochloride > indoxacarb > triazophos > monocrotophos = spinosad > novaluron. The maximum incremental yield (6.30 q ha-1) was obtained with chlorantraniliprole followed by fipronil (5.99 q ha-1) and cartap hydrochloride (5.49 q ha-1). The minimum incremental yield (4.17 q ha-1) was obtained with novaluron followed by monocrotophos (4.32 q ha-1) and triazophos (4.50 q ha-1). However, the maximum cost-benefit ratio (1:3.05) was obtained with triazophos followed by fipronil (1:2.12), monocrotophos (1:2.09) and cartap hydrochloride (1:2.07). The cost benefit ratio was lowest (1:0.02) with novaluron followed by spinosad (1:0.42) and chlorantraniliprole (1:0.74).
