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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIFFERENT TREATMENTS IN RELATION TO SERVICE PERIOD AND MILK PROFILE IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PARMAR, PRAKASHCHANDRA D.; Derashri, H. J.The present research experiment on "Effect of Different treatments on service period and milk profile in Holstein Friesian cows" was undertaken on 40 Holstein Friesian cows. Objectives of the experiment were to study the effect of herbal preparation on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity and conception rate in the animals, to study the effect of combination of hormones such as PGF2a and Oxytocin on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity and subsequent conception rate during postpartum period, to study the milk profiles- protein, fat, urea, ketone bodies, lactose and SNF during postpartum period. The animals were divided into four groups of ten animals (n=10) each. Group-I, animals were given intra-uterine infusions of herbal preparation (Vantab) at weekly interval for three consequtive weeks. Group-II animals were given Oxytocin, 50 lU and PGF2a, 25 mg I/M, (Iliren, Intervet International Gmbh, Germany) immediately after parturition, Group-Ill animals were injected with PGF2a 25 mg i/m immediately after parturition, and Group-IV(Control group) animals were not given any treatment. Milk samples were collected at weekly interval from experimental animals from the day of parturition till 15th week post-partum for biochemical analysis of milk for Milk Urea Nitrogen, Milk Ketone bodies, Milk Lactose, Milk Protein, Milk Fat, and Milk Solid Non-Fat (SNF). Milk Urea Nitrogen was estimated by quantitative Spectrophotometer. Milk Ketone bodies were estimated by Rothera's test. Milk Lactose, Milk Protein, Milk Fat, and Milk Solid Non-Fat (SNF) were estimated by Ultrasonic Ekomilk total. Insemination were done in this group of animal on day of estrus Observed beyond 50 days post-partum. The Mean interval of the service period under different treatment groups was 123.4 ± 17.94, 109.8 ± 16.77, 120 ± 13.78 and 128.3 ± 17.25 days respectively. There was no significant difference in service period between the treatments. The mean / average level of milk urea nitrogen up to 120 day post partum was 0.252 ± 0.007 in HF cows under study. Significant difference was observed between treatments and control and between treatment groups also. Group - I animals had significantly lower MUN values as compared to group - IV and group - III. Same way significant difference was observed between group - 1 and group - II and group - III.. Treatment was effective to minimize the MUN levels. The mean / average level of milk ketone bodies up to 120 day post partum was 1.292 ± 0.031 in HF cows under the study. Ketone bodies in group - I and group - II were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than group IV (control group). The mean / average level of Milk Fat up to 120 day post partum was 2.18 ± 0.05 percent in HF cows under the study. Significant difference was observed between group - I and group - II and between group - II and group - IV. The mean / average level of Solid Non-fat up to 120 day post partum was 9.56 ± 0.05 in HF cows under study. SNF values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group-II animals as compared to group-III and group IV animals. Significant difference (P < 0.05) for SNF values was also observed between the periods. The mean / average level of Milk Lactose up to 120 day post partum was 6.12 ± 1.026 in HF cows under study. No significant difference was observed between groups and between treatments. The mean / average level of Milk Protein up to 120 day post partum was 3.58 ± 0.02 g% in HF cows under study. Significant difference was observed between groups and periods. Milk protein values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group 1 and group-11 as compared to group-IV (control group). Percentage of pregnant animals was 90, in Gr-1, Gr-II, Gr-III, and Gr-IV, respectively. Higher number of animals was pregnant in different treatment groups than the control group. The treatments gave an indication to enhance the fertility in post-partum HF cows under the study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BLOOD PROFILE IN RELATION TO REPRODUCTION IN CROSSBRED COWS OF SABARKANTHA DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2008) PATEL, BANKIMCHANDRA N.; Derashri, H. J.The present research project "Studies on blood profile in relation to reproduction in crossbred cows of Sabarkantha district" was undertaken on 30 advance pregnant crossbred cows and 20 repeat breeder cows. The objective of the study were to observe the effect of supplementation of mineral mixture powder and Bolus cyclomin 7 on reproductive performance of individual animals and also studies the serum biochemical profile during pre-partum, at partum and 15, 30 and 45 days post-partum. The animals were divided into two major units, Unit-1 total 30 advance pregnant animals, which were further divided in to three groups of ten animals each. The three groups were: group I - Treatment 1 ( mineral mixture + cyclomin 7); Group II - Treatment-2 -( mineral mixture + cyclomin 7) + GnRH (Inj. Receptal); Group - III - Control group (no treatment). While in case Unit-2, total 20 animals were selected which were divided in to two groups Group - IV -Treatment-4 (mineral mixture + cyclomin 7); and Groups V -Treatment-5 Control group (no treatment). Average value of Serum Glucose, Total protein, Triglyceride and Cholesterol in the animals under different groups of treatment in unit-1 was 53.58 ±0.55 mg/dl, 8.11 ± 0.09 g/dl, 45.09 ± 0.88 mg/dl, 118.67 ± 2.19 mg/dl. Level of glucose, total protein, cholesterol was maintained at significantly higher level (P < 0.01) in the animals under treatment group as compared to control group. Level of glucose was less at 15 days prepartum which increased significantly at parturition, decreased significantly 15 days postpartum and increased significantly 30 days post-partum onwards. An increasing trend was observed in protein level from 15 days pre-partum to the day of parturition and then the values decreased significantly (P < 0.01) till 45 days post-partum. No significant difference was observed for triglycerides level between the treatment and period groups, however, the values showed increasing trend from 15 days pre-partum to 15 days post-partum and then the values were at par with those at 15 days pre-partum. The level of cholesterol was at par 15 days pre-partum and at parturition and then onwards it increased significantly (P < 0.01) towards 45 days post-partum. Average value of Serum Glucose, Total protein, Triglyceride and Cholesterol in the animals under different groups of treatment in unit-2 was 47.42 ± 0.81 mg/dl, 7.18 ± 0.11 g/dl, 48.81 ± 1.30 mg/dl and 114.28 ± 3.83 mg/dl. Significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed between treatment and control groups for glucose level. Average value of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium in blood serum for unit-1 in the animals under experiment was 8.55 ± 0.14 mg / dl, 4.86 ± 0.06 mg / dl, and 1.49 + 0.06. mEq /dl. Calcium levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 15 days prepartum to the day of parturition (7.71 ± 0.20) and then increased significantly (P < 0.01) towards 45 days post-partum (9.20 ± 0.31). Highly significant difference was observed between the treatment groups and treatment groups and the control group for calcium and phosphorus level. No significant difference was observed between treatments and between periods for serum magnesium level. Average value for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium level in blood serum in the animals under experiment (Unit-2) was 8.02 ± 0.17, 4.42 ± 0.20 mg/dl and 1.42 ± 0.12 mEq/dl. Values were not significantly differ but comparatively higher in treatment groups as compared to control groups. Average serum, cobalt, copper, iron, Zinc, and manganese (ppm) in the experimental animals in unit-1 was 0.88 ± 0.08, 0.74 ± 0.04, 2.15 ± 0.03, 2.16 ± 0.09 and 0.31 ± 0.01 respectively. No significant differences were observed for zinc and cobalt level between treatments and between periods but the values were comparatively higher in the treatment groups at 15 days post-partum stage (2.47 ± 0.22). However, values deceased significantly (P < 0.01) at the time of parturition as compared to 15 days prepartum find highly significant difference between different periods (1.06 ± 0.08 Vs.0.67 ± 0.05). Whereas copper level significantly (P < 0.01) decreased at pre partum (0.42 ± 0.04) and increased at the time of parturition shows continuous increased trend up to 45 days (1.02 ± 0.12). Mean values of manganese was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased at the time of parturition (0.21 ± 0.02) and gradually increased post partum. Average level of serum, cobalt, copper, iron, Zinc, and manganese (ppm) in the experimental animals (Unit-2) were 0.85 ± 0.04, 0.39 ± 0.02, 2.00 ± 0.04, 1.35 ± 0.09 and 0.27 ± 0.01 respectively. The values differed significantly (P < 0.01) between treatment and control groups, (1.59 ± 0.11 vs. 1.11 ± 0.12) for zinc level. The treatment, supplementation with mineral mixture and micro minerals and GnRH, effectively reduced the calving interval and mean inseminations per conception and improved the reproductive efficiency of animals of treatment groups. The mean intercalving period was 337.37 ± 4.30, 345 ± 4.60 and 355.60 ± 5.44 for T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. The calving interval was significantly less (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups than the control group.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING FORMALDEHYDE TREATED RAPE SEED MEAL TO LACTATING DAIRY ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2008) THORAT, SHASHIKANT KONDAJI; GUPTA, R. S.The present experiment was planned and conducted to know the effect of feeding formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal in the concentrate mixture of lactating dairy cows. The feeding experiment was conducted on eighteen lactating crossbred cows (Gir x Holstein Friesian) with average daily milk production of 21 kg and average milk fat per cent 4.25 to 4.37 in the beginning of the study. The cows were grouped randomly in two treatments (T1 and T2) with nine cows under each treatment following completely randomized design. The cows under T1 (control group) were fed as per the feeding schedule of the farmers (Home made concentrate mixture + green roughage + dry roughage) according to milk production of cows. The cows under treatment group (T2) were fed control diet in which home made concentrate mixture was replaced by formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal on protein equivalent basis to make both diets isonitrogenous. Experimental feeding of individual cows was carried out for the period of 120 days. Average daily dry matter intake was found to be 17.46 and 16.68 kg/cows under T1 and T2 respectively. The treatment differences were found to be statistically non significant. The average values for concentrate: roughage ratio was 1:0.98 and 1:1.04 under T1 and T2, respectively. These treatment differences were also found to be non significant. Average daily CP, DCP and TDN intakes were found to be 2362.15 and 2317.07 (g/day/animal); 1372.30 and 1459.68 (g/day/animal) and 10.94 and 11.44 (kg/day/animal) under T1 and T2, respectively. The treatment differences for nutrients intake were found to be statistically non significant. The average daily milk production of cows under T1 and T2 was 20.17 and 21.32 kg, respectively. The daily increase in milk yield was found to be 1.17 kg for cows fed T2 diet in comparison to the cow fed control (T1) diet. The average daily 4% FCM yield was found to be 21.38 and 23.15 kg per animal under T1 and T2, respectively. The average milk fat content under T1 and T2 was 4.45 and 4.59 per cent, respectively and the treatment differences were significant (P<0.05). The values for daily milk fat yield were 0.895 and 0.981 kg under T1 and T2, respectively. However, the treatment differences for the same were statistically non significant. Total solids content of milk was 13.82 and 14.05 % under T1 and T2, respectively However, SNF content of milk was unaffected by bypass protein supplementation. The digestibility of proximate nutrients (except for ether extract) was higher in cows fed T2 diet as compared to that of cows fed with T1 diet. However, the differences among the treatment groups were non significant. Dry matter intake to produce one kg milk and 4% FCM was found to be 0.902 and 0.792 kg and 0.846 and 0.727 kg under T1 and T2, respectively (P < 0.05). Crude protein intake was found to be 125.43 and 117.46 g and 111.43 and 102.31 g to produce one kg milk and 4% FCM under T1 and T2, respectively. Similar values for DCP intake were 74.36 and 69.60 g and 68.82 and 66.55 g under treatments T1 and T2, respectively although the treatment differences were non significant. The intake of TDN to produce one kg milk was 0.590 and 0.553 kg under T1 and T2, respectively (P < 0.05) and similar values for FCM production were 0.519 kg and 0.477 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The daily cost of feeding per animal was Rs 108.15 and 102.77 under T1 and T2, respectively. The daily cost of feeding (Rs/cow) was higher (P>0.05) under T1 than T2. The average daily returns over feed cost were Rs 119.40 and 146.73 for cows under T1 and T2, respectively, however, these differences were non significant. The returns over feed cost for cows fed bypass protein diet (T2) were 22.89 % higher than the cows fed control diet (T1). The overall result suggested that the feeding formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal to high producing lactating crossbred cows under field condition was found to be economically beneficial.ThesisItem Open Access DETECTION OF POLYMORPHISM IN BOVINE PREIMPLANTATION ACTIVE GENES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SEMEN QUALITY(AAU, Anand, 2008) AHIR, VIRAL B.; Panchal, M. T.Embryo development in mammals is marked by distinctive biological processes that occur during the preimplantation and early post implantation periods. Preimplantation development encompasses the period from fertilization to implantation, which occurs in different times in various species and it is marked by a number of critical events. This development is a mammalian-specific event, and is vital for successful implantation and pregnancy. Bovine preimplantation embryo development is under constant control of genes activated from either maternal or embryonic genome. Large-scale association studies by genotyping many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in individuals with well characterized phenotypes, are considered as promising methods to identify the cause of many complex traits. The present study was undertaken to study the polymorphism of bovine preimplantation active genes loci by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP techniques and their association with various semen quality traits in Murrah buffalo bulls belonging to ARDA, Ode during January to June 2008. The mean and standard error of mean (SEM) for various semen quality parameters, viz., volume (ml), concentration (106/ml), motility (%), motility after thawing(%) and live and dead count (%) was found to be 3.35+0.27, 1511.07+112.25, 73.54+1.05, 54.39+0.66 and 85.44+0.47, respectively. Semen DNA was extracted from 41 Murrah buffalo bulls by Proteinase K method as per standard protocol. Bovine COX-2, CD9, DSC2, AKRIBI and CDHl genes specific primers (COX-2 F: 5'-TGA TCT ACC CGC CTC ATG TT-3' and COX-2 R: 5'-CCC TTT GCC TGG TGA ATG-3'); (CD9 F: 5'-GAG GCA AAA CTC CAA AAC CA-3' and CD9 R: 5'-CTC CAC TGT CGT TTG TCG TG -3'); (DSC2 F: 5'-AAA GTG CAA GAC ATG GAT GG-3' and DSC2 R: 5'-CCT TCA TTG GTT TGG GAA TC-3'); (AKRIBI F: 5'-ACC AGG GCT TAC CTG GAA GT-3' and AKRIBI R: 5'-GGT CAA TGG GCC TTA GGA TT-3') and (CDHl F: 5'-CGC ACA ACA AAA TGT TCA CC-3' and CDHl R: 5'-GGC CTC AAA TCT CCA GAC AA-3') were used to amplify bovine preimplantation active genes loci. PCR was carried out in 25 µl volume for 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C, annealing at appropriate temperature (COX-2 locus at 52°C, DSC2 and CDHl loci at 51°C, AKRIBI locus at 58°C) and extension at 72°C. Initial denaturation was carried out at 94°C for 5 minutes, while the final extension was performed at 72°C for 5 minutes. For the CD9 locus "Touch down PCR" was performed to avoid spurious priming during PCR amplification. Amplified products were electrophoresed on 2% Agarose gel at 80 V for for 60 minute. For RFLP analysis Amplified PCR product of COX-2, CD9, DSC2 and AKRIBI loci were digested with Alu I, Dra I, Rsa I and Nde /restriction enzymes respectively, by incubating them at 3 7°C for 14-16 hours except for Rsa I which was incubated at 37°C for 12 minute and electrophoresed on 2% Agarose gel at 80 V for 60-90 minutes to reveal the restriction pattern. Monomorphic pattern was observed for the COX-2, CD9 and DSC2 loci and only TT, TT and AA genotypes, respectively, were found in all Murrah buffalo bulls at these loci. The allelic frequencies of T, T and A alleles were 1.00, with absence of A, A, and G alleles, respectively. For AKRIBI locus, 18 samples were found to be homozygous AA and 23 samples were heterozygous AG, with allelic frequency of 0.725 and 0.275 for A and G alleles, respectively. For SSCP analysis, PCR products of CDHl locus were denatured and electrophoresed on 6% non-denaturing PAGE for 4-5 hours at constant 5W. Analysis revealed four different banding patterns with frequencies for pattern 1, pattern 2, pattern 3 and pattern 4 to be 0.463, 0.146, 0.292 and 0.097, respectively. Since, loci COX-2, CD9 and DSC2 were found to be monomorphic, h was not possible to correlate them with the semen quality traits. Loci AKRIBI and CDHl were found to be polymorphic but, statistical analysis revealed no significant association (P>0.05) of this loci with any semen quality parameters.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUBACUTE LEAD ACETATE TOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2008) SURADKAR, SANJAY G.; Ghodasara, D. J.The present study has been carried out to study clinical signs, hematobiochemical alterations, and pathomorphological changes induced by lead acetate toxicity in Wistar rats. Fourty eight colony bred albino Wistar strain rats of both sexes, were divided uniformly into four different groups. The group I received only deionised water and served as control while, group II, III and group IV rats were given Lead Acetate @ 1 PPM, 100 PPM and 1000 PPM respectively, through deionised water for 28 days. The clinical signs like weakness, lethargy, pale mucous membrane, diarrhoea and respiratory distress were noticed in group III and group IV with varied severity in male and female animals. The dose dependent significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight was observed up to 7th day of experiment in group III and IV. In male and female rats, the dose dependant significant (P < 0.05) reduction in mean values of feed intake was observed from 1st week of experiment in treatment group III and IV. The water intake remained unaffected in all the treatment groups. The mean absolute weights of liver, kidney, spleen, and lung in male and female rats were increased in treatment group III and IV. While, the weight of heart and testes were decreased in female and male rats respectively in treatment group III and IV. There was dose dependant reduction in TEC, Hb and PCV in treatment group III and IV rats, which resulted in microcytic hypochromic anemia. Group III and IV rats revealed dose dependant significant (P < 0.05) decrease in leukocytes count. The DLC in lead treated groups revealed no significant change in mean values of neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and monocyte count in all the treatment group and remained comparable to their control. However, the lymphocyte percent decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in high and intermediate dose group rats. A dose dependant significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean values of AST, ALP, AKP, GGT, BUN, creatinine and decrease in TP and albumin were observed in group III and IV rats. All the rats exposed to lead acetate through drinking water at three different dose levels revealed dose dependant pathological changes in group III and group IV. The lesions were characterized by degeneration, necrosis inflammatory and vascular changes. The main target organs affected were kidney, liver and testes. The overall lesions gave impression that lead was hepatotoxic as well as nephrotoxic in nature. The intensity and distribution of such lesions were found more severe in rats of group IV, followed by rats of group III.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION OF PPR VIRUS, DETECTION BY ELISA AND DIFFERENT GENE BASED RT-PCR(AAU, Anand, 2008) CHOUDHARY, POOJA; Jhala, M. K.Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe viral disease of goats and sheep with high morbidity and sometimes high mortality characterized by fever, erosive stomatitis, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia. PPR is caused by Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRY), a Paramyxovirus of the Morbillivirus genus. The disease causes severe economic losses to small ruminant husbandry and is presently considered as one of the major threats to about 200 million small ruminant population of the country. The present study was aimed to detect PPRV in clinical samples using s-ELISA and to derive estimates of overall, locationwise and specieswise incidence of PPRV. The study also involved the isolation of PPR virus from clinical samples and assessment of F, N and H gene targets for detection of PPRV by RT-PCR from the clinical and cell culture samples. A total of 98 clinical samples comprising of 48 tissues, 12 blood and 38 serum samples from 79 animals including 26 sheep and 53 goats suspected of PPRV infection, were collected from three different districts of Gujarat (Rajkot, Bhavnagar and Gandhinagar) and tested for PPRV antigen by s-ELISA (PPR s-ELISA kit, developed by Division of Virology, IVRI, Mukteshwar), of which 75 animals were found positive yielding an overall incidence rate of 94.90 per cent. Out of 10 animals (goat) suspected of PPR, six were positive (60%) by s-ELISA in Rajkot district. All the 32 and 37 animals (sheep and goats) showing clinical signs suggestive of PPR from Bhavnagar and Gandhinagar districts were found positive by s-ELISA yielding 100 %'incidence at both these locations. Sheep was found to be more susceptible to infection yielding a positivity rate of 100 per cent than goats (92.4%). The PPR antigen could be detected marginally more in tissue samples (95.83%) than in blood (83.33%) and serum samples (89.47%) by s-ELISA. A total of 23 samples including 15 cell culture samples, six tissue samples, one whole blood and reference vaccine virus (Sungri isolate) were processed for RNA extraction using TRI Reagent®. RNA samples showing acceptable purity and concentration were reverse transcribed with random hexamers to generate cDNA templates, which were subjected to PCR amplification using F, N and H gene based primers. Reference vaccine virus as well as 10, 11 and 8 out of 15 cell culture samples of the three isolates produced approximately 372 bp amplicon with F1 / F2, 351 bp amplicon with NP3 / NP4 and 713 bp amplicon with H1 / H2 primers respectively. A total of 23 samples were tested by both s-ELISA and RT-PCR, including reference vaccine virus, seven field samples (six tissues, one whole blood) and 15 cell culture samples. Out of the total samples tested, PPRV could be detected in reference vaccine virus and 19 samples by s-ELISA and 15, 18 and 11 samples including reference vaccine virus by F, N and H gene based RT-PCR respectively. None of the sample positive in RT-PCR was negative by s-ELISA. Relative to s-ELISA, sensitivity of the RT-PCR for F, N and H gene was 78.94, 94.70 and 57.89 respectively and specificity for all the three was 100 per cent. Three representative samples comprising of one pooled tissue sample, one whole blood sample and one serum sample were inoculated in Vero cells for five viral passages to isolate the field PPR virus. All the three samples inoculated showed similar CPE. During first passage, changes associated with rounding of cells and isolated initiation foci were observed. During second and third passages, CPE characterized by ballooning of cells and later aggregation of cells followed by formation of fusion mass and syncytia were recorded. Cell lysis was also observed in few cases. During fourth and fifth passages, the above mentioned CPE increased in intensity with more number of cells showing fusion mass and detachment. The monolayer infected with sterile PBS (negative control) did not show such changes. The isolation of PPRV in cell culture was confirmed by s-ELISA after second passage for all the three samples and after P3, P2 and P2 passage by F, N and H gene based RT-PCR.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHARMACOKINETICS, BIOAVAILABILITY AND SAFETY OF KETOPROFEN IN SHEEP(AAU, Anand, 2008) GONDALIYA, SANJAY RAMESHBHAI; BHAVSAR, S. K.Levofloxacin is the active L - isomer of the racemate ofloxacin, a fluorinated quinolone has broad-spectrum activity and good antiKetoprofen is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for its antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties in Veterinary medicine. The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen after its single dose intravenous and intramuscular administration was investigated in six patanwadi breed of sheep by non compartmental approach. The drug was administered at the dose rate of 3.0 mg.kg-1 body weight and assayed in plasma by HPLC analysis. The present study also evaluated safety of ketoprofen (3.0 mg.kg-1) after repeated administration at 24 h interval for 5 days in sheep. Following intravenous and intramuscular administration of ketoprofen, values of elimination half-life (t1/2β), volume of distribution of drug at steady state [Vd(ss)], total body clearance (CIB), area under plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC), and mean residence time (MRT) were 1.66 ± 0.12 and 3.31 ± 0.16 h; 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.83 ± 0.08 L.kg-1; 5.53 ± 0.27 and 3.85 ± 0.30 ml.min-1.kg-1; 9.32 ± 0.32 and 13.58 ± 0.91 ng.h.ml-1 and 1.00 ± 0.06 and 3.67 ± 0.41 h, respectively. Following intramuscular administrationacterial activity at low plasma/tissue concentration. The present study was designed to investigate pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following single dose intravenous and oral administration at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight and to evaluate safety after repeated administration (10 mg/kg) of levofloxacin at 12 hours interval for 14 days in layer birds. Drug concentration in serum was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Following intravenous administration, the serum drug concentration-time curves were analyzed by non-compartmental approach. Following intravenous administration the therapeutically effective serum concentration of levofloxacm > 0.13 µg/ml was maintamed for up to 12 hours. Based on the serum drug concentrations, various pharmacokinetic parameters like elimination half-life (t1/2β) (3.08 ± 0.05 hours), apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) (4.02 ± 0.079 1/kg), volume of distribution of drug at steady-state (Vd(ss)) (3.23 ± 0.055 1/kg), total body clearance (CIB) (15.09 ± 0.21 ml/min/kg), area under serum drug concentration-time curve (AUG) (11.07 ± 0.14 µg.h/ml), area under first moment of curve (AUMC) (39.56 ± 0.89 µg.h2/ml) and mean residence time (MRT) (3.57 ± 0.052 hours) were determined. peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 4.91 ± 0.52 was achieved at 0.5 h (tmax)- Bioavailability of the drug was 73.16 ± 5.58. Longer elimination half-life, larger volume of distribution at steady state and slower total body clearance of ketoprofen following intramuscular administration as compared to intravenous administration makes it more suitable for intramuscular use in sheep. Repeated intravenous administration of ketoprofen (3.0 mg.kg-1 body weight repeated at 24 h interval for 5 days) in sheep was found safe based on evaluation of haematological (Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC) and blood biochemical (AKP, ACP, AST, ALT, LDH, Total Bilirubin, Serum Creatinine, Total Serum Protein, Serum Albumin and Blood glucose) parameters except BUN. It is advisable to monitor kidney functions during long term therapy with ketoprofen in sheep. The present study indicate that intramuscular administration of ketoprofen at dose rate of 3.0 mg.kg'-1 in sheep would be provide a satisfactory plasma concentration of drug equal to its median effective concentration up to 18 h. Therefore, ketoprofen given via intramuscular route at the dose rate of 3.0 mg.kg-1 of body weight repeated every 18 h would be satisfactory therapeutic dosage regimen for sheep. However, therapeutic efficacy of the dosage remains to be evaluated in clinical cases under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOKINETICS AND SAFETY STUDY OF LEVOFLOXACIN IN LAYER BIRDS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PATEL, JATINKUMAR HARGOVINDDAS; Thaker, A. M.Levofloxacin is the active L - isomer of the racemate ofloxacin, a fluorinated quinolone has broad-spectrum activity and good antibacterial activity at low plasma/tissue concentration. The present study was designed to investigate pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following single dose intravenous and oral administration at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight and to evaluate safety after repeated administration (10 mg/kg) of levofloxacin at 12 hours interval for 14 days in layer birds. Drug concentration in serum was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Following intravenous administration, the serum drug concentration-time curves were analyzed by non-compartmental approach. Following intravenous administration the therapeutically effective serum concentration of levofloxacm > 0.13 µg/ml was maintamed for up to 12 hours. Based on the serum drug concentrations, various pharmacokinetic parameters like elimination half-life (t1/2β) (3.08 ± 0.05 hours), apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) (4.02 ± 0.079 1/kg), volume of distribution of drug at steady-state (Vd(ss)) (3.23 ± 0.055 1/kg), total body clearance (CIB) (15.09 ± 0.21 ml/min/kg), area under serum drug concentration-time curve (AUG) (11.07 ± 0.14 µg.h/ml), area under first moment of curve (AUMC) (39.56 ± 0.89 µg.h2/ml) and mean residence time (MRT) (3.57 ± 0.052 hours) were determined.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL APPLICATION AND EVALUATION OF LIQUID NITROGEN CRYOTHERAPY IN ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PAITHANPAGARE, YASHPAL MURLIDHAR; TANK, P. H.The sixty one clinical cases subjected to liquid nitrogen cryotherapy were grouped according to pathological conditions namely, Pappilomatosis or Warts (Group-I; 9 animals), Granulomatous lesions (Group-II; 10 animals), Fistulae or Sinus (Group-Ill; 6 animals), Mammary neoplasm (Group-IV; 4 animals). Foot rot (Group-V; 7 animals), Interdigital growth (Group-VI; 7 animals) and Miscellaneous pathology (Group-VII; 18 animals). Additionally, nineteen clinical cases subjected to cryosurgical disbudding were grouped as Disbudding in crossbred calves (Group-VIII; 13 animals) and Disbudding in buffalo calves (Group-IX; 6 animals). Cryoguard protected lesions were cryofrozen to -2O°C either by spray or contact freezing at the site using liquid nitrogen cryosystem model-800-777-CRYO cryogun. A double cycle of freezing followed by autothawing or overlapping freeze-thaw cycle was adopted for cryofreezing of the pathological lesions. In some of the neoplastic conditions, surgical debulking was followed by liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. Horn bud was cryofrozen to -40°C freezing level using double freeze-thaw cycles for cryosurgical disbudding. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for pappilomatosis or warts was effective to resolve the lesions without tendency of recurrence but it left depigmented area at the site. Granulomatous lesions could be successfully resolved by liquid nitrogen cryotherapy except in two cases of lick granuloma. After cryofreezing the granulomatous lesions, the wound surface showed necrosis and cicatrisation. Later, the tissues became dry and showed tendency of sloughing leaving open surface. The site was then covered by scar. All the cases of perianal fistula or sinuses in dogs treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy showed uneventful recovery without recurrence or complications. Cryosurgery of smaller sized mammary neoplasms in bitches could be managed without the use of scalpel but led to scar formation. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for the management of foot rot in goats was painfree, effective as well as cheap. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy alone failed in resolution of interdigital fibroma in cattle whereas, surgical debulking accompanied with cryotherapy was not only effective but also advantageous in preventing recurrence. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy could successfully manage the canine venereal granuloma in a bitch. Additionally, it was observed that the structural integrity and the contour of the vulva remained intact. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy effectively facilitated the clinical management of thrush, sarcoid and lacerated wounds in horses. Non healing open chronic wounds in animals showed tendency of healing following cryotherapy. In an advanced pregnant cow successful management of vaginal mass with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy was considered highly advantageous as it obviated the need of anaesthesia and radical surgery, which otherwise might have made the animal morbid at the most vital phase of gestation. Cryosurgical disbudding in crossbred as well as buffalo calves was effective and the younger calves below the age of 4 weeks were the best candidates for cryosurgical disbudding.