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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED RENAL BIOPSY USING 14 AND 16 GAUGE TRU-CUT BIOPSY NEEDLES IN ADULT DOGS.(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SUDHAKAR SUBHASH; PARIKH, P. V.An experiment was conducted on ultrasound guided renal biopsy using 16 gauge (Group I, n=12) and 14 gauge (Group IL n =5) needles in 17 clinically healthy dogs of either sex. The biopsy procedure was carried out under general anaesthesia using combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg bodyweight, i.v.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.v.) and premedication with acepromazine @ 0.05 mg/kg body weight, i.m. The renal biopsy was performed by routine ultrasound guided technique. The biopsy sample in group I was obtained by 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle and in group II by 14 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle with spring loaded gun. Pre-biopsy, immediate post-biopsy and 48 hrs. post-biopsy arterial blood and urine samples were obtained from animals of either groups for biochemical study and urinanalysis. Clinical observations and biopsy samples quality was recorded following biopsy in both the groups. Under post-biopsy clinical observation, general health, appetite, water intake and urination were found normal in all 17 animals. The anaesthetic protocol was found safe with smooth induction and uncomplicative recovery. The ultrasound images in either group were observed with use of 5.0 MHz Mechanical Sector Transducer with B-Mode. Renal cortex was having intermediate echogenicity, medulla was seen hypoechoic and renal pelvis was highly echognic. The cortex was hyperechoic relative to the medulla and a distinct demarcation between them was present and echogenic rim separated cortical from the rnedullary tissue. The needle were seen parallel to the dotted line in hyperechoic image. The biochemical study with arterial blood sample revealed a nonsignificant alteration in the determinants of glomerular filtration rate such as blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine and also in arterial blood gases like blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide and haemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage in either groups after biopsy. The plasma electrolytes such as sodium and chloride in group II and potassium in group I revealed a significant decrease and increase at 48 hrs. post-biopsy, respectively. The urinanalysis in both the groups recorded non-significant variations in urine pH and specific gravity, urine creatinine, urinary sodium and protein as well as in urine protein/urine creatinine ratio and urinary fractional excretion of sodium after biopsy. A significant increase in enzymuria like urinary N-acetyl-beta-DGlucosaminidase in either groups and urinary alanine aminopeptidase in group II was observed at immediate and 48 hrs. post-biopsy. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase non-significantly increased at immediate post-biopsy in either groups followed by a non-significant decrease observed in group I at 48 hrs. post-biopsy. The histopathological findings revealed that the samples obtained using 16 gauge needle (Group I) yielded an average of 10.77 number of glomeruli per sample while the samples using 14 gauge needle (Group II) yielded an average of 7.75 number of glomeruli per sample. The cell morphology of the samples in both the groups was found to be normal. The average size of the biopsy sample obtained by using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 1 X 0.1 cm. and biopsy sample obtained by using 14 gauge needle (Group 11) was 0.75 X 0.1 cm. The medulla content obtained in samples using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 5 to70 per cent and samples obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found have 70, 50, 30, 20 per cent of medulla. Samples analyzed histopathologically for crushing and fragmentation of tissue obtained. One sample crushing using 16 gauge needle (Group I), while four sample obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found to reveal either crushing (1), fragmentation (1) or both (2) samples. The present study concludes that using ultrasound guided renal biopsy technique, 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle still gives adequate quality biopsy sample, cell morphology and glomeruli number with less renal injury as compared to 14 gauge needle, hence useful, especially in dogs with high risk for renal failure.ThesisItem Open Access USE OF NEOSTIGMINE AS AN ADDITIVE TO LIGNOCAINE AND BUPIVACAINE FOR EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA IN COW CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2006) KULKARNI, SHEETAL VIVEK; BARVALIA, D. R.A study on epidural anaesthesia was conducted in 24 cow calves allotted to 4 groups of 6 each by injecting the drug(s) into the first intercoccygeal site. In group A, 2% Hgnocaine hydrochloride @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt.; in group B, combination of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt. with neostigmine 250µg; in group C, 0.5% bupivacaine @ 0.1mg/kg b.wt. and in group D, combination of 0.5% bupivacaine @ 0.1mg/kg b.wt. and neostigmine 250µg were injected epidurally through first intercoccygeal site. The total volume for epidural injection was kept constant (2ml) by adding normal saline solution in all the individuals. The efficacy of each drug alone and in combination was evaluated by observing induction time, return of reflex, duration of anaesthesia, heart and respiration rates, rectal temperature at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes interval after injection. Onset of anaesthesia was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) early in animals of group D as compared to animals of groups B and C, however, inspite of longer time for onset no significant difference was observed in animals of group A as compared to the animals of group D. Duration of anaesthesia was found to be significantly longer (P < 0.05) in animals of group D as compared to animals of other groups. Moreover, duration of anaesthesia also significantly differ (P < 0.05) in animals of groups B and C as compared to animals of group A, however, no significant difference was observed in animals of groups B and C.Return of pinprick reflex was earliest in the animals when lignocaine HCl was used alone (group A) whereas it was almost similar when lignocaine-neostigmine combination (group B), and bupivacaine alone (group C) were used. However, it was much delayed when bupivacaine-neostigmine combination (group D) was used. Animals developed loss of hindlimb co-ordination i.e. ataxia whenever lignocaine HCl alone (group A) was used, however, all the animals of this group were standing throughout the period of study upto 60 min. post injection, whereas, animals of other groups did not showed any signs of ataxia. Analgesia was restricted only to the base of tail when pin prick reflex made in animals of group D where bupivacaine was used in combination with neostigmine, whereas, analgesia was present on entire tail in animals of other groups. In all the groups, alterations in mean heart and respiration rates and rectal temperature observed at various time intervals were non-significant and remained within the normal physiological limits throughout the period of study. Side effects such as ataxia was seen in some animals wherein lignocaine HCl was used. The present study infers that epidural neostigmine in combination with Hgnocaine HCL and bupivacaine is safe, effective and well tolerated by cow calves and as caudal additive to lognocaine HCl and bupivacaine increased the duration of analgesia vis-a-vis when used alone.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CRYOSURGICAL OOPHORECTOMY IN BITCHES(AAU, Anand, 2007) MANKAD, MANAN YOGESHBHAI; TANK, P. H.Cryosurgical oophorectomy (Group - I; n=6) and conventional surgical oophorectomy (Group - II; n=6) following standard midline laparotomy were compared in a clinical trial on twelve healthy bithces. The ovaries were cryofrozen to -20° C by liquid nitrogen spray under cryogaurd protection employing double freeze-thaw cycles. The cryosurgical oophorectomy was bit quicker (31.53 ± 0.9 minutes) as compared to conventional surgical oophorectomy (34.24 ± 0.64 minutes). There was significant fall in the rectal temperature following both the methods of oophorectomy. Additionally, there was mild but nonsignificant fluctuations within physiological range in the physiological parameters viz., pulse rate, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation as a combine effect of general anaesthesia and surgical and cryosiirgical procedures. The haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume did not differ significantly in the animals during perioperative observations but it showed significant difference between the animals of both the groups. The variation in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate remained nonsignificant during perioperative observations in the animals of both the groups. The total erythrocyte count fluctuated nonsignificantiy within the physiological range at different time intervals, but this variation was significant statistically between the animals of both the groups. The nonsignificant variation of total leucocyte count observed between the animals of both the groups indicated that none of the procedures has specific influence on this vital cell count. The neutrophils rose initially up to 48 hours, which then got substituted by the lymphocytes. Hence, an almost reverse trend was observed for the lymphocyte during the present study. A transient post-operative elevation in serum Cortisol level following the procedures in both the groups of animals with tendency to resume normalcy at later phases was suggestive of temporary pain and / or stress imposed by surgical as well as cryosurgical oophorectomy. Cryosurgery remained uneventful during post-operative observations with absence of systemic reflections, which indicated local damage limited to the frozen ovaries only. Laparoscopic as well as histomorphological assessment of cryodamaged ovaries a month later confirmed their complete nonvitality. The cryosurgical oophorectomy was found simple, quick, bloodless, stressfiree, safe and equally effective as compared to conventional surgical oophorectomy. Additionally, it was cost-effective as well as its clinico-surgical execution was feasible.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON ILIZAROV TECHNIQUE FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF TIBIAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2010) Bhatia, Ami Sandip; TANK, P. H.A clinical study on Ilizarov technique for immobilization of tibial fractures in dogs was carried out with multiple objectives of knowing the epidemiological status of various orthopaedic affections, standardizing the application of 'Ilizarov technique' for external immobilization of tibial fractures on cadaver models and lastly, applying and comparing the Ilizarov technique with intramedullary pinning for immobilization tibial fractures in dogs. Last three years' retrospective information was retrieved by scrutinizing the data bank of the College Hospital. During that period, a total of 8790 canine cases were registered out of which 486 (5.53%) cases were having orthopaedic maladies. Amongst those, the cases of fractures were 378 that accounted for nearly 78% cases of the reported orthopaedic maladies. Majority of the fractures involved radio-ulna (29.36%) followed by femur (28.30%), tibia-fibula (23.80%) and humerus (14.55%). Cadaveric tibiae were used for standardization of the Ilizarov technique. The diaphyses of tibiae were sawed in a manner to mimic different fractures and these fractures were immobilized using Ilizarov technique of circular external fixation to get hands on training. To evaluate the feasibility of the Ilizarov technique in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fracture in dogs, a study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of tibial fractures. The cases were randomly divided into two groups based upon the fracture stabilization technique used, viz., Ilizarov technique (Group I, n=6) and Intramedullary pinning (Group II, n=6). No exudation was seen in group I whereas mild exudation was observed in few cases of group II. Partial weight bearing was seen as early as 2nd postoperative day in group I as against 7th postoperative day in group II. Complete weight bearing was observed from the 6th postoperative day in majority cases of group I as compared to 24th postoperative day in group II. The earlier restoration of the functional usage of the limb could be attributed to the closed reduction, no external infection and axial stability of the Ilizarov apparatus. In majority cases of group I joint mobility was earlier, seen from the 2nd post operative day whereas limited joint mobility was seen in the first week which gradually improved in all the cases of group II. Radiological examination was done at weekly intervals. Most of the dogs belonging to both the groups showed proper reduction and good alignment of the bone fragment immediately after the operation. Callus fomiation was earlier i.e. within 45 days in majority cases of group I as against 54 days in all cases of group II. One case of group I did not show any bridging between the fractured fragments. Minimum or no periosteal reaction was seen around fracture site in group I whereas considerable periosteal reaction was seen around the fracture site in group II. Mild periosteal reaction was seen around the K wire insertion sites in group I by 4th postoperative week. Postoperative complications observed in group I were mild wire tract infection which subsided with proper antibiotic dressing. In group I, majority of cases healed completely except one case in which the animal took off the apparatus within 15 days of operation. Also, one case did not show bridging between the fractured ends. This could have been due to preoperative infection at the fractured site. Few cases showed mild wire tract infection. In group II, occasional limping was observed inspite of complete weight bearing. This might have been due to irritation to soft tissues around the entry site of Steinmann pin while flexing and extending the stifle joint. Infection was seen in one case of group II at the incision site and mild rotation of the distal fragments were seen in few cases. Removal of the Ilizarov apparatus or pin was carried out at 5-7 weeks in group I and 7-8 weeks in group II. This was done when clinical healing was observed in the fomi of functional limb use and endosteal and/or periosteal bridging was evident on radiographs. The Ilizarov apparatus, using external circular transosseous fixation provided better anatomic reduction, axial stability of the fractured fragments, greater joint mobility and functional weight bearing. This technique also prevented muscle atrophy and rotational instability unlike intramedullary pinning. Hence Ilizarov technique is better suited for treating tibial fractures than intramedullary pinning.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON ETIOPATHOLOGY AND MEDICO SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT GENITAL PROLAPSE IN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2011) BADGUJAR, CHANDRAVADAN LAXMAN; TANK, P. H.Incidences of pertparturient cervico-vaginal prolapse (CVP) have been recorded in dairy cows all over the world by many workers. However, rarely there has been a mention of cases of chronic prolapse occurring beyond three months of parturition. On the contrary, it was experienced to be occurring in high number in the Gaushalas and Panjarapoles of Gujarat. A majority of the affected cows were from Gir or Kankrej breeds and their crosses. They had suffered repeated episodes of the problem. Conventional methods of treatment were unsuccessful to address this problem. Hence, a clinical study was undertaken to evaluate various aspects of CVP including medicosurgical management by different approaches in 46 cows of Gaushalas and Panjarapoles in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. A novel method of 100 point score for each character was evolved to assess the health of cow and severity of prolapse. The cows that fell in the range of aggregate points between 0-25, were graded as Grade-I; between 26-50, graded as Grade-II; between 51-75, graded as Grade-Ill, and cows with score from 75-100, were graded as Grade-IV. None of the cases under study fall in the Grade I category. The cases of Grade-II were subjected to surgical treatment utilizing Technique No. 1 (Fixation to prepubic tendon) or No. 2 (Button suture fixation). Cases falling under the Grade-Ill were treated with the use of surgical Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass) or No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). In cases of Grade-Ill, the cows that had irreducible adhesions of the prolapsed mass or abnormalities of os cervix in the form of kinked, hardened, fibrosed or extensive enlarged cervix were subjected to Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass). Cases of Grade-III that had less changes of the os cervix as mentioned but had more of vaginal proliferation and fibrosis were subjected to Technique No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). The cases of Grade-IV were put to treatment by Technique No. 5 (Pervaginum Panhysterectomy). These cases were advanced, unmanageable, highly suffering and with non-viable appearance of prolapse. Those cows which showed ovarian abnormalities were subjected to Technique No. 6 (Pervaginum Bilateral ovariectomy). They came in Grade II prolapse. After supportive therapy, anaesthesia was performed in the form of caudal epidural analgesia and pudendal nerve block under xylazine sedation. Appropriate surgical treatment was applied to each cow. The 46 affected cows were grouped as per the surgical technique provided from Group 1 to VI. In Group I to V, eight cases were operated, while in Group VI, six cases were operated. In addition to this, blood and serum samples were collected for comparison, from eight healthy lactating normal cows as a control group. For fixation of vagina to prepubic tendon, insertion of the needle in the prepubic tendon required lot of skill to retrieve the needle back between the main and lateral branch of the prepubic tendon. Although this technique appeared very promising, the entire procedure was to be performed blindly only by palpation in the cul-de-sac of vagina. In view of a limited bite in tlie vaginal floor and the prepubic tendon, the chances of rupture of the suture or the tearing of the vaginal wall could not be overlooked. Considering the complexity in execution, this technique is recommended only in the hands of an experienced worker. Button suture fixation was used on 8 cows. Commercially available suture needle (triangular and straight needle No.l) worked satisfactorily to put these sutures. Since the vaginal insertion of the suture was preplaced on the prolapsed mass, there was adequate visibility and a very little haemorrhage occurred in the placement of the suture. Amputation of prolapsed mass was easy in this technique as the entire mass was presented at the vulva for handling. However, due to the large size and irreparable changes in the vagina and the cervix, the wall of the organ was considerably thick making it difficult to cut. Submucosal resection of vagina was fairly simple than amputation. As the surgical dissection was restricted only to the submucosa of the exposed portion, haemorrhage from the dissection was comparatively less. Since the technique did not involve extensive dissection or ligation of blood vessels, the procedure could be completed in comparatively lesser time. In cases of per vaginum panhysterectomy, the dorsal wall of the vagina bled considerably. Further dissection for the uterine junction and ovarian stumps had to be done blindly by palpation with fingers. It was felt necessary to put two ligatures on the stump to ensure complete obliteration of the ovarian blood vessels. After having completed this procedure, small length of vagina was left behind so that there was no chance of recurrence of prolapse. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was performed in the similar manner as in pervaginum panhysterectomy. The uterus and cervix were left intact. For performing the ovariectomy, a specially designed Richards' ovariotome was used to crush the ovarian blood vessels and to cut the pedicle. Suturing of the vaginal incision (colpotomy) did not pose major problem and the entire surgery could be completed in 20 to 30 minutes. In Group 1 and II, recurrence of prolapse was noted in one cow each due to rupture of sutures. In one more case of group II, pyometra was noted due to foreign body i.e. buttons. In Group III, all the animals showed mild to moderate bleeding from vagina .and mild straining. This was treated by local infusion of Betadine solution and application of Ceftriaxone powder. This bleeding disappeared towards 7-8 days and effectively stopped at 10 days. One cow showed recurrence of prolapse. In Group IV, minor haemorrhage through vagina was noted in all the cases for 1 or 2 post-operative days. All the animals recovered uneventfully, except one cow that suffered prolapse at 24th post-operative day. In Group V, all the animals, except one cow, showed slight haemorrhage for a period of 3 to 4 days followed by slight mucous discharge for next 3 to 4 days, but recovered uneventfully by 15 days. Prepubic tendon fixation and Button suture fixation were performed in those cows where the prolapse was mild to moderate type (Grade II) with no complications like oedema, necrosis, gangrene and other secondary complications like maggots infestation. As such these two techniques were useful in conserving the genitalia. However, button suture fixation method was preferred to address the clinical condition. Two cows treated with button fixation technique conceived subsequently. Thus, these animals would have become useful for reproduction in future. Submucmosal resection was comparatively easier to perform and resulted into less serious haemorrhage. In those cases where the changes in the prolapsed organ appeared irreversible, it was decided to remove entire reproductive tract per vaginum (Panhysterectomy). This surgical technique also was quite demanding owing to large number of engorged blood vessels in the dissection. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was reserved for those cases where ovarian changes were marked. It was postulated that the prolapse was primarily due to ovarian dysfunction. This was proved when the ovariectomy was performed and the prolapse was repositioned. No recurrence was noted in any of the six cases until eight days. However, this procedure was performed in ox cases and only had moderate Grade II prolapse. Therefore it requires further study. Haemato-biochemical and serum endocrinological assessment paved a clinical way of understanding the etiopathology, stress and therapeutic resolution of this complex malady in cows by contemplating the findings to the clinical merits of the cases retrospectively. Various micro organisms were isolated from the vaginal swabs from these cows. Antibiotic sensitivity test indicated that Ceftriaxone and Enrofloxacin were both effective against these organisms while Amoxirum was not as effective. Urinalysis can be used as one indictor to assess pre-operative status and effect of surgical treatment. Histopathological studies of genital tissue on surgical removal in Group I and II, did not show significant lesions while Group III, IV and V cases revealed, variable degrees of inflammatory lesions, characterized by degeneration, edema necrosis and fibrosis. Moderate to severe infiltration of mononuclear cells in the vaginal and cervical mucosa were found in groups III and IV. Group V indicated necrosis of superficial mucosal lining with the presence of bacterial colonies. Hyperplasia of glands of vaginal and cervical mucosa showed neutrophils and mononuclear cells infiltration with cystic dilatation. The group V cases revealed chronic inflammatory changes of adhesions, lacerations, necrosis and perivascular fibrosis, hyperplasia of uterine glands along with congestion and haemorrhage. The group VI cases, (with abnormalities of ovaries) revealed cystic dilation with fluid filled cavity, with single layered cysts. Few specimens revealed multicystic ovaries which had thick, multilayered wall and cyst within the wall. The histological signs correlated with the clinical signs and helped in prognosis of repair and cure of the case.ThesisItem Open Access USE OF INTERLOCKING NAILS FOR REPAIR OF FEMORAL AND TIBIAL FRACTURES USING C - ARM IMAGE INTENSIFIER IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, BHARATKUMAR M.; KELAWALA, N. H.A clinical study on use of interlocking nail fixation for treatment of femoral and tibial shaft fracture with the use of C- arm image intensifier was conducted in 11 dogs. Eligibility criteria for inclusions of patients were preoperative evaluation of radiographs for evaluation of type and configuration of fracture. The effectiveness of the treatment modality was judged on the basis of time to initial weight bearing, by radiological evaluation of bridging callus (around the three sides of the bone) at an interval of 4 weeks, if possible, time required for bone healing, limb usage and complete range of motion of limb and by noting the complications, if any. The implant consisted of 6 mm and 7 mm interlocking nail, 3.5 mm screws, half jig that anchored the nail. Image intensifier was used for fracture reduction and stabilization. Out of the 11 cases treated for femoral and tibial shaft fracture, 7 cases showed excellent bone healing. Weight bearing was started as early as 2nd day postoperatively in 7 cases. Static locking was done in 5 cases, while, dynamic fixation was done in 6 cases. Dynamization was performed in 1 case, 8 weeks after surgery. Radiographic evaluation revealed fracture healing in 6 dogs, between 8-16 weeks after surgery. Limb usage and range of motion of fractured limb was excellent in most of the cases at the time of last follow up. Postoperative infections as well as major complications were not observed in any of the cases with closed interlocking nailing. Minor complications like mild swelling, loosening of screw in 1 case each, inward and upward deviation of limb in 3 cases were observed. However, these complications had no adverse effect on clinical outcome. Excellent results were obtained in 9 of 11 cases (One died due to reason unrelated to surgery). The present study was indicative of effectiveness of closed interlocking nail fixation with the use of C- arm image intensifier as a treatment modality for fracture fixation. Hence, it was concluded that closed intramedullary interlocking nails using C- arm image intensifier television (IITV) would be well suited to the stabilization of femoral and tibial shaft fractures in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL APPLICATION AND EVALUATION OF LIQUID NITROGEN CRYOTHERAPY IN ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PAITHANPAGARE, YASHPAL MURLIDHAR; TANK, P. H.The sixty one clinical cases subjected to liquid nitrogen cryotherapy were grouped according to pathological conditions namely, Pappilomatosis or Warts (Group-I; 9 animals), Granulomatous lesions (Group-II; 10 animals), Fistulae or Sinus (Group-Ill; 6 animals), Mammary neoplasm (Group-IV; 4 animals). Foot rot (Group-V; 7 animals), Interdigital growth (Group-VI; 7 animals) and Miscellaneous pathology (Group-VII; 18 animals). Additionally, nineteen clinical cases subjected to cryosurgical disbudding were grouped as Disbudding in crossbred calves (Group-VIII; 13 animals) and Disbudding in buffalo calves (Group-IX; 6 animals). Cryoguard protected lesions were cryofrozen to -2O°C either by spray or contact freezing at the site using liquid nitrogen cryosystem model-800-777-CRYO cryogun. A double cycle of freezing followed by autothawing or overlapping freeze-thaw cycle was adopted for cryofreezing of the pathological lesions. In some of the neoplastic conditions, surgical debulking was followed by liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. Horn bud was cryofrozen to -40°C freezing level using double freeze-thaw cycles for cryosurgical disbudding. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for pappilomatosis or warts was effective to resolve the lesions without tendency of recurrence but it left depigmented area at the site. Granulomatous lesions could be successfully resolved by liquid nitrogen cryotherapy except in two cases of lick granuloma. After cryofreezing the granulomatous lesions, the wound surface showed necrosis and cicatrisation. Later, the tissues became dry and showed tendency of sloughing leaving open surface. The site was then covered by scar. All the cases of perianal fistula or sinuses in dogs treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy showed uneventful recovery without recurrence or complications. Cryosurgery of smaller sized mammary neoplasms in bitches could be managed without the use of scalpel but led to scar formation. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for the management of foot rot in goats was painfree, effective as well as cheap. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy alone failed in resolution of interdigital fibroma in cattle whereas, surgical debulking accompanied with cryotherapy was not only effective but also advantageous in preventing recurrence. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy could successfully manage the canine venereal granuloma in a bitch. Additionally, it was observed that the structural integrity and the contour of the vulva remained intact. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy effectively facilitated the clinical management of thrush, sarcoid and lacerated wounds in horses. Non healing open chronic wounds in animals showed tendency of healing following cryotherapy. In an advanced pregnant cow successful management of vaginal mass with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy was considered highly advantageous as it obviated the need of anaesthesia and radical surgery, which otherwise might have made the animal morbid at the most vital phase of gestation. Cryosurgical disbudding in crossbred as well as buffalo calves was effective and the younger calves below the age of 4 weeks were the best candidates for cryosurgical disbudding.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON LAPAROSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS IN SMALL ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2008) BHATT, RAGHUVIR H.; KELAWALA, N. H.Clinical studies on laparoscopic diagnosis of intraabdominal disorders in small animals were conducted in 15 clinical cases. Eligibility criteria for laparoscopy were preoperative evaluation of haemogram, serum biochemistry, radiography and / or ultrasonography as per the requirement to assess the intraabdominal disorders. The pneumoperitoneum was created with atmospheric air through veress needle. The 11 mm trocar cannula was used to create umbilical port for the insertion of 10 mm laparoscope along with 250 W halogen light source and digital camera attached for visualization as well as to save images of the affected organs. The second port was created through 6 mm trocar cannula for the manipulation of biopsy forceps. The biopsy forceps along with attached electrocautery was used for taking biopsy under the guidance of laparoscope. For laparoscopy, in dogs premedicated with atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg / kg b. wt. SC, general anaesthesia was achieved by IV administration of ketamine - diazepam combination @ 10 mg / kg b. wt. and 0.5 mg / kg b. wt., respectively. The normal anatomical visualization of visceral organs was possible through 10 mm rigid laparoscope for both cranial as well as caudal part of abdominopelvic organs from the port created at the umbilical site. The laparoscopic examination in the present study diagnosed the pathological lesions in abdominopelvic organs like liver, kidney, spleen, intestine and urogenital organs. It facilitated the diagnosis by histopathology after taking biopsy from the morphologically pathological organ. The affections of liver diagnosed by laparoscopy were cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, neoplasm and ascites. The renal affection like gross enlargement along with adhesions, suspected for renal neoplasm was diagnosed after initial screening and early decision was taken for unilateral nephrectomy after laparoscopic diagnosis. The disorders like cystic ovaries and pyometra were diagnosed under the direct visualization. In pyometra, the laparoscopy revealed enlarged, pale and sacculated uterus. In another case, the presences of bilateral cystic ovaries without any adhesions were observed under laparoscopic examination and were removed laparoscopically. The laparoscopic diagnosis of intestinal affections viz., intestinal neoplasm (adenocarcinoma) and intraluminal intestinal obstruction (phytobezor) were made and removed surgically. The splenic affections like neoplasm of spleen and presence of granulomatous mass along with spleen were diagnosed with the help of laparoscopy. In these cases, laparoscopic biopsy was not attempted due to possible coagulopathy. There were no complications reported after the laparoscopic examination. The sites of ports healed within 5 days without any complications. Confirmative diagnosis was made in all clinical cases under the guidance of laparoscopy. The present study indicated that, the laparoscopic diagnosis provides confirmative diagnosis in intraabdominal abnormalities in small animals and satisfactory results were obtained during the studies to start palliative treatment. It was concluded from the present study that, the laparoscopy facilitated proper visualization of the abdominopelvic organs along with biopsy of the morphological lesions and was found to be a reliable diagnostic tool in giving confirmative diagnosis and prognosis of the case.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED RENAL BIOPSY USING 14 AND 16 GAUGE TRU-CUT BIOPSY NEEDLES IN ADULT DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SUDHAKAR SUBHASH; PARIKH, P. V.An experiment was conducted on ultrasound guided renal biopsy using 16 gauge (Group I, n=12) and 14 gauge (Group II. n =5) needles in 17 clinically healthy dogs of either sex. The biopsy procedure was carried out under general anaesthesia using combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg bodyweight, i.v.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.v.) and premedication with acepromazine @ 0.05 mg/kg body weight, i.m. The renal biopsy was performed by routine ultrasound guided technique. The biopsy sample in group I was obtained by 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle and in group II by 14 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle with spring loaded gun. Pre-biopsy, immediate post-biopsy and 48 hrs. post-biopsy arterial blood and urine samples were obtained from animals of either groups for biochemical study and urinanalysis. Clinical observations and biopsy samples quality was recorded following biopsy in both the groups. Under post-biopsy clinical observation, general health, appetite, water intake and urination were found normal in all 17 animals. The anaesthetic protocol was found safe with smooth induction and uncomplicative recovery. The ultrasound images in either group were observed with use of 5.0 MHz Mechanical Sector Transducer with B-Mode. Renal cortex was having intermediate echogenicity, medulla was seen hypoechoic and renal pelvis was highly echognic. The cortex was hyperechoic relative to the medulla and a distinct demarcation between them was present and echogenic rim separated cortical from the medullary tissue. The needle were seen parallel to the dotted line in hyperechoic image. The biochemical study with arterial blood sample revealed a nonsignificant alteration in the determinants of glomerular filtration rate such as blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine and also in arterial blood gases like blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide and haemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage in either groups after biopsy. The plasma electrolytes such as sodium and chloride in group II and potassium in group I revealed a significant decrease and increase at 48 hrs. post-biopsy, respectively. The urinanalysis in both the groups recorded non-significant variations in urine pH and specific gravity, urine creatinine, urinary sodium and protein as well as in urine protein/urine creatinine ratio and urinary fractional excretion of sodium after biopsy. A significant increase in enzymuria like urinary N-acetyl-beta-DGlucosaminidase in either groups and urinary alanine aminopeptidase in group II was observed at immediate and 48 hrs. post-biopsy. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase non-significantly increased at immediate post-biopsy in either groups followed by a non-significant decrease observed in group I at 48 hrs. post-biopsy. The histopathological findings revealed that the samples obtained using 16 gauge needle (Group I) yielded an average of 10.77 number of glomeruli per sample while the samples using 14 gauge needle (Group II) yielded an average of 7.75 number of glomeruli per sample. The cell morphology of the samples in both the groups was found to be normal. The average size of the biopsy sample obtained by using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 1 X 0.1 cm. and biopsy sample obtained by using 14 gauge needle (Group II) was 0.75 X 0.1 cm. The medulla content obtained in samples using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 5 to70 per cent and samples obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found have 70, 50, 30, 20 per cent of medulla. Samples analyzed histopathologically for crushing and fragmentation of tissue obtained. One sample crushing using 16 gauge needle (Group I), while four sample obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found to reveal either crushing (1), fragmentation (1) or both (2) samples. The present study concludes that using ultrasound guided renal biopsy technique. 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle still gives adequate quality biopsy sample, cell morphology and glomeruli number with less renal injury as compared to 14 gauge needle, hence useful, especially in dogs with high risk for renal failure.