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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AEROMONAS SPECIES FROM POULTRY MEAT(AAU, Anand, 2009) SMITA; Brahmbhatt, M. N.The aim of the present study was to isolate, identify and characterize Aeromonas species from poultry meat. A total of 120 samples were processed for estimating prevalence oi Aeromonas spp. Out of those 120 samples, 66 isolates oi Aeromonas were identified. On the basis of biochemical characterization 47 isolates of A. sobria, 11 isolates of A. hydrophila and 8 isolates of A. caviae were detected. When the source wise study of Aeromonas was conducted it was found that maximum number of Aeromonas isolates were recovered from heart (87.5 per cent) followed by liver (66.66 per cent), thigh muscle and chest muscle (40 per cent each). When different selective culture media were evaluated for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from poultry meat it was found that percent recovery of Aeromonas isolates were more from Ampicillin Dextrin Agar (89.39 per cent), followed by Aeromonas Starch DNAse agar (68.18 per cent) and Aeromonas isolation media (18.18 per cent). Specificity of PCR assay for detection of A. hydrophila and A. sobria was performed by testing against different gram positive and gram negative organisms.Primers were found to be specific for A. hydrophila and A. sobria. All the isolates of A. sobria (47) and A. hydrophila (11) which were identified on the basis of biochemical characterization were subjected to PCR and confirmed. All 66 Aeromonas isolates were tested for presence of aerolysin, haemolysin and enterotoxin gene. None of the isolate showed presence of aerolysin and enterotoxin while overall prevalence of haemolysin gene was 78.78 per cent. In A. hydrophila, 54.54 per cent; A. caviae, 37.5 per cent and in A. sobria, 91.48 per cent isolates were found to possess haemolysin gene. All the isolates of Aeromonas were subjected to antimicrobial drug sensitivity test against gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, bacitracin, rifampicin, tetracycline and erythromycin. Maximum sensitivity pattern was recorded with chloramphenicol (86.36per cent), gentamicin (81.82 per cent), ciprofloxacin (60.61 per cent), kanamycin (34.85 per cent), bacitracin (25.76 per cent), tetracycline (16.67 per cent), rifampicin (15.15 per cent) and erythromycin (9.09 per cent). The resistance pattern of Aeromonas isolated from chicken meat to various antibiotics was observed as bacitracin (74.24 per cent) followed by rifampicin (71.21 per cent), kanamycin (65.15 per cent), erythromycin (53.03 per cent), tetracycline (33.33 per cent), ciprofloxacin (22.73 per cent) and gentamicin (18.18 per cent). It was concluded that overall prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in poultry meat was 55 per cent which is a matter of concern from public health point of view and needs proper attention. The overall prevalence of 78.78 per cent of Aeromonas isolates showing presence of haemolysin gene (Virulence gene) in poultry meat is also a matter of concern and this study reveals that poultry meat could be a potential threat to public health. Hence, more attention for implementation of HACCP concept from food safety point of view is required. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Aeromonas isolates revealed that chloramphenicol was found to be most effective drug (86.36per cent) followed by gentamicin (81.82 per cent), ciprofloxacin (60.61 per cent), kanamycin (34.85 per cent), bacitracin (25.76 per cent), tetracycline (16.67 per cent), rifampicin (15.15 per cent) and erythromycin (9.09 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CANINE ZOONOTIC HELMINTHS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO TOXOCARA CANIS(AAU, Anand, 1999) Brahmbhatt, M. N.; Pal, MahendraHelminthological examination of 614 faecal samples from pet dogs attending the O.P.D. of the Clinics of the Veterinary College, Gujarat Agricultural University Campus, Anand was undertaken for a period of 12 months from November 1997 to October 1998. In addition, 115 faecal samples collected from stray dogs in and around the Anand city of Gujarat were also investigated for various helminths. The overall helminth prevalence rate observed in pet dogs was 34.53 per cent with 32.23 per cent in male and 37.85 per cent in female animals. The overall prevalence of helminths in the dogs between the age of 13 to 24 months was significantly higher. No significant difference in the prevalence of helminthic infection in male and female animals within each age group would be recorded. Stray dogs showed the overall prevalence of 41.74 per cent. Monthwise prevalence of parasitic infection in stray dog and pet dog population revealed high prevalence in the months of winter season. The examination of faecal samples from pet as well as stray dogs revealed Ancylostoma caninum (24.59 and 26,96%) and Toxocara canis (9.61 and 19.13%), Dipylidium caninum (2.44 and 3.48%), Toxascahs leonina (1.79 and 2.61%), Uncinaria stetiocephala (1.98 and 2.61%), Echinococais spp. (0.65 and 3.48%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.65 and 1.74%)Diphyllobothrium latum (0.49 and 1.74%), Trichuris vulpis (0.0 and 1.74%) and Spirometra spp. (0.0 and 0.87%)). The infection rate was found almost similar in male and female animals for all the helminths Agcwise distribution of individual helminth did not reveal any definite trend. Monthwise and seasonal distribution of various helminths showed fairly high prevalence for each helminth during winter season followed by summer and monsoon. Single or multiple helminthic infection in pet and stray dog indicated single helminth infection in 28,34 and 21.74 per cent, two species infection in 5.86 and 17.39 per cent and three species infection in only 0.33 and 2.61 per cent samples respectively. Among the various sites of collection, the highest overall prevalence of helminths in stray dogs was observed in the samples from road sides. Epidemiological study of T.canis in pet and stray dog population showed the prevalence of 9.61 and 19.13 per cent, respectively. Monthwise and seasonal prevalence of T.cams in both the canine population was observed higher during the months of November-February and lowest in October. No significant difference was observed in sexwise prevalence of T.cams in pet dogs, and sitewise prevalence of T.canis in stray dogs, however, showed higher prevalence in the samples obtained from playgrounds. The prevalence of T.canis in 504 soil samples collected from various localities revealed overall prevalence rate of 26.39 per cent. Among the various sites of collection, highest prevalence was observed in the soil samples from slum area (45.83%) followed by playgrounds (37.50%)), rural area (27.78%), gardens/public places (26.39%), school compounds (22.22%), liuman dwellings (13 18%) and lowest in samples from road sides (11.11%). Monthwise prevalence of T.canis in soil samples indicated highest prevalence in December (36.09%) and lowest in October (11.90%) and seasonal prevalence showed higher values in winter season (29.17%). Haematological studies following the experimental infection with T.canis in laboratory mice revealed elevated eosinophilic count with peak after 2-3 weeks of postinfection. Higher values were recorded in mice with booster infection. Moderate leucocytosis and slight neutrophilia were observed throughout the study. Gradual decrease of haemoglobin and reduction in PCV was noticed after 24 day post-infection. Histopathological changes in the experimentally inoculated mice were noticed in the liver, muscle, lung, brain, kidney and spleen. The liver, lungs and kidneys showed fatty changes, congestion, cellular infilteration, granuloma formation and necrosis. Meningitis, focal liquefactive necrosis and gliosis were observed in the brain. No significant histopathological lesions were noticed except mild degenerative changes in the cardiac muscles. Seroprevalence study in human serum samples failed to demonstrate antibodies against T.canis in the specified group of persons such as staff members and students of Veterinary College. However, 8.57 per cent serum samples from 70 children showed positive reaction when tested by agar gel precipitation technique. Detailed clinical examination of positive cases showed leucocytosis, eosinophilia, fever, coughing, pneumonia and dyspnoea. Epidemiological investigation indicated that majority of positive cases had the habit of eating soil and history of contact with dogs. Blood smear examination of 159 children for the presence of eosinophilia along with the epidemiological information about the patient collected in a prescribed questionaire format revealed higher percentage of moderate, marked and severe eosinophilia in 0 to 5 year age group, association of dog ownership, poor socio-economic class, geophagia, habit of playing in soil, open school compound, improper personal hygiene and illiterate group with practically no educational background. It was concluded that the overall helminth infection was more prevalent in stray dog population as compared to pet dog population. No significant difference was observed in sex but the significant difference was observed in the various age group. Significantly higher prevalence was noticed in winter season. The prevalence for individual helminth was observed higher in stray dogs with more number of helminth. Single infection was found higher in pet dogs while mixed infection was noticed higher in stray dogs. Prevalence of T.canis was recorded higher in stray dogs as compared to pet dogs. Age group between birth to 4 months was more frequently affected with T.canis. Examination of soil samples for T.canis showed prevalence rate of 26.39 per cent with highest prevalence in soil samples from slum area. Experimental infection in mice is characterized by eosinophilia, and histopathological changes such as congestion, degeneration, cellular infiltration, moderate to marked fatty changes, necrosis and granuloma formation were observed in various organs. Seroprevalence study showed 8.57 per cent prevalence of T.canis antibodies in children who had contact with dog. On blood smear examination, eosinophilia was found as the constant feature in 152 children.ThesisItem Open Access MEAT SPECIATION BY MOLECULAR AND SEROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES(AAU, Anand, 2002) Thumbar, J. M.; BRAHMBHATT, M. N.Among several methods of meat speciation, method based on DNA especially Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) provide potentially more information than others. The present study was under taken for meat speciation by molecular and serological techniques. Meat samples from meat species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and chicken) were utilized for molecular analysis. Genomic DNA was isolated from eight meat samples of each species as per method described by Sambrook et al. (1989) with some modifications. Actin multigene family was amplified by PCR using a pair of family specific primers (forward primer-5' CCT ACA ACA GCA TCA TGA AGT G 3'and reverse primer-5' GCT GAT CCA CAT CTG CTG GAA G 3'). PCR cycling protocol included to initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 minutes then followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 1 minute, 48°C for 1 minute, 72°C for 1 minutes and final extension at 72°C for 1 minute, 48°C for 1 minute, 72°C for 1 minutes and final extension at 72°C for 5 minutes. PCR products were resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis it produced a characteristic band pattern for each species. PCR band pattern generated for cattle included one major band of 0.328 kb. The PCR band pattern for buffalo included two bands of 0.328 and 0.242 kb. Sheep and goat produced identical band patterns having two bands of 0.328 and 0.242 kb and one faint band of 0.765 kb. Pig also revealed pattern identical to buffalo. A band of approximately 0.330 kb size was common in all livestock species. Chicken exhibited a characteristic pattern with six bands, three bands of high intensity (approximately 0.365, 0.334 and 0.242 kb) and three faint bands (approximately 0.547, 0.480 and 0.113 kb). Out of six species explored, four were found to have characteristic PCR band pattern. Thus, PCR was considered to be a potential technique for meat species identification and speciation. Actin gene band patterns were identical in both the sexes for all the species studies. PCR was also found to be consistent and effective tool as it remained same for heat treated and putrified (unpreserved) of meat. An agar gel precipitation technique was successfully used for identification of meat species, cross-reaction study and detection of adulteration level in meat. Hyper immune sera were raised in rabbits by intramuscular injection of meat extract. Anti buffalo meat sera were cross-reacted to cattle, sheep and goat meat extract. At same time anti cattle meat sera were also found to be crossreacted with buffalo, sheep and goat meat extract. Species specific sera were made by absorption technique. These sera were used to detect level of adulteration. By AGPT, up to 10 % level of adulteration between buffalo or cattle meat with sheep and goat meat was successfully detected. Counter immunoelectrophoresis technique was also successfully used to detect the meat species. This method was found to be rapid as compare to the AGPT.ThesisItem Open Access HUMAN AND ANIMAL INFECTIONS CAUSED BY CANDIDA ALBICANS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Jadhav, Vijay Jayawant; Pal, MahendraThe aim of the present study was to elucidate the etiologic significance of C. albicans in various clinical disorders of man as well as animals. Mycological examination of 293 clinical samples (136 from man, 97 from animals and 60 visceral organs of chicks) from suspected fungal infections was carried out for the presence of C. albicans. The various disorders encountered during the study period in man were otomycosis (84), cutaneous infection (20), oral infection (12), onychomycosis (10) and vulvovaginitis (10), while in animals were mastitis (49), stomatitis (30), dermatitis (11), otitis (7), The visceral organs included in the study were, gizzard (13), proventriculus (13), liver (12), lung (13), and crop (9). The isolates of C. albicans were subjected to in-vitro antifungal drug susceptibility test agaiiis: clotrimazole, fluconazole, amphotericin-B and nystatin. The results of this investigation indicated that frequency of occurrence of organism was higher in man (55.55 per cent) followed by dogs (22.22 per cent), chickens (14.81 per cent) and cows and buflaloes (3.71 per cent each) and most of the C. albicans isolates were contributed by oral infection. The study of in-vitro drug sensitivity of the clinical isolates of C. albicans showed that there was a wide variation in the resistant pattern ranging from 0.00 per cent to 51.85 per cent and clotrimazole was found to be the most effective drug (62.96 per cent). The observations of this preliminary study on in-vitro efficacy of six nutrient media suggested that Sabouraud dextrose agar is a cheap and good selective fungal medium. It was concluded that, the overall prevalence of C. albicans infection was higher in man as compared to animals. The good management practices of dairy cattle farm along with hygienic methods of milking followed at the Livestock Research Station at Anand, prevented the incidence of subclinical mastitis caused by C. albicans. Of all the drugs tested in-vitro by disc diffusion technique, clotrimazole was found to be the most effective chemotherapeutic agent, which may help in the management of the candidiasis. Being a cheap and selective fungal medium, Sabouraud dextrose agar can be recommended for the routine mycological work in the microbiology and public health laboratories. This appears to be the first record from India, which delineates the occurrence and etiologic significance of C. albicans in stomatitis of dogs and buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access THE SANITARY QUALITY OF COMMUNITY DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES AT GUJARAT AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, ANAND CAMPUS, ANAND(AAU, Anand, 1990) CHAURASIA, A. K.; Anjaria, J. M.The sanitary quality of community drinking water supplies of Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, was determined by bacteriological examination both quantitatively and qualitatively. The levels of index organisms such as coliforms, faecal streptococci and E.coli type I were extimated. Parasitic assessment of drinking water supplies was also made. An attempt was made to find out suitable indicator of faecal pollution as well as to draw correlation, if any, between pollution index and number of diarrhoeal cases occurring in human population at studied campus. At Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, there were two different sources of drinking water supplies, one in each of the two residential campuses i.e. Veterinary and Khetiwari; and study was carried out separately for both the campuses in two runs i.e. in rainy season (July 1989 to October 1989) and winter season (November 1989 to February 1990). Standard techniques were used for processing all the 130 tap water and four samples from source of water supplies. The quality of drinking water supplies at both the campuses during whole course of study, was not up to the standard as recommended by WHO.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AEROBIC MICRO-ORGANISMS IN MEAT ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD INFECTIONS AND INTOXICATIONS(AAU, Anand, 1990) Brahmbhatt, M. N.; Pal, MahendraThe present study was aimed to asses the bacterial load and types of bacterial organisms present in the fresh market meat samples of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat. The study also includes the coliform plate count, fungal Isolation and antibiotics sensitivity pattern of the Isolates in vitro. Two hundred sixteen samples of fresh market meat were examined which included 54 each from cattle , buffalo, sheep and goat. The samples were collected randomly from 10 different butcher's shop in Anand city of Gujarat State.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE INCIDENCE OF ASPERGILLOSIS IN POULTRY AND POULTRY HANDLERS(AAU, Anand, 1990) Savalia, C. V.; Pal, MahendraThe present stady was coiadacted to record the incidence of palmonary aspergillosis in the White Iieghom chicken, and in the poaltry handlers. In addition, environmental distribution of aspergilli was studied in feed, litter , soil and air of different pens on the All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) Poultry Farm under Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand and Patel Poultry Parm, Navli, District Kheda, Gujarat. Pour hundred fifty specimens of the trachea, lungs and abdominal or thoracic air sacs of 150 White leghorn chicken: were investigated for the gross lesions, histopathologtoal examination and cultural isolation . None of the birds showed gross pathological lesions of the disease on autopsy. The histopathologioal examination also could not reveal the presence of the fungi in the tissues . However, 23.98 per cent (108 out of 450) specimens of the trachea, lungs and air sacs yielded aspergilli on the cultural isolation. This included 9.33 per cent of A.niger 7.55 per cent of A.fumigatus, 5.11 per cent of A.flavus, 1.33 per cent of A.terreus and 0.22 per cent each of A.vyolaceous. A.stelletus and A.chevalieri. Growths were identified on the basis of ths colonial and microscopic morphology.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA ISOLATES OF FISH(AAU, Anand, 2010) TEKALE, ASHISH ANANTRAO; Savalia, C. V.The present study was carried out in the post graduate laboratory, Department of Veterinary Public Health, CVSc, AAU, Anand with intension to find out prevalence of Salmonella spp. in raw fish sold at retail fish shops in Anand city of Gujarat. The samples of raw fish consisted of different parts such as skin, gills, muscles and intestines (54 each) collected aseptically from local fish market and subjected first to pre-enrichment in lactose broth and then enrichment in tetrathionate (TTB) and Rappaport-Vassiliadis soybean meal (RVSM) broth, followed by plating on two selective media viz. xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and bismuth sulphite agar (BSA). The colonies showing typical colony characteristics were further characterized on the basis of their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Cultures identified as Salmonella were further subjected to detection of different virulence associated genes and sensitivity to various antibiotics used in treatment. In the present study, 4.16 per cent (9/216) prevalence oi Salmonella spp. in raw fish samples was recorded. The organ wise the highest isolation rate was from gills' samples (7.40%) followed by intestines (5.55%), skin (1.85%)) and muscles (1.85%)). Serotyping of the isolates demonstrated that only Salmonella Weltevreden was main serotype recovered fi-om raw fish samples of Anand market (66.66%) o{Salmonella positive fish samples). The study of antibiogram of the isolates showed that all the Salmonella isolates were cent percent sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and norfloxacin; followed by the sensitivity pattern in descending order for cefepime and kanamycin (88.88% each), ciprofloxacin (66.66%), streptomycin (55.55%), carbenicilHn and cefotaxime (33.33%) each) and ampicillin (22.22%)). The cent per cent resistance towards erythromycin (100%) was observed followed by tetracycline (66.66%)), carbenicillin (44.44%)), ampicillin (33.33%)) and streptomycin (22.22%o). Looking to the sensitivity pattern of six S. Weltevreden isolates, all isolates were 100 per cent resistant to erythromycin followed by carbenicillin (66.66%)), ampicillin and tetracycline (50.00%) each) and streptomycin (33.33%)). All the Salmonella isolates were screened for the presence or absence of virulence genes viz. wvA, spvC, spVR. and stn using specific primers. All the isolates revealed presence of mvA gene suggesting their invasive ability and enteritoxin gene (stn) was present in all the isolates suggesting their potential to cause gastroenteritis among the consumers on account of consumption of such contaminated fish. None of the isolates showed presence of spvC gene or spvR. gene indicating their inability to cause systemic infections.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AEROMONAS FROM MARKET MILK(AAU, Anand, 2010) DHANDE, MANOJ S; Brahmbhatt, M. N.The aim of the present study was to isolate, identify and characterize Aeromonas species from raw milk in an around Anand market. A total of 160 samples were processed for estimating prevalence o^ Aeromonas spp. Out of those 160 samples tested, 29 Aeromonas isolates were recovered. On the basis of biochemical characterization 19 (13.6%) isolates of ^. sobria, 6 (4.3%) isolates of A. hydrophila and 4 (2.8%) isolates oiA. caviae were detected in raw milk. When different selective culture media were evaluated for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from raw milk it was found that percent recovery of Aeromonas isolates were more from Ampicillin Dextrin Agar (82.75%) as compared to Aeromonas Starch DNAse agar (62.06%)) All 29 Aeromonas isolates were tested for presence of aerolysin, haemolysin and enterotoxin gene. None of the isolate showed presence of aerolysin and enterotoxin, while overall prevalence of haemolysin gene was 78.78 per cent. In A. hydrophila, 54.54 per cent; A. caviae, 37.5 per cent and in A. sobria, 91.48 per cent isolates were found to possess haemolysin gene. All the isolates of Aeromonas were subjected to antimicrobial dmg sensitivity test against gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, bacitracin, rifampicin, tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin G and erythromycin. Maximum sensitivity pattern was recorded with chloramphenicol (86.20 per cent), bacitracin (31.03 per cent) gentamicin and rifampicin (20.68 per cent) each, erythromycin (17.24 per cent), kanamycin (6.89 per cent). The resistance pattern of Aeromonas isolated from raw milk to various antibiotics was observed as cent per cent resistance towards tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin (93.10 per cent), kanamycin (72.41 per cent), bacitracin (68.96 per cent) followed by gentamicin (65.51 per cent), rifampicin (62.06 per cent), erythromycin (58.62 per cent. Owing to the potential hazard of pathogenic Aeromonas spp., it was concluded that it is necessary to put more emphasis on food hygiene. Therefore, the surveillance of potential contaminant is crucial for sustenance of public health.