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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF MELOXICAM FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS, INTRAMASCULAR AND ORAL ADMINISTRATION IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2006) PARSOTTAMDAS, GOHEL DARPESHKUMAR; SARVAIYA, J. G.Meloxicam is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of oxicam family. It is having more selectivity towards cyclooxygenase-2 rather than cyclooxygenase-1. In the present study, pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of meloxicam was determined in mongrel dogs following single dose intravenous, intramuscular and oral administrations of meloxicam (0.4 mg.kg-1 body weight). Following intravenous route, the disposition kinetics of meloxicam was best described by a two-compartment open model. The distribution and elimination half-lives of meloxicam were 0.262 ± 0.04 and 25.94 ± 0.65 h respectively. The values of zero time plasma drug concentration and area under curve of meloxicam were 1.608 ± 0.14 μg.h ml-1 and 35.56 ± 3.62 μg.h ml−1, respectively. The values of area under moment curve were 922.3 ± 81.33. The values of apparent volume of distribution, volume of distribution at steady state, volume of drug in central compartment and volume of drug in peripheral compartment were 0.395 ± 0.05, 0.313 ± 0.04, 0.262 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.04 L.kg−1, respectively. The first order rate constants from central compartment to peripheral and peripheral to central compartment were 0.853 and 2.08 h- 1, respectively. The values of total body clearance and mean residence time were 0.195 ± 0.02 ml.min−1.kg−1 and 26.13 ± 0.51 h, respectively. On the basis of values of pharmacokinetic variables obtained by intravenous administration of meloxicam (0.4 mg.kg−1 body weight), the optimal intravenous dosage regimens of meloxicam would be 0.33 mg.kg−1 as priming dose followed by 0.28 mg.kg−1 as maintenance dose to be repeated at 72 h interval. In present study, the Pharmacokinetic of meloxicam through intramuscular and oral route of administration were described by non-compartmental analysis in dogs. The elimination half-lives for i.m and oral route of administration was 23.41 ± 0.93 h and 21.18 + 1.22 h, respectively. The values of area under curve were 33.40 ± 2.02 μg.h.ml-1 and 32.62 + 2.14 μg.h.ml-1 for i.m and oral route of administration, respectively. The value of area under first moment of curve were found to be 1259 ± 35.1 μg.h2.ml-1 and 1607.29 + 185 μg.h2.ml-1. The values of MRT were 38.38 ± 2.46 and 48.72 + 3.63 h, respectively. Values of F for i.m. and oral study were 0.96 ± 0.06 and 0.95± 0.07 % respectively. On the basis of observed meloxicam concentration in plasma, the drug can be given intramuscularly or orally at dose rate of 0.4 mg/kg to be repeated at an interval of 48 h.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Evaluation of Phenobarbital Induced CYP3A and CYP2H1 Gene Expression by Quantitative RT - PCR in Bantam, Bantamized White Leghorn and White Leghorn Chicks(AAU, Anand, 2004) Vaghaji, Goriya Harshad; Bhavsar, S. K.The present work was planned to study induction of CYP3A and CYP2H1 genes by Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Quantitative RT-PCR in Bantam, Bantamized White leghorn and White leghorn chicks. Out of 18 chicks of Bantam, Bantamized White leghorn and White leghorn, 3 from each group were treated intraperitoneal with phenobarbital at the dose rate of 12mg/I00gm body weight and control group were treated with same volume of 0.9% normal saline. After 24 hrs of medication, they were sacrificed and liver samples were collected from each bird. Total RNA was extracted from the liver tissue samples using Tri Reagent® based method. The quantity of extracted RNA was assessed spectrophotometrically at 260/280nm, and it ranged from 1.7 to 2.0 OD suggesting good quantity of RNA extraction. The quality of extracted RNA was checked by 1% formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis and it showed bands at 28s, 18s and 5s rRNA subunits suggesting good integrity of RNA. First strand cDNA was synthesized using one step RT-PCR Kit. The PCR was performed and the product was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis which yielded targeted amplification of 1107 bp, 1567 bp and 486 bp amplicon for CYP3A, CYP2H1 and p-actin genes, respectively. β-actin (house keeping gene) was used as an internal control for normalization of CYP3A and CYP2H1 gene transcripts. Quantitative RT-PCR was done to quantify gene expression level of CYP3A and CYP2HI genes. Four end points were selected for sampling at 26th, 31st 36rd and 41st cycles to perform Quantitative RT-PCR. The quantity of expressed genes was detected by Gene tool software using Ikb DNA ladder having concentration of 7.1 ng/0.5 μl at 500bp as reference. Relative expression ratio of CYP3A and CYP2H1 genes was calculated by Relative Expression Software Tool (REST), ft was found that CYP3A is up regulated by factor of 1.339, 14.507 and 1.004 in Bantam, Bantamized White Leghorn and White Leghorn chicks, respectively. In Bantam and Bantamized White Leghorn chicks CYP2HI gene was up regulated by factor 1.503 and 80.871 respectively, but down regulated by a factor of 1.965 in White Leghorn chicks. PCR efficiency was judged by Ling PCR software. The PCR efficiency ranged from 1.3 to 1.7, 0.86 to 1.7 and 0.91 to 1.58 for CYP3A, CYP2H1 and p-actin, respectively in Bantam, Bantamized White leghorn and White Leghorn chicks.ThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOKINETICS AND SAFETY STUDY OF LEVOFLOXACIN IN LAYER BIRDS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PATEL, JATINKUMAR HARGOVINDDAS; Thaker, A. M.Levofloxacin is the active L - isomer of the racemate ofloxacin, a fluorinated quinolone has broad-spectrum activity and good antibacterial activity at low plasma/tissue concentration. The present study was designed to investigate pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following single dose intravenous and oral administration at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight and to evaluate safety after repeated administration (10 mg/kg) of levofloxacin at 12 hours interval for 14 days in layer birds. Drug concentration in serum was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Following intravenous administration, the serum drug concentration-time curves were analyzed by non-compartmental approach. Following intravenous administration the therapeutically effective serum concentration of levofloxacm > 0.13 µg/ml was maintamed for up to 12 hours. Based on the serum drug concentrations, various pharmacokinetic parameters like elimination half-life (t1/2β) (3.08 ± 0.05 hours), apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) (4.02 ± 0.079 1/kg), volume of distribution of drug at steady-state (Vd(ss)) (3.23 ± 0.055 1/kg), total body clearance (CIB) (15.09 ± 0.21 ml/min/kg), area under serum drug concentration-time curve (AUG) (11.07 ± 0.14 µg.h/ml), area under first moment of curve (AUMC) (39.56 ± 0.89 µg.h2/ml) and mean residence time (MRT) (3.57 ± 0.052 hours) were determined.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CEFTRIAXONE PHARMACOKINETICS FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS AND INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION IN BUFFALO CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2004) GOHIL, PRADHYUMAN VARSlNHBHAI; Thaker, A. M.Ceftriaxone, a broad spectrum semisynthetic third generation cephalosporin has excellent activity against gram negative bacteria as well as wide range of gram positive bacteria and some anaerobic bacteria, including enterobacteriaceae and many strain oipseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone after single dose intravenous and intramuscular administration in Surti buffalo calves. The ceftriaxone concentration in plasma was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Following single dose (10 mg/kg of body weight) intravenous administration of ceftriaxone, the therapeutically effective plasma drug concentration (> 0.25 µg ml-1) was maintained for up to 8 hours. Pharmacokinetics of the drug was best described by two-compartment open model following intravenous administration. The drug was rapidly distributed [t1/2α: 0.09 ± 0.01 h; Vd (area); 0.48 ± 0.05 L kg-1] and eliminated (t1/2β: 1.27 ± 0.04 h) from the body with a clearance rate of 4.40 ± 0.44 ml min-1 kg-1. Following single dose intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone at the rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight in buffalo calves, the therapeutically effective plasma drug concentration was detectable at 0.033 hours (2 minutes) and maintained for 12 hours. Peak plasma concentration (15.75 ± 2.39 µgml-1) was obtained at 0.5 hours after intramuscular administration. The drug is rapidly absorbed from the site of injection (t1/2ka: 0.35 ± 0.01 hours), widely distributed [Vd(area); 1.53 ± 0.2] L kg-1 and slowly eliminated from the body (t1/2β: 4.38 ± 0.4 hours). The bioavailability of ceftriaxone was 0.70 ± 0.2 (70.2 ± 2.0 per cent) following intramuscular injection.The studies indicate that a satisfactory intravenous dosage regimen of ceftriaxone in calves would be 13.23 mg/kg of body weight given at 12 hour interval. However, ceftriaxone can also be given intramuscularly in calves at the rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight repeated at 12 hour interval. A more practical approach would be to administer intravenous loading dose (13.0 mg/kg of body weight) followed by intramuscular maintenance dose (10 mg/kg of body weight) repeated at 12 hour interval. The recommended doses need to be evaluated in clinical situations to establish its therapeutic efficacy.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFTRIAXONE IN SHEEP(AAU, Anand, 2004) SWATI; Thaker, A. M.Ceftriaxone, a third generation semisynthetic cephalosporin is resistant to various types of β-lactamases, with potent activity against aerobic gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The present study was designed to investigate pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in sheep following single dose intravenous and intramuscular administration at the dose rate of 10 mg kg-1 of body weight. Following administration of drug the blood samples were collected at predetermined tiftie intervals. Drug concentration in plasma was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Following intravenous administration, the plasma concentration-time curve was characteristic of a two compartment open model whereas, it was best described as one compartment open model with first order absorption after intramuscular administration. Based on the plasma drug concentration time curve various rate constants and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by least square regression analysis. Following intravenous administration the mean plasma ceftriaxone level of 104.56 ± 3.69 µg ml-1 was observed at 0.033 h (2 minutes), which rapidly declined to 17.82 ± 1.13 µg ml-1 at 0.5 h (30 minutes). The concentration of ceftriaxone >= 0.48 µgml-1 of plasma, well above the MIC was maintained up to 6 h after administration of drug. The distribution half-life (t1/2α) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were 0.13 ± 0.01 h and 1.21 ± 0.05 h, respectively. The mean values of apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)] and volume of distribution of drug at steady-state (Vdss) were calculated to be 0.41 ± 0.02 and 0.27 ± 0.01 L kg-1 respectively. The mean value of total body clearance (CIB) was 3.91 ± 0.13 ml min-1 kg-1ThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOKINETICS AND SAFETY STUDY OF LEVOFLOXACIN IN BROILER BIRDS(AAU, Anand, 2008) VARIA, RASESHKUMAR DEVABHAI; Thaker, A. M.Levofloxacin is the S- enantiomer (L- isomer) of ofloxacin, has broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The present study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin after single dose intravenous and oral administration at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight in broiler birds. Additionally, tissue concentration (4 doses and 10 doses) and safety of multiple oral doses (28 doses) were evaluated at the same dose rate. Drug concentration in plasma was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental software. Following intravenous administration the plasma concentration of levofloxacin > 0.15 µg/ml was maintained for up to 12 hours. Based on the plasma drug concentrations, various pharmacokinetic parameters like elimination half-life (t1/2β) (3.178 ± 0.070 hours), apparent volume of distribution Vd(area) (4.044 ± 0.077 1/kg), volvmie of distribution of drug at steady-state Vd(ss) (3.245 ± 0.059 1/kg), total body clearance (CIB) (14.710 ± 0.118 ml/min/kg), area under plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) (11.330 + 0.083 µg h/ml), area under first moment of curve (AUMC) (41.730 ± 1.148 µg h2/ml) and mean residence time (MRT) (3.690 + 0.082 hours) were determined.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CEFTRIAXONE PHARMACOKINETICS FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS AND INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION IN CROSSBRED CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2004) MARADIYA, JAYESH JASAMAT; Thaker, A. M.The present study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone after single dose intravenous and intramuscular administration in Kankrej X Jersey crossbred calves. The ceftriaxone concentration in plasma was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Following single dose (10 mg/kg of body weight) intiavcnous administration of ceftriaxone, the therapeutically effective plasma drug concentration (> 0.1 µg ml-1) was maintained for up to 8 hours. Pharmacokinetics of the drug was best described by a two-compartment open model following intravenous administration. The drug was rapidly distributed [t1/2α 0.13 ± 0.01 h; Vd(area): 0.44 ± 0.07 L kg-1] and eliminated (t t1/2β, 1.58 ± 0.06 h) from the body with a clearance rate of 3.15 ± 0.41 ml min-1kg-1. Following single dose intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone at the rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight in calves, the therapeutically effective plasma drug concentration was detectable at 0.083 hour (5 minutes) and maintained for 12 hours. Peak plasma concentration (15.34 ± 2.39 µg ml-1) was obtained at 0.25 hour after intramuscular administration. The drug was rapidly absorbed from the site of injection (t 1/2, Ka: 0.26 ± 0.04 hour), widely distributed [Vd,area); 1.16 ± 0.15 L kg-1] and slowly eliminated from the body (t 1/2β:5.02 ± 0.51 hours). The bioavailability of ceftriaxone was 0.45 ± 0.04 (45 ± 4 per cent) following intramuscular injection. The studies indicate that a satisfactory intravenous dosage regimen of ceftriaxone in calves would be 4.15 mg/kg of body weight given at 12 hour interval. However, ceftriaxone can also be given intramuscularly in calves at the rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight repeated at 12 hour interval. A more practical approach would be to administer intravenous loading dose (4.15 mg/kg of body weight) followed by intramuscular maintenance dose (10 mg/kg of body weight) repeated at 12 hour interval. The recommended doses need to be evaluated in clinical situations to establish their efficacy.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFTRIAXONE IN GOATS(AAU, Anand, 2004) TIWARI, SUDHIR KUMAR; Thaker, A. M.Ceftriaxone, a third generation semisynthetic cephalosporin has excellent activity against aerobic gram negative and gram positive bacteria including moderate activity against many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study was designed to study pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in goats following single dose intravenous administration at the dose rate of 20 mg kg-1 of body weight. Following administration of drug the blood samples were collected at predetermined time intervals. Drug concentration in plasma was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). After intravenous administration, the plasma concentration- time curve was characteristic of a two compartment open model whereas; it was best fitted to one compartment open model following intramuscular administration. Based on the plasma drug concentration time curve various rate constants and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by least square regression analysis. Following intravenous administration the mean plasma ceftriaxone level of 235.02 ± 42.1 µg ml-1 was observed at 0.033 h (2 minutes), which rapidly declined to 38.49 ± 3.53 µg ml-1 at 0.533 h (32 minutes). The distribution half-life (t1/2α) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were 0.12 + 0.004 hand 1.50 ± 0.05 h, respectively. The mean values of apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)] and volume of distribution of drug at steady-state (Vdss) were calculated to be 0.58 ± 0.04 and 0.28 ± 0.05 L Kg-1, respectively. The mean value of total body clearance (CIB) was 4.50 ± 0.43 ml min-1 kg-1 Following single dose intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone at the rate of 20 mg kg-1 of body weight in goats, the therapeutically effective plasma concentration was detectable at 0.0833 hours (5 minutes) and maintained for 12 hours. Peak plasma concentration (8.34 ± 0.81 µg ml-1) was obtained at 0.5 hours after intramuscular administration. After rapid absorption of drug from the site of administration (t1/2ka: 0.08 ± 0.01 hours), it is slowly eliminated from the body (t1/2β: 2.03 ± 0.09 hours). The bioavailability of ceftriaxone was 0.59 + 0.04 (59 ± 4.0 per cent) following intramuscular administration. Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained, dosage regimens of ceftriaxone were calculated. An appropriate intravenous dosage regimen of ceftriaxone in goats would be 7.0 mg kg-1 of body weight to be repeated every 12- hour interval. Intramuscular dosing of the drug at the dose rate of 20 mg kg-1 of body weight every 12 hours is suggested for mass medication of goats. A more practical approach would be to give the drug intravenous (7.0 mg kg-1) followed by intramuscular (20.0 mg kg-1) repeated at every 12 hours.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS(AAU, Anand, 2016) KARETHA HETALBEN BHIKHALAL; Dr. A. M. ThakerThe present study was conducted on sixty six (66) male Albino Wistar rats dividing them in various groups having six rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and received 0.5 % solution of sodium bicarbonate in normal saline orally once daily for 28 days. Group II served as diabetic control and received streptozotocin at the dose rate of 60 mg/kg body weight, by dissolving it in 50 mM citric buffer (pH 4.5) solution as a single intraperitoneal injection. Rats of group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX also received streptozotocin at the same way. Group III received glibenclamide at dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight (p.o.) once daily after establishment of diabetes for 28 days. Group IV, V and VI received aqueous extract of M. oleifera pods at dose of 100 and 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively (p.o.) once daily respectively while group VII, VIII and IX received alcoholic extract of M. oleifera pods at dose of 100 and 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) respectively once daily after establishment of diabetes for 28 days. Whereas group X and XI were administered with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M. oleifera pods respectively at dose of 200 mg/kg orally once daily for 28 days. Upon acute oral toxicity testing, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Moringa oleifera pods were found safe. Phytochemical analysis by GC-MS revealed presence of many compounds in both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of pods. Rats of diabetic “Studies on antidiabetic effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Moringa oleifera in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats” control group were found dull and depressed along with polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria from first week of experiment. At the end of experiment, there was significant reduction in the body weight gain and increased feed consumption was found in diabetic rats which was significantly reversed with administration of standard drug, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M. oleifera pods. Administration of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M. oleifera pods at dose rate of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg body weight in diabetic rat for 28 days showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in the elevated level of blood glucose and TLC and significant (p<0.01) increase in the reduced level of Hb, RBCs, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC in dose- dependent manner. Daily oral administration of glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg body weight and aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M. oleifera pods at dose rate of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in diabetic rats for 28 days produced significant (p<0.01) reduction in the elevated level of SGPT, SGOT, TC, LDH, CK and BUN and significant (p<0.01) increase in the reduced level of liver glycogen, albumin and total protein in dose- dependent manner. Microscopic examination of pancreas revealed destruction, decreased number, dearrangement, diminished size and shape of β cells of islets of langerhans and damaged acinar cells, while histopathological examination of pancreas of both extracts and glibenclamide treated groups revealed restoration in damaged histoarchitecture structure. The hypoglycemic effect of glibenclamide, as a reference drug on reducing blood glucose was more potent and significant as compared to plant extracts (aqueous “Studies on antidiabetic effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Moringa oleifera in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats” and alcoholic extracts of M. oleifera pods) treatment and brought all the hematological and biochemical parameters up to the normal level. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M. oleifera pods showed effectiveness in dose- dependent manner. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the M. oleifera pods at the dose rate of 400 mg/kg body weight showed better effect than dose rate of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The antidiabetic activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M. oleifera pods may be due to the presence of phytochemical constituents such as quercetin, flavonoids, phenol, glycoside and alkaloids. Further investigation to define its clinical efficacy would be highly desirable.