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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIFFERENT TREATMENTS IN RELATION TO SERVICE PERIOD AND MILK PROFILE IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PARMAR, PRAKASHCHANDRA D.; Derashri, H. J.The present research experiment on "Effect of Different treatments on service period and milk profile in Holstein Friesian cows" was undertaken on 40 Holstein Friesian cows. Objectives of the experiment were to study the effect of herbal preparation on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity and conception rate in the animals, to study the effect of combination of hormones such as PGF2a and Oxytocin on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity and subsequent conception rate during postpartum period, to study the milk profiles- protein, fat, urea, ketone bodies, lactose and SNF during postpartum period. The animals were divided into four groups of ten animals (n=10) each. Group-I, animals were given intra-uterine infusions of herbal preparation (Vantab) at weekly interval for three consequtive weeks. Group-II animals were given Oxytocin, 50 lU and PGF2a, 25 mg I/M, (Iliren, Intervet International Gmbh, Germany) immediately after parturition, Group-Ill animals were injected with PGF2a 25 mg i/m immediately after parturition, and Group-IV(Control group) animals were not given any treatment. Milk samples were collected at weekly interval from experimental animals from the day of parturition till 15th week post-partum for biochemical analysis of milk for Milk Urea Nitrogen, Milk Ketone bodies, Milk Lactose, Milk Protein, Milk Fat, and Milk Solid Non-Fat (SNF). Milk Urea Nitrogen was estimated by quantitative Spectrophotometer. Milk Ketone bodies were estimated by Rothera's test. Milk Lactose, Milk Protein, Milk Fat, and Milk Solid Non-Fat (SNF) were estimated by Ultrasonic Ekomilk total. Insemination were done in this group of animal on day of estrus Observed beyond 50 days post-partum. The Mean interval of the service period under different treatment groups was 123.4 ± 17.94, 109.8 ± 16.77, 120 ± 13.78 and 128.3 ± 17.25 days respectively. There was no significant difference in service period between the treatments. The mean / average level of milk urea nitrogen up to 120 day post partum was 0.252 ± 0.007 in HF cows under study. Significant difference was observed between treatments and control and between treatment groups also. Group - I animals had significantly lower MUN values as compared to group - IV and group - III. Same way significant difference was observed between group - 1 and group - II and group - III.. Treatment was effective to minimize the MUN levels. The mean / average level of milk ketone bodies up to 120 day post partum was 1.292 ± 0.031 in HF cows under the study. Ketone bodies in group - I and group - II were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than group IV (control group). The mean / average level of Milk Fat up to 120 day post partum was 2.18 ± 0.05 percent in HF cows under the study. Significant difference was observed between group - I and group - II and between group - II and group - IV. The mean / average level of Solid Non-fat up to 120 day post partum was 9.56 ± 0.05 in HF cows under study. SNF values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group-II animals as compared to group-III and group IV animals. Significant difference (P < 0.05) for SNF values was also observed between the periods. The mean / average level of Milk Lactose up to 120 day post partum was 6.12 ± 1.026 in HF cows under study. No significant difference was observed between groups and between treatments. The mean / average level of Milk Protein up to 120 day post partum was 3.58 ± 0.02 g% in HF cows under study. Significant difference was observed between groups and periods. Milk protein values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group 1 and group-11 as compared to group-IV (control group). Percentage of pregnant animals was 90, in Gr-1, Gr-II, Gr-III, and Gr-IV, respectively. Higher number of animals was pregnant in different treatment groups than the control group. The treatments gave an indication to enhance the fertility in post-partum HF cows under the study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BLOOD PROFILE IN RELATION TO REPRODUCTION IN CROSSBRED COWS OF SABARKANTHA DISTRICT(AAU, Anand, 2008) PATEL, BANKIMCHANDRA N.; Derashri, H. J.The present research project "Studies on blood profile in relation to reproduction in crossbred cows of Sabarkantha district" was undertaken on 30 advance pregnant crossbred cows and 20 repeat breeder cows. The objective of the study were to observe the effect of supplementation of mineral mixture powder and Bolus cyclomin 7 on reproductive performance of individual animals and also studies the serum biochemical profile during pre-partum, at partum and 15, 30 and 45 days post-partum. The animals were divided into two major units, Unit-1 total 30 advance pregnant animals, which were further divided in to three groups of ten animals each. The three groups were: group I - Treatment 1 ( mineral mixture + cyclomin 7); Group II - Treatment-2 -( mineral mixture + cyclomin 7) + GnRH (Inj. Receptal); Group - III - Control group (no treatment). While in case Unit-2, total 20 animals were selected which were divided in to two groups Group - IV -Treatment-4 (mineral mixture + cyclomin 7); and Groups V -Treatment-5 Control group (no treatment). Average value of Serum Glucose, Total protein, Triglyceride and Cholesterol in the animals under different groups of treatment in unit-1 was 53.58 ±0.55 mg/dl, 8.11 ± 0.09 g/dl, 45.09 ± 0.88 mg/dl, 118.67 ± 2.19 mg/dl. Level of glucose, total protein, cholesterol was maintained at significantly higher level (P < 0.01) in the animals under treatment group as compared to control group. Level of glucose was less at 15 days prepartum which increased significantly at parturition, decreased significantly 15 days postpartum and increased significantly 30 days post-partum onwards. An increasing trend was observed in protein level from 15 days pre-partum to the day of parturition and then the values decreased significantly (P < 0.01) till 45 days post-partum. No significant difference was observed for triglycerides level between the treatment and period groups, however, the values showed increasing trend from 15 days pre-partum to 15 days post-partum and then the values were at par with those at 15 days pre-partum. The level of cholesterol was at par 15 days pre-partum and at parturition and then onwards it increased significantly (P < 0.01) towards 45 days post-partum. Average value of Serum Glucose, Total protein, Triglyceride and Cholesterol in the animals under different groups of treatment in unit-2 was 47.42 ± 0.81 mg/dl, 7.18 ± 0.11 g/dl, 48.81 ± 1.30 mg/dl and 114.28 ± 3.83 mg/dl. Significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed between treatment and control groups for glucose level. Average value of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium in blood serum for unit-1 in the animals under experiment was 8.55 ± 0.14 mg / dl, 4.86 ± 0.06 mg / dl, and 1.49 + 0.06. mEq /dl. Calcium levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 15 days prepartum to the day of parturition (7.71 ± 0.20) and then increased significantly (P < 0.01) towards 45 days post-partum (9.20 ± 0.31). Highly significant difference was observed between the treatment groups and treatment groups and the control group for calcium and phosphorus level. No significant difference was observed between treatments and between periods for serum magnesium level. Average value for Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium level in blood serum in the animals under experiment (Unit-2) was 8.02 ± 0.17, 4.42 ± 0.20 mg/dl and 1.42 ± 0.12 mEq/dl. Values were not significantly differ but comparatively higher in treatment groups as compared to control groups. Average serum, cobalt, copper, iron, Zinc, and manganese (ppm) in the experimental animals in unit-1 was 0.88 ± 0.08, 0.74 ± 0.04, 2.15 ± 0.03, 2.16 ± 0.09 and 0.31 ± 0.01 respectively. No significant differences were observed for zinc and cobalt level between treatments and between periods but the values were comparatively higher in the treatment groups at 15 days post-partum stage (2.47 ± 0.22). However, values deceased significantly (P < 0.01) at the time of parturition as compared to 15 days prepartum find highly significant difference between different periods (1.06 ± 0.08 Vs.0.67 ± 0.05). Whereas copper level significantly (P < 0.01) decreased at pre partum (0.42 ± 0.04) and increased at the time of parturition shows continuous increased trend up to 45 days (1.02 ± 0.12). Mean values of manganese was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased at the time of parturition (0.21 ± 0.02) and gradually increased post partum. Average level of serum, cobalt, copper, iron, Zinc, and manganese (ppm) in the experimental animals (Unit-2) were 0.85 ± 0.04, 0.39 ± 0.02, 2.00 ± 0.04, 1.35 ± 0.09 and 0.27 ± 0.01 respectively. The values differed significantly (P < 0.01) between treatment and control groups, (1.59 ± 0.11 vs. 1.11 ± 0.12) for zinc level. The treatment, supplementation with mineral mixture and micro minerals and GnRH, effectively reduced the calving interval and mean inseminations per conception and improved the reproductive efficiency of animals of treatment groups. The mean intercalving period was 337.37 ± 4.30, 345 ± 4.60 and 355.60 ± 5.44 for T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. The calving interval was significantly less (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups than the control group.ThesisItem Open Access ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION IN POSTPARTUM ANESTRUS MEHSANA BUFFALOES USING DIFFERENT HORMONE PROTOCOLS AND EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS BY TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY(AAU, Anand, 2009) NAIKOO, MEHRAJUDDIN; PATEL, D. M.The present study was carried out on 24 postpartum anestrus Mehsana buffaloes during breeding season (November 2008 to March 2009) at Geeta Dairy Farm, Jambuva Village near Jambuva crossing, Vadodara, Gujarat. The animals were divided into four groups (six in each group), keeping six animals as control. The study included administration of three hormone protocols: i) Ovsynch ii) Ovsynch and CIDR and iii) CIDR alone. The effect of these hormone protocols was studied using different parameters and B-mode transrectal ultrasonography and the findings were evaluated by comparing them with plasma progesterone levels at different time intervals after treatment. The Ovsynch protocol was initiated in Mehsana buffaloes with postpartum anestrus period of more than four months, considering the day of first GnRH injection as day 0. All the animals of this group showed synchronized estrus and ovulation. Estrus was observed between 10-20 hrs after the last GnRH injection with ovulation 9 to 15 hrs after the end of estrus in all the animals. The animals were bred by fixed-time AI (FTAI) twice (day 11) and ultrasonography on day 26 post-insemination revealed first service and second service conception rates of 50% each, giving overall conception rate of 66.66% (four out of six animals). Ultrasonography on day 40 and rectal palpation on day 60 post-insemination revealed both pooled conception rate and pregnancy rate of 50% (three out of six animals), suggestive of early embryonic death (EED) in one animal. Combination of Ovsynch-CIDR protocol was initiated in postpartum anestrus animals, considering the first day of treatment as day 0. Synchronization of estrus and ovulation occurred in all the six animals, with ovulation within 10 to 14 hrs after the end of estrus in all the animals. The animals were bred by FTAI and ultrasonography on day 26 post-insemination revealed first service conception rate, second service conception rate and overall conception rate of 66.66% (four out of six animals), 50.00% (one out of two animals), and overall conception rate of 83.33% (five out of six animals), respectively. Both, ultrasound scanning and rectal palpation on day 40 and 60 post-insemination revealed pooled pregnancy rate of 83.33%. The use of CIDR protocol in postpartum anestrus animals caused induction of estrus in all the six animals with ovulation in five out of six animals (83.33%). These animals were bred by FTAI and ultrasonographic scanning on day 26 and 40 postinsemination revealed first service and second service conception rates of 50%) each and pooled conception rate of 66.66% (four out of six animals). The rectal palpation on day 60 post-insemination indicated 50.00% pregnancy rate, suggestive of EED or EFD in one animal. In the control group, all the six animals were anestrus as observed by rectal examination and plasma P4 assay. The plasma P4 levels in all the six animals remained < 1.20ng/ml throughout the research period. Upon ultrasound scanning, the embryo proper was observed on day 26 postinsemination. However, the embryo was observed in nine out of 13 buffaloes. The amniotic and allantoic vesicles were observed as non-echogenic cavities closely surrounding the embryo proper on day 40 post-insemination. These cavities were surrounded by large anechoic area i.e. embryonic fluid. The heartbeats were observed in 10 out of 13 animals on day 26 and in all 12 animals on day 40 post-insemination. The mean heart rate was found to be 174.60 ± 0.81 beats per minute on day 26 postinsemination, which later on decreased to 165.28 ± 1.4 beats per minute on day 40 post-insemination. The sensitivity of ultrasound scanning was cent percent on days 26 and 40 post-insemination. The specificity of ultrasound scanning was 80.00 per cent and 100 per cent on days 26 and 40 post-insemination, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the ultrasound scanning was 92.85 per cent and 100 per cent on days 26 and 40 post-insemination, respectively. The negative predictive value (NPV) of the ultrasound scanning was cent per cent on both the days i.e. days 26 and 40 post-insemination. The overall accuracy/diagnostic accuracy in the present study was recorded as 94.44 per cent and 100 percent on days 26 and 40, respectively. All the 24 buffaloes included in this study were anestrus, having plasma progesterone levels ranged from 0.21-1.18ng/ml. After initiation of treatment, plasma progesterone levels increased in all animals among the treatment groups upto 9-10 days and then decreased drastically around the day of estrus. Plasma progesterone concentrations in estrus buffaloes ranged from 0.12 - 1.54ng/ml with an average of 0.46±0.20ng/ml on the day of Al. Plasma progesterone concentrations ranged from 3.00 - 6.02ng/ml with an average of 4.42±0.52ng/ml in pregnant animals on day 20 post-insemination. In non-pregnant animals plasma progesterone concentrations remained to be 0.97 - 1.91ng/ml with an average of 1.22±0.06ng/ml on day 20 postinsemination. These results suggest that estrus synchronization in postpartum anestrus Mehsana buffaloes using different hormone protocols viz. Ovsynch, Ovsynch and CIDR and CIDR alone are extremely useful in initiating cyclicity in anestrus/acyclic buffaloes and may serve as an excellent tool for synchronization of estrus, ovulation and conception in postpartum Mehsana buffaloes. Ultrasonography facilitates diagnosis of all non-pregnant animals at an early stage (day 26 post-insemination) and is really advantageous than pregnancy diagnosis by rectal palpation method, with 100 per cent reliability. Thus, ultrasound scanning appeared to be of immense value in detection of early pregnancy, early nonpregnancy and early embryonic mortality.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECT OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES ON PREGNANCY RATE IN SURTI GOATS AND EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY(AAU, Anand, 2009) LEKSHMI., P; Derashri, H. J.The present experiment on "Studies on Effect of Reproductive Hormones on Pregnancy Rate in Surti Goats and Early Pregnancy Diagnosis using Ultrasonography" was carried out with the objectives, to study reproductive rate in normal goats, to evaluate the effect of PGF2a and GnRH for induction of oestrus and pregnancy rate, to study the level of progesterone and metabolic profile viz. blood glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides before and after PGF2a and GnRH treatment, to detect early pregnancy in goats using ultrasonography by 30 days postmating and to evaluate early gestational progress measuring foetal sacs. The data relating the reproductive parameters like date of service, date of kidding, litter size and sex of kids were collected from the previous records of year 2004 - 2008 and reproductive performance in normal Surti goats was evaluated. Kidding interval decreased as parity increased, and it varied with management systems. Kidding was distributed during the month of August to January. Mating was highest during the months from April to June. Overall percentage of single and twin births were 83 and 21 respectively during the years 2004 to 2009. Overall percentage of male and female kids was 57 and 43 respectively from the year 2004 to 2009. Birth weights of female and male kids were less than that of twin births. No considerable change was observed in the litter size and litter weight with parity. The overall value of reproductive rate at Instructional farm and RBRU goat farm during the year from 2004 to 2008 was 1.13. The observed oestrus characteristics of Surti goats included, wagging of tail, frequent urination, teasing by buck, bleating, rubbing themselves on buck, standing still by teasing and mounting by buck, seeking the company of the buck, excitement, vulvar oedema and vulvar discharge, wagging of tail and bleating. Before hormonal treatment all goats were screened for pregnancy with the help of Ultrasonography. The induction of estrus using hormonal administration was carried out in the months towards the end of breeding season (in the month of August), during non breeding season (October - November) and towards beginning of breeding season (February - March). Plasma level of Progesterone and metabolic profile, viz. plasma glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, and Plasma macro-minerals - calcium and inorganic phosphorus - were estimated from blood plasma collected on the day before administration of hormone, on the 3rd day and on the 10' day of administration of hormonal preparations. The date of service of does showing oestrus and oestrus behaviour were noted. A total of 12 goats were treated with two different doses of PGF2a [250 ug (Tl) and 125 ug cloprostenol (T2)] towards the end of breeding season. The overall oestrus response rate was 100% in treatment group 1 and 83% in treatment group 2. The average interval from treatment to oestrus response was 10.83 + 2.40 days and 15.20 + 0.58 days in treatment group 1 (Tl) and 2 (T2) respectively. The pregnancy was diagnosed using Ultrasound scanning and confirmed later by kidding. The overall pregnancy rate was 100.00% incase of Tl and 83.33 % in case of T2 groups. A total of 12 goats were given (two groups of six animals each) GnRH treatment during non-breeding season @ 0.008 mg (T3) and 0.004mg Buserelin acetate (T4). Four out of six goats (67%) from the treatment group 3 (T3) and two out of six goats (33%) from the treatment group 4 (T4) exhibited weak oestrus signs of short duration which included excitement, wagging of tail and teasing by buck except mounting. Conception rate was nil in both of the groups, since no mating occurred. Twelve does (six in each group) were injected GnRH [(0.008 mg (T5) and 0.004 mg Buserelin acetate (T6)] during the beginning of breeding season. All the animals exhibited oestrus signs. The average interval from treatment to oestrus in T5 and T6 groups were 9.83 ± 1.70 days and 13.00 ± 1.91 days respectively. The overall conception rate was 100%. Level of Progesterone in PGF2a treatment group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) towards the end of breeding season. Plasma glucose, protein and cholesterol were significantly higher (P < 0.05) during breeding season. No significant difference was observed for plasma triglyceride level between treatments and between interval groups. The plasma calcium values increased significantly (P < 0.05) between intervals and plasma phosphorus values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in GnRH group during breeding season. The accuracy of detecting pregnancy and non-pregnancy was nearly 100% by 45"^ day of gestation using ultrasonography screening. Early Pregnancy was detected by multiple fluid filled sacs and echoic embryo with heart beat itself from day 19-30 of gestation. Another changes observed as gestation progressed were anechoic fluid filled sac surrounding the conceptus, umbilicus, and fully developed foetus with clear differentiation of head, neck and thorax, fetal parts like limbs at its budding stages, cranial bones, vertebral column and rib cage. By observing these changes, age of the fetus in utero can be assessed.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANATOMICAL CAUSES OF BOVINE INFERTILITY IN GENITAL ORGANS OF SHE-BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 2009) Vala, Karsan B.; Panchal, M. T.The present study on "Anatomical causes of bovine infertility in genital organs of she-buffaloes" was carried out on 131 female buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) reproductive tracts collected from the local abattoir at Anand. The organs were studied for palpation accuracy, the incidence of gross lesions, for testing tubal impatency, biometry of genitalia and histopathological investigation. The study was carried out at Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand over a period of eight months, from August 2008 to April 2009. Pre-slaughter Examination A total of 20 buffaloes were examined per-rectally at random just prior to the slaughter for determination of reproductive abnormalities to assess the palpation accuracy and the findings were compared with post-slaughter observations. The maximum difference in palpation accuracy was found in functional structures on the ovary (45.00%), followed by kinked cervix;(20.00%), perirnetritis (20.00%), cervical ectropion (15.00%), mild ovaro-bursal adhesions (10.00%), endometritis (10.00%), vaginal bends (5.00%), paraovarian cyst (5.00%) and early pregnancy (0.00%). Biometry of genitalia All the non-gravid reproductive organs (n=127) were measured for their length and width using a digital vernier caliper. The mean (± SE) length and width of cervix were found to be 7.05 ± 0.49 and 2.37 ± 0.08 cm, respectively. The mean (± SE) length and width of left uterine horns were found to be 24.75 ± 0.49 and 2.43 ± 0.08 cm, respectively, and those for the right horns were 25.13 ± 0.49 and 2.49 ± 0.08 cm, respectively. The average length and width of the left oviduct were observed to be 20.06 ± 0.32 and 0.26 ± 0.01 cm, respectively, and those of the right oviduct were 20.50 ± 0.33 and 0.26 ± 0.004 cm, respectively. The mean length, width and height of the left ovary were found to be 2.08 ± 0.03, 1.26 ± 0.03 and 1.45 ± 0.02 cm, respectively, and the corresponding values for the right ovary were 2.01 ± 0.03, 1.22 ± 0.02 and 1.43 ± 0.03, respectively. Abattoir Survey of Genitalia Out of 131 reproductive organ examined, 4 (3.05%) were found to have an early pregnancy of 30 to 40 days and 127 organs (96.95%) were found to be nongravid comprising 29 (22.14%) normal and 98 (74.81%) having gross abnormalities. The cervical affections were found to be the maximum in 68 (51.91%) organs followed by uterus 38 (29.01%), ovary and bursa 30 (20.61%), fallopian tube 18 (13.74%), vagina 6 (4.58%) and under developed genitalia 4 (3.05%). Among the affections of ovaries and mesovarium, the paraovarian cysts were found in 13.74 per cent (18) genitalia of culled infertile buffaloes followed by ovaro- bursal adhesions ( 9.16%, 12), luteal cyst (1.53%, 2), follicular cyst (0.76%, 1) and ovarian haematoma (0.76%, 1). Amongst the oviducts (n=254) examined, gross unilateral enlargement was found in 10 tubes (7.63%) comprising unilateral and bilateral enlargements in 6 (4.58%) and 4 (3.05%) tubes, respectively. Using air insufflations technique, unilateral tubal impatency was found in 8.40 per cent tracts (n=ll) comprising 4.58 (n=6) and 3.82 (n=5) per cent in right and left fallopian tubes, respectively, whereas bilateral impatency was observed in 4.58 per cent (n=6) genitalia. The rate of tubal blockage at the uterotubal junction, isthmus and ampulla were found to be 69.57, 21.74 and 8.70 per cent, respectively. The female tubes were found to be partially patent in 3.05 per cent (n=4) tubes. The gross lesions in the fallopian tubes comprised pyosalpinx (n=2) and hydrosalpinx (n=2) each 1.53 per cent. The uterine disorders were found in 38 (29.01%) genitalia among 98 culled infertile buffaloes comprising perimetritis (20.60%), endometritis (19.85%), perimetrial cyst (3.05%) and leomyoma (0.76%). The cervical disorders were found to be in 51.91 per cent (n=68) excised buffalo genitalia, comprising kinked cervix in 41.98 per cent (n=55) and prolapsed cervical rings in 8.40 per cent (n=ll) buffaloes. The vaginal disorders were found to be 4.58 per cent (n=6) comprising vaginitis in 3.82 per cent (n=5) and vaginal bends in 0.76 per cent (n=l) buffaloes. Histopathological Investigations . Out of 29 uterine necropsy tissue samples studied histopathologically, the histological lesions of endometritis were in 19.85 (n=26) per cent genitalia, comprising the acute, subacute and chronic endometritis in 15.38 (n=4), 15.38 (n=4) and 69.24 (n=18) per cent genitalia, respectively. Endometriosis / adenomyosis was found in only one case (0.76%). Among the organs examined (n=127) for tubal affections, 21 (16.03%) genitalia had either tubal impatency or lesions of salpingitis. On the basis of histopathological findings of 14 fallopian tubes, mild (+), moderate (++) and severe (+++) degree of salpingitis were found in 2 (14.29%), 3 (21.43%) and 9 (64.29%) fallopian tubes, respectively. A very rare condition like formation of mucosal/submucosal cysts was observed in 4 oviducts. Loss of mucosal/submucosal glands was noticed in 2 fallopian tubes and the formation of multilobular lumen in 2 tubes. Determination of genital abnormalities through rectal palpation poses a major limitation for field veterinarian. Aetio-pathologically, two third of culled buffaloes were having either single or multiple gross abnormalities, being the acquired cervical affections to be the maximum in one half of the culled buffaloes, suggestive of squeal of multiple cervical insults / injuries while handling the female genitalia at parturition and/or artificial insemination at the field level. The deteriorated genital health of culled buffaloes being observed during histopatholgical examination indicated possible utility of biopsy examination in infertile animals while culling. Field veterinarians, para veterinarians and inseminators involved in the breeding activities at the field level should exercise extreme care to minimize the cervical affections while genital palpations, inseminations and handling of dystocia problems.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC HORMONAL AND INTRAUTERINE HERBAL THERAPY ON POST-PARTUM UTERINE INVOLUTION, OVARIAN REBOUND AND SERVICE PERIOD IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COWS(AAU, Anand, 2008) PATEL, BHARAT B.; PATEL, D. M.The present research project "Studies on effects of systemic hormonal and intrauterine herbal therapy on post-partum uterine involution, ovarian rebound and service period in Holstein Friesian cows." was undertalcen on 28 Holstein Friesian cows. The objectives of the study were to observe the effect of Prostaglandin and oxytocin injections on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity during post-partum period, blood plasma metabolic concentration. Progesterone (P4) hormone concentration on post-partum and the effect of herbal antibacterial preparation (intrauterine) on uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity, induction of oestrus and conception rate during post partum period. The animals were divided into four groups each group having seven animals. The four groups were: Group I:- Control ; Group II:-Vantab, Three intra-uterine infusions given at weekly interval postpartum. Group III:- Oxytocin, 50 units and PGF2a, 25 mg (Iliren) I/M. immediately after parturition and Group IV:- PGF2a, 25 mg (Iliren) 1/M, immediately after parturition . Blood samples were collected from parturition (0 day) to 75th day at fortnightly interval through jugular venupuncture for estimation of biochemical constituents by auto analyser (Selectra Junior) and progesterone hormone estimation by Radio Immuno Assay (RIA) technique. The HF cows under the study revealed complete regression of pregnancy CL by mean interval of 8.50 ± 0.81 (range 3-21) days. There was non significant difference (P<0.05) found all groups of trait. In Group-Ill and Group-IV pregnancy CL lysis occurred in short time as compared to Group-I, Group-II. The mean interval from calving to first post-partum oestrus was 31.65 ± 1.45 (range 23 to 45) days in HF cows under study. Highly significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between groups for first post-partum oestrus, being higher in control group of animals as compared to treatment groups. The mean period of uterine involution was found to be 29.71 ± 0.71 (range 22- 37) days. The mean period of uterine involution was 32.57 ± 1.25, 31.71 ± 0.91, 25.85 ± 1.10 and 28.71 ± 0.91 days respectively for group I, II, III and IV. There were highly significant difference (P<0.01) for period of in uterine involution between various treatment groups. Plasma glucose concentrations in cows under the present experiment were 57.79 ± 0.50 (range 50 to 67) mg %. The Difference within treatment groups was highly significant (P < 0.01). The values for glucose increased 60 days post-partum. Plasma total protein concentration in cows under experiment was 7.25 ± 0.05 (range 6.65 to 7.87) g/dl There no significant difference (P<0.05) between treatment mean of different groups for plasma total protein concentration but there was a significant different (P<0.05) between period mean. Plasma cholesterol concentration in cows under the study was 106.92 ± 2.53 (range 63.20 to 158.02) mg/dl. Differences within treatment and between groups were highly significant (P < 0.01). Plasma Triglycerides concentration in cows under study was 12.76 ± 0.14 (range 8.3 to 17) mg/dl. Differences within treatment and between groups were highly significant (P < 0.01). The average plasma concentration of progesterone in the cattle was 2.09 ± 0.13 (range 0.1 to 7.00) ng/ml through out post partum period. There were non significant difference (P<0.05) between treatment mean but there was a significant different (P<0.05) between period mean. The overall mean values of service periods were 122.39 ± 6.90 (range 62- more than 150) days. In the present study, it was observed that interval from calving to first service postpartum was non significant in all the groups. The mean values of service periods were 142.28 ± 21.53, 123± 9.28, 109 ± 9.05, 114.85 ± 11.02 respectively in group 1,11, III and IV. The treatments given may enhance the fertility in post-partum HF cows. The animals under Group-Ill and Group-IV had faster involution and shorter service period as compared to animals treatment group-ll and control group-I.ThesisItem Open Access BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL AND HORMONAL PROFILES IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS IN SURTI BUCKS WITH SEMEN STUDIES(2008) JADAV, PRABHAT V; Patel, D MIn the present study on Surti bucks (i) blood biochemical (ii) hormonal (sex steroid) profile and (iii) seminal picture were studied in relation to different age groups. In this study about 21 Surti bucks were taken and divided into 3 groups. Group-I, Group- II & Group-Ill with age of 6-9 months, 9-12 months and above one year respectively and body weight ranging from 8-12 kg, 12-22 kg & 22 kg and above respectively. The levels of sex steroids in Surti bucks of different age were analyzed by employing standard Radioimmunoassay technique. The age related changes of sex steroids (Testosterone and Androstenedione) and specific changes in blood biochemical profiles (Total protein, cholesterol. Alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphorous) were estimated at fifteen days interval. The data collected on levels of sex steroids, biochemical estimates and seminal picture were statistically analyzed using standard technique. The Serum levels of testosterone and androstenedione revealed age related changes. The mean testosterone levels at 9-12 months was found to be significantly (P <0.05) lower. The level of testosterone was significantly higher in Surti bucks of one year age and above. A progressive rise in mean testosterone level was observed after one year of age. The levels of androstenedione in blood serum remained a peak at the age of three months and then declined with the advancement of age upto one year. The levels of this hormone were exceptionally higher in adult bucks. The age related sex steroid levels of Surti bucks follow the trends similar to those found on other species of ruminants but the higher levels of androstenedione recorded in adult group of bucks (above one year) was a species specific.ThesisItem Open Access "STUDIES ON DIFFERENT TREATMENT IN RELATION TO SERVICE PERIOD AND MILK PROFILE IN HOLSTEIN FRESIAN COW(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2008) Parmar Prakashchandra D.; Dr. H.J.DerashriTThhee pprreesseenntt rreesseeaarrcchh eexxppeerriimmeenntt oonn ““EEffffeecctt ooff DDiiffffeerreenntt ttrreeaattmmeennttss oonn sseerrvviiccee ppeerriioodd aanndd mmiillkk pprrooffiillee iinn HHoollsstteeiinn FFrriieessiiaann ccoowwss”” wwaass uunnddeerrttaakkeenn oonn 4400 HHoollsstteeiinn FFrriieessiiaann ccoowwss.. OObbjjeeccttiivveess ooff tthhee eexxppeerriimmeenntt wweerree ttoo ssttuuddyy tthhee eeffffeecctt ooff hheerrbbaall pprreeppaarraattiioonn oonn uutteerriinnee iinnvvoolluuttiioonn aanndd rreessuummppttiioonn ooff oovvaarriiaann aaccttiivviittyy aanndd ccoonncceeppttiioonn rraattee iinn tthhee aanniimmaallss,, ttoo ssttuuddyy tthhee eeffffeecctt ooff ccoommbbiinnaattiioonn ooff hhoorrmmoonneess ssuucchh aass PPGGFF22αα aanndd OOxxyyttoocciinn oonn uutteerriinnee iinnvvoolluuttiioonn aanndd rreessuummppttiioonn ooff oovvaarriiaann aaccttiivviittyy aanndd ssuubbsseeqquueenntt ccoonncceeppttiioonn rraattee dduurriinngg ppoossttppaarrttuumm ppeerriioodd,, ttoo ssttuuddyy tthhee mmiillkk pprrooffiilleess-- pprrootteeiinn,, ffaatt,, uurreeaa,, kkeettoonnee bbooddiieess,, llaaccttoossee aanndd SSNNFF dduurriinngg ppoossttppaarrttuumm ppeerriioodd..ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FSH AND DIFFERENT DOSES OF PMSG ON SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSE AND EMBRYO RECOVERY RATE IN SURTI BUFFALOES(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2008) AMIT KUMAR SAREN; Dr. Rohit G. ShahAn experiment was conducted at the farm of Reproductive Biology Research Unit of the College to study the effect of FSH and two different doses of PMSG on superovulatory response and embryo recovery rate in Surti buffaloes (n=18) of 2-6 parity during breeding season (August to February). Group I (n=6) and Group II (n=6) donors were superovulated with single i/m dose of 2500 and 3000 IU PMSG, respectively, on day 10 of the estrous cycle, whereas Group III (n=6) donors were treated intramuscularly with 400 mg FSH per donor divided into 8 equal doses over four days at 12 hourly interval, starting at day 10 of the cycle. Superovulatory estrus in donors was induced 48 hours after the initiation of superovulatory treatment with a single i/m dose of 25 mg PGF2α. The first AI was performed 48 hours after PGF2α injection, followed by two more AIs at 12 hours interval. A dose of 1500 IU Chorulon (hCG) i/m, irrespective of groups, was given at the time of AI to increase the embryo recovery rate during flushing