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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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2000 - 201026
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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2010 × Start date: 2000 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RESPONSE OF RABI MAIZE (Zea mays L.) TO METHODS OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN LEVELS UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, JASHBHAI BHAGWANBHAI; Meisheri, T. G.
    An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during two consecutive rabi seasons of the year 2002-03 and 2003-04 with a view to study the "Response of rabi maize (Zea mays L.) to methods of irrigation and nitrogen levels under middle Gujarat conditions". The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations comprised of four methods of irrigation (flat bed, all furrow, alternate furrow and skip furrow irrigations) and five nitrogen levels (75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 kg ha-1). The field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four replications, wherein, methods of irrigation were relegated in the main plots and nitrogen levels were assigned to the sub-plots. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture having good drainage capacity. It was low in organic carbon and total nitrogen and high in available phosphorus and potassium. The results revealed that methods of irrigation showed significant influence on growth and yield attributes viz., periodical plant height (except at 90 DAS) and number of leaves plant-1, stem girth at bottom and middle portion of the plant at 60 DAS, periodical leaf area index (except at 30 DAS) and periodical dry matter accumulation plant-1 (except at 30 DAS), crop growth rate between 30-60 and 60-90 days of the crop, days to mid tasseling, number of cobs plant-1, length and girth of cob, number of grains and their weight cob-i and weight of 100 grain. These attributes were higher either in all furrows or in flat bed irrigation than alternate furrow and skip furrow irrigation. Like-wise chemical parameters such as chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll contents in fresh flag leaf (except chlorophyll-b content at 30 and 90 DAS), uptake of N, P and K by grain and stover also showed the similar response. Methods of irrigation failed to exhibit their significant influence on stem girth at top portion of the plant and also harvest index as well as protein content of grain. The total nitrogen content of the soil was not significant, while available soil phosphorus and potassium were significant and these nutrients were drained out in sizeable amounts under all furrow and flat bed irrigation over alternate and skip furrow irrigation. Field water use efficiency was maximum under alternate furrow irrigation followed by skip furrow irrigation. Significantly higher grain and stover yields (5165 and 8297 kg ha-1) were obtained under all furrow irrigation than alternate and skip furrow irrigation but it was at par with flat bed irrigation which recorded the grain and stover yields of 4917 and 8018 kg ha-1, respectively. All furrows irrigation registered the highest net realization (Rs. 19044 ha-1) with the maximum CBR of 1: 2.41. The periodical plant height, number of leaves plant-1, stem girth at bottom, middle and top portion of the plant, periodical leaf area index and dry matter accumulation plant and crop growth rate between 30-60 and 60-90 days of the crop, days to mid tasseling; yield attributes like number of cobs plant-1, length and girth of cob, number of grains and their weight cob-1 and weight of 100 grains were significant due to nitrogen levels and these attributes were tended to increase with the increase in the levels of nitrogen from 75 to 175 kg N ha-1. Chemical parameters viz. protein content, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll, uptake of N, P and K by grain and stover were also increased with the increase in levels of nitrogen except stem girth at middle and top portions of the plant and P uptake by grain which were improved upto application of 150 kg N ha-1. Harvest index, total soil nitrogen and available soil phosphorus were not significantly influenced due to nitrogen levels but available soil potassium was found to be significant due to nitrogen levels and higher amount of applied nitrogen depleted higher quantity of potassium from the soil. Field water use efficiency was also increased with the increase in levels of nitrogen. Application of 175 kg N ha-1 (N175) recorded significantly higher grain yield (5077 kg ha-1) than the rest of the nitrogen levels except 150 kg N ha-1, which recorded the grain yield of 4960 kg ha-1. Similarly, 150 and 125 kg N ha-1 were also at par. The stover yield (8465 kg ha-1) was significantly higher under the highest level of nitrogen (175 kg N ha-1) than others, but was comparable to 150 kg N ha-1 (8283 kg ha-1). Net profit was increased with each successive increase in nitrogen levels and maximum net realization of Rs. 18362 ha-1 was accrued with the application of 175 kg N ha-1 with the CBR of 1:2.33 followed by 150 kg N ha-1 (Rs. 17911 ha-1) and 125 kg N ha-1 (Rs. 17049 ha-1), which recorded the CBR of 1:2.33 and 1:2.29, respectively. The interaction effect between methods of irrigation and nitrogen levels also brought out significant variations in plant height at 60 DAS, number of leaves plant-1 at 90 DAS, stem girth at bottom, middle and top portions of the plant at 60 DAS, leaf area index at 60 and 90 DAS, dry matter accumulation planH at 30 DAS, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b at 60 and 90 DAS and total chlorophyll at 90 DAS, protein content of grain, uptake of phosphorus and potash by grain, total soil nitrogen, available soil phosphorus and potassium status of soil. The correlation studies indicated that grain yield had highly significant positive correlation with almost all the growth and yield attributes and chemical traits. From the above findings, it is concluded that for accruing maximum economic advantage, rabi maize variety GM 3 should be irrigated by adopting all furrow method of irrigation and fertilized @ 150 kg N ha-1 along with 50 kg P2O5/ha.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF AGE OF SEEDLINGS, ORGANIC MANURES AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF TRANSPLANTED KHARIF RICE {Oryza sativa L.) UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2010) SHANKARBHAI, PATEL ASHVINKUMAR; Patel, J. J.
    An experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station for Irrigated Crops, Anand Agricultural University, Thasra, Dist. Kheda (Gujarat) during two consecutive kharif season of the year 2006 and 2007 with a view to study the "Effect of Age of seedlings, Organic manures and Nitrogen levels on productivity of transplanted kharif Rice {Oryza sativa L) under Middle Gujarat conditions". The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations comprised of two age of seedlings A1 (10 to 12 days old seedling) and A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling), five levels of organic manures Mi (No organic manure), M2 (FYM 10 t ha-1), M3 (Vermicompost 2 t ha-1), M4 (FYM 10 tha-1 + Bio fertilizer) and M5 (Vermicompost 2 t ha-1 + Bio fertilizer) and two nitrogen levels Ni(75 kg Nha-1) and N2 (100 kg Nha-1).The field experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with four replications. The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture having good drainage capacity. It was low in organic carbon and nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The results revealed that age of seedling significantly influenced the growth and yield attributes viz., periodical plant height, dry matter production (except, 30 DATP), av.number of effective tillers plant-1 av.number of panicles m-2, av. panicle length, panicle weight, av.number of grains panicle-1 and test weight. These attributes were the highest under the treatment A1 (10 to 12 days old seedling) as compared to the treatment A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling). Grain and straw yields were significantly affected due to age of seedling. Treatment A1 (10 to 12 days old seedling) registered significantly the highest grain and straw yield (5287 and 7767 kgha-1) as compared to treatment A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling). The per cent increase in grain and straw yield under treatment Ai (10 to 12 days old seedling) was to the tune of 2.86 and 6.21 % respectively. Amylase content, N, P, K uptake in grain and straw and available phosphorus recorded significantly the highest under the treatment Ai (10 to 12 days old seedling) as compared to treatment A2 (25 to 30 days old seedling).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER ALONG WITH BIOFERTILIZER ON PRODUCTIVITY OF RABI MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) JETHALAL, PATEL GIRISHBHAI; Patel, R. H.
    A field study entitled "Effect of Irrigation and chemical Fertilizer along with Biof ertilizer on crop productivity of Rabi Maize (Zea mays L.) " «Was conducted during 2002-03 and 2003-04 at the College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture, free from any kind of salinity or sodicity hazards, low in organic carbon and nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The objectives of experimentation were to evaluate the effect of irrigation on growth and yield, to study the impact of bio fertilizer alone or in association with chemical fertilizer, to determine CU and WUE, uptake and availability of nutrients and economics of the rabi maize. The experiment comprised combinations of four irrigation scheduling (irrigation at 5 leaf stage +knee high stage + silking stage, irrigation at 5Teaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage, irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage and irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 0.75 and three doses of chemical fertilizer (100, 75 and 50 per cent RDF) along with three levels of bio-fertilizer (no biofertilizer, Azospirillum lipoferom-ASA-l+FSB-16, Azospirillum lipoferom-ASA-l +VAM). The experiment laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with three replications, wherein, irrigation scheduling were relegated in the main plots while combinations of chemical fertilizer doses and bio fertilizers were assigned to the sub-plots. Maize cv. Gujarat Maize-3 was taken as test crop. The results of the present investigation indicated that most of the growth characters in terms of plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation, CGR, and days to mid tasselling and silking showed significant improvement due to irrigation scheduling. The values of these attributes were obtained maximum when the crop was irrigated at IW/CPE ratio 0.75 or at critical growth stages (irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage). The maize plants exhibited maximum value of yield components viz., number of cobs plant1, number of rows cob1, length and girth of cob, grain weight cob4 and test weight by irrigation scheduling at IW/CPE ratio 0.75, irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage and irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage having statistical equivalence with each other. Highest maize grain and stover yields were obtained under IW/CPE ratio 0.75, though the results were at par with scheduling of irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage and irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage. Similarly, maximum N and P uptake by grain and stover were recorded under IW/CPE ratio 0.75. The highest post harvest soil available N, P2O5 and K2O were observed under irrigation scheduling at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage. Among the quality parameters, the oil content of grain was not affected by irrigation scheduling, while protein content in grain showed significantly higher under irrigation scheduling at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage. Similar trend also obtained in consumptive use of water. In case of water use efficiency it was obtained higher under irrigation scheduling at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage+ silking stage + dough stage. Most of the growth parameters studied during the course of investigation such as plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation, and CGR, were significantly improved due to 100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizer. The yield components viz., number of cobs plant-1, number of rows cob1, length and girth of cob, number of grains and their weight cob-1, 1000 grains weight and shelling percentage were noted significantly higher under 100 % RDF compared to 75 and 50 % RDF. Maximum grain and stover yields were obtained by applying 100% RDF. Similarly, the uptake of N and P nutrients by grain and stover were significantly increased due to increase doses of chemical fertilizer from 50 to 100% RDF. The highest post harvest soil available N and P2O5 were observed under 100% RDF, while soil available K2O recorded maximum under 50% RDF. Quality parameters such as oil and protein content of grain were maximum with application of 100% RDF. The CU and WUE were increased with the increasing doses of chemical fertilizer from 50 to 100% RDF. The effect of bio-fertilizer was significant in almost all attributes studied during the course of investigation, wherein seed inoculation with Azosprillum lipoferom (ASA-1) along with vesicular arbascular mycorrhizea (VAM) or Azospirillum lipoferom (ASA-1)+PSB-16 showed significant improvement over without seed inoculation. However, harvest index and oil content of grain did not differ significantly due to bio-fertilizer. The correlation study indicated that grain yield had highly significant positive correlation with almost all growth and yield attributes and chemical traits except harvest index (HI) and oil content of grain. Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 0.75 registered the highest net realization (Rs.17790 ha-1) with the maximum CBR 1:2.50, while, irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage) gave higher net realization Rs.17221 ha1. However, 100% recommended dose of chemical fertilizer along with seed inoculation recorded higher net profit. From the foregoing results it is pertinent that rabi maize variety GM-3 gave higher yield as well as net returns when it was irrigated at critical growth stages of 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage and fertilized to supply 100% RDF (100 kg N + 50 kg. P205) along with seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer (ASA-1+VAM or ASA-l+PSB-16) under Middle Gujarat Agro climatic conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF HERBICIDAL MIXTURES ON WEEDS, MAIZE AS WELL AS THEIR RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING CROPS.
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) PATEL, V. J.; UPADHYAY, P. N.
    Atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor each @ 1.0 kg/ha, metribuzin @ 0.30 kg/ha and pendimethalin @ 0.50 kg/ha and their feasible combinations applied at half of the rate and compared with weed free (HW at 20 & 40 DAS) and weedy check treatments in a field investigation carried out at the College Agronomy Farm of Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand on maize crop during Kharif season of the year 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 to study the impact of herbicidal mixtures on weeds, maize as well as their residual effect on succeeding crops. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture having good drainage capacity. The soil was low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, while medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with four replications. All the recommended agronomic practices were adopted to raise the crop. The findings of the present investigation indicated that Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eragrostis major and Dactyloctenium aegyptium as monocot and Digera arvensis, Phyllanthus niruri, Boerhavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta as dicot weeds were completely controlled by the mixture of either atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) with pendimethaUn (0.25 kg/ha) or alachlor (0.50 kg/ha) and weed free (twice hand weeding carried out at 20 & 40 DAS), while mixture of atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) with metolachlor (0.50 kg/ha) completely controlled Digera arvensis, Phyllanthus niruri, Boerhavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta upto critical period. Application of alachlor or metolachlor each @ 1.0 kg/ha or metribuzin @ 0.30 kg/ha was found inferior but their mixtures with either atrazine or pendimethalin performed better and gave excellent control of weeds. Pre emergence application of atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) with metribuzin (0.15 kg/ha) did not give complete control of Eleusine indica and Digitaria sanguinalis. Alachlor (0.50 kg/ha) in conjunction with metolachlor (0.50 kg/ha) failed to gave effective control of Digera arvensis, Phyllanthus niruri, Boerhavia. diffusa as well as Euphorbia hirta but excellent for monocot weeds. Further, metribuzin applied @ 0.30 kg/ha did not exert their effect on control of monocot weeds.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of herbicidal mixtures on weeds, maize as well as their residual effect on succeeding crops
    (AAU, Anand, 2004) Patel, Vimalkumar J.; Upadhyay, P. N.
    Atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor each @ 1.0 kg/ha, metribuzin @ 0.30 kg/ha and pendimethalin @ 0.50 kg/ha and their feasible combinations applied at half of the rate and compared with weed free (HW at 20 & 40 DAS) and weedy check treatments in a field investigation carried out at the College Agronomy Farm of Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand on maize crop during Kharif season of the year 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 to study the impact of herbicidal mixtures on weeds, maize as well as their residual effect on succeeding crops. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture having good drainage capacity. The soil was low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, while medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with four replications. All the recommended agronomic practices were adopted to raise the crop. The findings of the present investigation indicated that Eleusine indica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eragrostis major and Dactyloctenium aegxjptium as monocot and Digera arvensis, Phyllanthus niruri, Boerhavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta as dicot weeds were completely controlled by the mixture of either atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) with pendimethalin (0.25 kg/ha) or alachlor (0.50 kg/ha) and weed free (twice hand weeding carried out at 20 & 40 DAS), while mixture of atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) with metolachlor (0.50 kg/ha) completely controlled Digera arvensis, Phyllanthiis niruri, Boerhavia dijfusa and Euphorbia hirta upto critical period. Application of alachlor or metolachlor each @ 1.0 kg/ha or metribuzin @ 0.30 kg/ha was found inferior but their mixtures with either atrazine or pendimethalin performed better and gave excellent control of weeds. Pre emergence application of atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) with metribuzin (0.15 kg/ha) did not give complete control of Eleusine indica and Digitaria sanguinalis. Alachlor (0.50 kg/ha) in conjunction with metolachlor (0.50 kg/ha) failed to gave effective control of Digera arvensis, Phyllanthus niruri, Boerhavia, dijfusa as well as Euphorbia hirta but excellent for monocot weeds. Further, metiibuzin appUed @ 0.30 kg/ha did not exert their effect on control of monocot weeds. Minimum dry weight of weeds (34.64 kg/ha) was recorded under combined application of atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) and pendimethalin (0.25 kg/ha) with the highest WCE (98.96 %) closely followed by weed free treatment and tank mix application of atrazine either with alachlor or metolachlor with more than 93 per cent WCE. Application of metribuzin @ 0.30 kg/ha was found toxic, which had significantly reduced the plant stand, plant height as well as all the yield attributes resulting into reduced grain and stover yields. Maximum plant height, girth and length of cob, number of grains/cob, test weight, grain and stover yields and protein content of grain were obtained under pre emergence application of atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) with pendimethalin (0.25 kg/ha) and weed free treatment followed by atrazine in conjunction with either alachlor or metolachlor (each @ 0.50 kg/ha). Weedy conditions throughout the crop season reduced the grain yield by 46.77 per cent over weed free treatment. The levels of nitrate nitrogen in the surface soil was significantly higher under application of pendimethalin @ 0.50 kg/ha closely followed by mixtures of atrazine (0.50 kg/ha) in conjunction with pendimethalin (0.25 kg/ha) at 0 and 10 day. Minimum plant nutrients removed by weeds (0.21, 0.07 and 0.30 kg N, P and K/ha, respectively) was observed under tank mix application of atiazine + pendimethalin @ 0.50 + 0.25 kg/ha, while maximum nutrients uptake by grain (41.49,18.03 and 23.60 kg N, P and K/ha, respectively) and stover (31.42 and 15.70 kg N and P/ha, respectively) was noticed under weed free treatment and higher potash uptake by stover (50.21 kg/ha) was noted under atrazine + pendimethalin @ 0.50 + 0.25 kg/ha. None of the herbicides applied alone or as mixtures at tested rates had adverse effect on succeeding Rabi crops viz., oat, sorghum, mustard and chickpea. The highest net return was obtained under tank mix application of atrazine with either pendimethalin (Rs. 15831/ha) or alachlor (Rs. 15779/ha) and weed free condition (Rs. 15687/ha). The mixtures of ati-azine with alachlor gave the highest CBR of 2.78 followed by atrazine with pendimethalin (2.71), alachlor with pendimethalin (2.68) arid weed free (2.66).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RESPONSE OF DILL SEED (Anethum graveolens L.) TO IRRIGATION AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITION
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SURESHKUMAR MAGANBHAI; Meisheri, T. G.
    A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during two consecutive rabi seasons of the year 2002-03 and 2003-04 with a view to study the "Response of dill seed (Anethum graveolens L.) to irrigation and weed management practices under middle Gujarat Agro climatic condition". The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture with 7.5 to 7.8 pH and having a good drainage. The soil was low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The experiment comprised of combinations of four irrigation schedules based on critical growth silages viz., I1 (irrigation at vegetative stage), I2 (irrigation at vegetative stage and at 50 % flowering stage), I3 (irrigation at vegetative stage, at 50% flowering stage and at dough seed stage), I4 (irrigation at 0.40 IW : CPE) and seven weed management practices viz., W1 (fluchloralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre emergence), W2 (pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre emergence), W3 (metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre emergence), W4 (oxadiargyl 100 g ha-1 as pre emergence), W5 (HW at 3 WAS and earthing up at 6 WAS), W6 : Weed free (HW at 3 and 6 WAS) and W7 (Weedy check). These treatments were laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) with four replications. Result revealed that the germination of dill seed recorded at 10 DAS and the plant population at harvest was not influenced by various irrigation schedules. The growth characters of dill seed crop viz., plant height and number of branches plant-1 as well as yield attributes such as umbels plant-1, umbellates umbel-1 and seeds umbellate-1 showed significant improvement with irrigation scheduling at 0.40 IW : CPE (I4).The various irrigation schedules failed significantly in influencing the days to 50% flowering. Test weight remained unchanged by irrigation scheduling during individual year but found significantly higher under treatment I4 in pooled analysis. Improvement in vegetative growth of crop under I4 irrigation schedule brought concomitant improvement in seed and straw yields. Similarly, significantly higher harvest index was recorded under treatment I4, which was at par with I3.Significantly higher nutrient uptake was registered under treatment I4 (0.40 IW : CPE). Treatment I3 (irrigation at vegetative, 50 % flowering and dough seed stages) reported significantly highest oil content (2.70 %) in dill seed at harvest. The weed population remain unaffected due to various irrigation schedules. The lowest water use efficiency was noticed with treatment I4 which was at par with I3 during individual years. The highest net return of Rs. 8078 ha' and CBR of 1: 1.57 were secured at 0.40 IW : CPE (I4) followed by irrigation given at 3 critical stages (I3). Growth and yield attributes viz., plant height recorded at 12 and 18 WAS and at harvest, number of branches, number of umbels plant-1, umbellates umbel-1 and seeds umbellate-1 were significantly higher in treatment W6 (HW at 3 and 6 WAS). While lower under the treatment W7 (weedy check) in individual years and in pooled analysis. Among herbicidal treatments, pre emergence application of fluchioralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE (W1) registered significantly higher number of yield attribute parameters over other herbicidal treatments. Significantly the highest seed yield (2073 kg ha-1), straw yield (17135 kg ha-1) and nutrient uptake (N, P2O5 and K2O) by dill seed were observed in treatment W6 (HW at 3 and 6 WAS). However, the effect of weed management practices on the test weight was not noticed. Significantly minimum weed density and dry weed weight recorded at various intervals were registered with weed management treatment W6. Among herbicidal treatments, W1 (fluchioralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE) proved superiority in controlling weeds over other herbicidal treatments while, W4 (oxadiargyl 100 g ha-1 as PE) was the most inferior among herbicidal treatments. The highest net return of Rs. 15471 ha-1 and CBR of 1: 2.21 were recorded with HW at 3 and 6 WAS (We) followed by HW at 3 WAS and earthing up at 6 WAS (W5) and fluchioralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE (W1). The treatment combination I4W6 proved statistically superior over other combinations of I x W in respect of plant height recorded at 18 WAS (180.00 cm) and at harvest (184.50 cm), number of branches plant-1 (15.65) and number of umbellates umbel-1 (28.56) at harvest.In pooled analysis, significantly higher seed yield (2376 kg ha-1) was recorded with combination of I4W6 which was statistically at par with I3W6 (2248 kg ha-1). Treatment combination I4W6 also recorded significantly the highest N (42.20 kg ha-1) and P2O5 (13.17 kg ha-1) and K2O (6.96 kg ha-1) uptake by seeds. From the above findings, it is concluded that for accruing maximum yield and economic advantage, dill seed crop should be irrigated either at all the critical crop growth stages (vegetative stage, 50% flowering stage and dough seed stage) at 0.40 IW : CPE with one common irrigation for sowing coupled with twice hand weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RESPONSE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) TO WATER AND WEED MANAGEMENT AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON SUCCEEDING SUMMER BAJRA AND GREEN GRAM
    (AAU, Anand, 2000) VADODARIA, R. P.; UPADHYAY, P. N.
    A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil of College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, to study the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) to water and weed management and residual effects of herbicides on succeeding sunmier bajra and green gram during the years 1997-98 and 1998-99. The treatments comprised of three levels of irrigation (irrigation at critical growth stages, IW/CPE ratios 0.7 and 0.9), relegated to main plots and eight weed management practices viz., pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 pre-emergence, 2,4-D (Ethyl ester) @ 0.75 kg ha-1 post-emergence, isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 pre-emergence, isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 post-emergence, oxyfluorfen @ 0.250 kg ha-1 pre-emergence, sulfosulfuron @ 0.025 kg ha-1, weed free (two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS) and unweeded control (weedy check) as sub-plot treatments. Thus, twenty four treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with four replications. The recommended dose of 120-60-40 kg ha-1 of N-P2O5-K2O were applied common to all the experimental plots. After harvest of wheat crop, the bajra and green gram crops were superimposed in summer with recommended package of practices in split plot design. The soil of the experimental fields was loamy sand in texture (locally known as Goradu soil), having good drainage and fairly moisture retention capacity with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.2. The soil was placed in fertility scale of low in total nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and fairly rich in available potash with alkaline reaction. The results revealed that the growth characters like periodical plant height and leaf area plant-1 appreciably improved when irrigation was applied either at critical growth stages (I1) or at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio (I3) over 0.7 IW/CPE ratio (I2) during second year only. The yield attributes viz., effective tillers plant and ear length significantly increased under higher frequency of irrigation (I1 and I3) when compared with lower frequency 0.7 IW/CPE ratio (I2) during both the years and in pooled analysis. Similar trend was observed for ear as well as test weight under the same water management treatments in one out of two years and in pooled analysis. Likewise, grain weight ear-1 was also significantly increased with same irrigation levels during second year only, whereas, spikelets ear-1 and number of grains ear-1 remained unaffected. Water management treatments IW/CPE ratio 0.9 and irrigation at critical growth stages also yielded significantly the highest crop biomass (11420, 11502 and 11384 and 11536), straw (6288, 6326 and 6293, 6385 kg ha-1) and grain yield (5132, 5176 and 5091 and 5150 kg ha-1) over irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio (10540 and 10766 kg ha-1), (5726 and 5824 kg ha-1) and (4814 and 4942 kg ha-1) during second year and in pooled analysis, respectively, whereas harvest index remained unaffected due to water management treatments. Protein content in wheat grain significantly increased at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio over rest of the water management treatments during second year. Irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio significantly increased N and K content in grain and straw of wheat over 0.9 IW/CPE ratio and irrigation at critical growth stages during second year and in pooled analysis. Contrary to N and K content, their uptake by wheat crop remained unaffected due to water management treatments throughout the investigation period. On the other hand, phosphorus content in grain and straw of wheat and its uptake by wheat crop were significantly higher at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio and at critical growth stages over 0.7 IW/CPE ratio during both the years as well as in pooled analysis. Nutrients (NPK) content and their uptake by weeds remained unaffected due to water management treatments during entire period of experimentation. However, P2O5 content in weeds significantly increased at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio over rest of the treatments during second year. Population of monocot, dicot, sedge and total weeds and their dry weight m-1 at 25 days after sowing remained unaffected by water management treatments. However, population of dicot weeds m-1 at 25 DAS significantly increased at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio over 0.9 IW/CPE ratio and irrigation at critical crop growth stages during second year. However, the dry matter accumulation of weeds at harvest and weed control efficiency remained unaffected by water management treatments. Irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio significantly increased water-use efficiency over rest of the irrigation treatments during both the years of investigation. Irrigation at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio obtained the highest net returns of Rs. 19519 ha-1 and CBR of 1:2.56, followed by irrigation at critical growth stages with net returns of Rs. 19244 ha-1 and CBR of 1:2.52. Growth characters like plant height at harvest and leaf area plant remained unaffected by weed management treatments during both the years and in pooled analysis. However, the plant height recorded at 30, 60 and 90 DAS significantly affected due to weed management treatments. The lowest plant height was recorded at 30 and 60 DAS with pre-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha and oxyfluorfen @ 0.25 kg ha-1 due to their phytotoxic effect on wheat crop when compared with other treatments during both the years as well as in pooled analysis. Post-emergence application of isoproturon @ I.O kg ha-1 (W4), weed free two hand weedings at 20 and. 40 DAS (W7) and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (Wi) being at par but they recorded significantly the highest yield attributes viz., effective tillers plant-1, ear length, grain weight ear-1 and test-weight when compared with rest of the weed management treatments during entire period of experimentation. However, ear weight, spikelets ear-1 (except second year) and number of grains ear-1 remained unaffected by weed management Significantly higher values of crop biomass was obtained with post-emergence application of sulfosulfliron @ 0.025 kg ha-1 (11235 kg ha-1) but was at par with W3, W4, W5 and W7 during second year. However, it was lowest under unweeded control over rest of the treatments during second year, whereas, straw yield obtained highest with post-emergence application of sulfosulfuron @ 0.025 kg ha-1 followed by pre-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 and it was significantly superior over rest of the treatments during second year only. Significantly higher grain yield of wheat was recorded under post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (5430, 5224 and 5327 kg ha-1), followed by two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS (5429, 5075 and 5252 kg ha-1) and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (5364, 5091 and 5227 kg ha-1) when compared with rest of the treatments during both the years and in pooled analysis, respectively. Harvest index recorded significantly higher with post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (W4), though remained at par with W], W7 and W2 during first year as well as in pooled analysis. Significantly the highest protein content in wheat grain was obtained under post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 over rest of the treatments during second year and lowest under unweeded control. However, in pooled results, it was at par with W2, W3 and W7. Comparatively higher values of N, P and K content in wheat grain were recorded under effective weed management treatments viz., W4, W7 and Wi compared to other treatments, however, erratic trend was observed during individual years. Uptake of N and P by wheat at harvest was significantly higher under W4, W7 and W1 during both the years as well as in pooled results. The same treatments recorded significantly the highest uptake of K by wheat during second year only. The chemical analysis of weeds showed that the concentration of nutrients (NPK) in weeds at harvest remained unaffected by weed management treatments during second year and in pooled analysis. However, the concentration of N and P2O5 in weeds was higher with W4 (post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1), followed by W2, W3 and Wi during first year. Depletion of nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) by weeds at harvest was highest under unweeded control (Wg) throughout the investigation period and the lowest under W7, W4, W1 and W3. The degree of content and uptake of nutrients depend on the effectiveness of different weed management treatments. Population of monocot, dicot and total weeds m-1 at 25 DAS recorded highest with W2, W4, We and Wg and the lowest under rest of the treatments in which herbicides were applied as pre-emergence for controlling weeds. Population of sedge remained inconsistent throughout the investigation as it was not killed by any of the herbicides used in the present study. Significantly the highest dry matter accumulation of weeds at harvest was under unweeded control and the lowest with W4, W7, Wi, W3 and W2 and were at par among themselves in pooled analysis. Water-use as well as weed control efficiency were significantly higher under post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 but was at par with weed free-two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 during both the years and on pooled data basis. Post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 recorded the highest net returns of Rs. 20847 ha-1 and CBR of 1:2.75, followed by weed free with net returns of Rs. 20128 ha-1 and CBR of 1:2.64. Almost all the growth and yield attributes remained unaffected due to interaction effect of water and weed management treatments (IxW) except grain weight ear-1 it was recorded highest with treatment combination I3W4 , followed by Ii W4 and the lowest under unweeded control at all the irrigation levels. Crop biomass and straw yields were recorded higher when crop was irrigated with high frequency of irrigation (I1 and I3) with almost all the weed management treatments when compared with lower frequency of irrigation (I2). By and large, higher values of grain yield and uptake of N and P by wheat as well as weed control efficiency were recorded when crop was irrigated with higher rates of irrigation (I1 and I3) clubbed with an effective weed management treatments like W4, W7 and Wi in most of the cases. Protein content was highest under low frequency of irrigation combined with W4, W1 and W7. Removal of nutrients (NPK) by weeds and dry weight of weeds at harvest were higher vinder unweeded control with all the water management treatments. The highest net returns of Rs. 21299 ha-1 and CBR of 1:2.74 were realized when crop was irrigated at critical crop growth stages with post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1, followed by net returns of Rs. 21118 ha-1 and CBR of 1:2.75 were obtained when crop was irrigated at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio alongwith the post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1. The weed management treatments (herbicides) applied to preceding wheat crop did not leave any residue in the soil to affect the germination, growth and yield parameters of the succeeding summer bajra and green gram crops adversely or favourably. Based on the results of two years field experiment, it can be concluded that for potential production and higher net returns from wheat cv. GW-496 in loamy sand soil of Middle Gujarat, the crop should be irrigated either at critical crop growth stages viz., crown root initiation, tillering, late jonting, boot, flowering, milking and dough stages IV or scheduling irrigation at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio and maintaining weed free condition either by the application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as post-emergence (30 DAS) or with two hand weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response Of Dill Seed (Anethum Graveolens L.) To Irrigation And Weed Management Practices Under Middle Gujarat Agro-Climatic Conditions
    (Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2005) Patel, Sureshkumar Maganbhai; Meisheri, T.G.