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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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200522
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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2005 × Start date: 2005 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RESPONSE OF RABI MAIZE (Zea mays L.) TO METHODS OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN LEVELS UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, JASHBHAI BHAGWANBHAI; Meisheri, T. G.
    An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during two consecutive rabi seasons of the year 2002-03 and 2003-04 with a view to study the "Response of rabi maize (Zea mays L.) to methods of irrigation and nitrogen levels under middle Gujarat conditions". The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations comprised of four methods of irrigation (flat bed, all furrow, alternate furrow and skip furrow irrigations) and five nitrogen levels (75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 kg ha-1). The field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four replications, wherein, methods of irrigation were relegated in the main plots and nitrogen levels were assigned to the sub-plots. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture having good drainage capacity. It was low in organic carbon and total nitrogen and high in available phosphorus and potassium. The results revealed that methods of irrigation showed significant influence on growth and yield attributes viz., periodical plant height (except at 90 DAS) and number of leaves plant-1, stem girth at bottom and middle portion of the plant at 60 DAS, periodical leaf area index (except at 30 DAS) and periodical dry matter accumulation plant-1 (except at 30 DAS), crop growth rate between 30-60 and 60-90 days of the crop, days to mid tasseling, number of cobs plant-1, length and girth of cob, number of grains and their weight cob-i and weight of 100 grain. These attributes were higher either in all furrows or in flat bed irrigation than alternate furrow and skip furrow irrigation. Like-wise chemical parameters such as chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll contents in fresh flag leaf (except chlorophyll-b content at 30 and 90 DAS), uptake of N, P and K by grain and stover also showed the similar response. Methods of irrigation failed to exhibit their significant influence on stem girth at top portion of the plant and also harvest index as well as protein content of grain. The total nitrogen content of the soil was not significant, while available soil phosphorus and potassium were significant and these nutrients were drained out in sizeable amounts under all furrow and flat bed irrigation over alternate and skip furrow irrigation. Field water use efficiency was maximum under alternate furrow irrigation followed by skip furrow irrigation. Significantly higher grain and stover yields (5165 and 8297 kg ha-1) were obtained under all furrow irrigation than alternate and skip furrow irrigation but it was at par with flat bed irrigation which recorded the grain and stover yields of 4917 and 8018 kg ha-1, respectively. All furrows irrigation registered the highest net realization (Rs. 19044 ha-1) with the maximum CBR of 1: 2.41. The periodical plant height, number of leaves plant-1, stem girth at bottom, middle and top portion of the plant, periodical leaf area index and dry matter accumulation plant and crop growth rate between 30-60 and 60-90 days of the crop, days to mid tasseling; yield attributes like number of cobs plant-1, length and girth of cob, number of grains and their weight cob-1 and weight of 100 grains were significant due to nitrogen levels and these attributes were tended to increase with the increase in the levels of nitrogen from 75 to 175 kg N ha-1. Chemical parameters viz. protein content, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll, uptake of N, P and K by grain and stover were also increased with the increase in levels of nitrogen except stem girth at middle and top portions of the plant and P uptake by grain which were improved upto application of 150 kg N ha-1. Harvest index, total soil nitrogen and available soil phosphorus were not significantly influenced due to nitrogen levels but available soil potassium was found to be significant due to nitrogen levels and higher amount of applied nitrogen depleted higher quantity of potassium from the soil. Field water use efficiency was also increased with the increase in levels of nitrogen. Application of 175 kg N ha-1 (N175) recorded significantly higher grain yield (5077 kg ha-1) than the rest of the nitrogen levels except 150 kg N ha-1, which recorded the grain yield of 4960 kg ha-1. Similarly, 150 and 125 kg N ha-1 were also at par. The stover yield (8465 kg ha-1) was significantly higher under the highest level of nitrogen (175 kg N ha-1) than others, but was comparable to 150 kg N ha-1 (8283 kg ha-1). Net profit was increased with each successive increase in nitrogen levels and maximum net realization of Rs. 18362 ha-1 was accrued with the application of 175 kg N ha-1 with the CBR of 1:2.33 followed by 150 kg N ha-1 (Rs. 17911 ha-1) and 125 kg N ha-1 (Rs. 17049 ha-1), which recorded the CBR of 1:2.33 and 1:2.29, respectively. The interaction effect between methods of irrigation and nitrogen levels also brought out significant variations in plant height at 60 DAS, number of leaves plant-1 at 90 DAS, stem girth at bottom, middle and top portions of the plant at 60 DAS, leaf area index at 60 and 90 DAS, dry matter accumulation planH at 30 DAS, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b at 60 and 90 DAS and total chlorophyll at 90 DAS, protein content of grain, uptake of phosphorus and potash by grain, total soil nitrogen, available soil phosphorus and potassium status of soil. The correlation studies indicated that grain yield had highly significant positive correlation with almost all the growth and yield attributes and chemical traits. From the above findings, it is concluded that for accruing maximum economic advantage, rabi maize variety GM 3 should be irrigated by adopting all furrow method of irrigation and fertilized @ 150 kg N ha-1 along with 50 kg P2O5/ha.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULES (IW : CPE RATIO) AND MULCHES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUMMER GREENGRAM UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) PANCHAL, HIRENKUMAR D; PATEL, J. J.
    A field experiment was conducted during summer season of the year 2003 at the College Agronomy Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study the, "Influence of irrigation schedules (IW : CPE ratio) and mulches on growth and yield of summer greengram under middle Gujarat conditions". The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture having good drainage, low in nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potash with pH 7.5. Sixteen treatment combinations consisting of four levels of irrigation schedules (IW : CPE ratio) viz.,I0- control critical growth stages. I1- 0.5 IW : CPE ratio, I2- 0.7 IW : CPE ratio and I3- 0.9 IW : CPE ratio and four mulches viz., control-no mulch (Mo), organic mulch i.e. Bajra Bhusa @ 5t ha-1(M1), black polythene sheet (M2) and silver colour sheet (M3) were tested under split plot design with four replications. The results indicated that the seed and dry fodder yield as well as most of the growth and yield attributes of summer greengram were significantly influenced due to different irrigation schedules. The results further revealed that treatment I2 (0.7 IW : CPE ratio) recorded significantly higher av. plant height at 20 and 50 DAS and at harvest, av. number of branches per plant, av. number of pods per plant, av. number of seeds per pod, av. pod length (cm) and test weight (1000- seed weight in g). Treatment I2 (0.7 IW : CPE ratio) secured the highest seed yield (1234.03 kg ha-1) and dry fodder yield (2303.47 kg ha-1) of summer greengram. The seed and dry fodder yield increase under the same treatment was to the tune of 110.86 and 34.35 per cent, respectively over treatment lo (Control- critical growth stages). Significantly the highest nitrogen uptake (49.21 kg ha-1) by seed was observed under treatment I2 (0.7 IW : CPE ratio), while same treatment recorded significantly higher phosphorus uptake (4.06 kg ha-1) and was being at par with treatment I3 (0.9 IW: CPE ratio). The consumptive use of water was increased with increase in IW : CPE ratio, whereas the water use efficiency was higher with lower IW : CPE ratio. The highest net realization (18515 Rs. ha-1) was secured under treatment I2 (0.7 IW : CPE ratio), followed by h (0.9 IW : CPE ratio) and Ii (0.5 IW : CPE ratio), while the lowest net realization (6354 Rs. ha-1) was found under treatment lo (Control- critical growth stages). The highest net ICBR (1:7.17) was secured under treatment h (0.7 IW : CPE ratio), followed by the treatments I1 (0.5 IW : CPE ratio) with net ICBR of 1: 5.68 and I3 (0.9 IW: CPE ratio) with net ICBR of 1:3.63. Among the various mulches, application of organic mulch i.e. Bajra Bhusa @ 51 ha-1 (M1) resulted in the maximum growth and yield attributes which ultimately resulted in higher seed and dry fodder yield of summer greengram. Application of organic mulch i.e. Bajra Bhusa @ 51 ha-1 (M1) secured significantly the highest seed yield (1128.47 kg ha-1) and dry fodder yield (2076.39 kg ha-1). The seed and dry fodder yield increase under the same treatment was to the tune of 41.79 and 17.48 per cent respectively over treatment Mo (Control-no mulch). Treatment M1 (organic mulch) recorded significantly the highest nitrogen uptake (42.89 kg ha-1) in seed. Apart from this, it secured the highest consumptive use of water and water use efficiency. The highest value of net realization (16289 Rs. ha-1) and net ICBR 1:1.52 were observed under the same treatment. During the course of investigation, interaction effect of irrigation and mulches revealed that treatment combination of I0M2 (Control: at critical growth stage and black polythene sheet) recorded significantly lower toted weed count and dry weight of weed at harvest. For securing higher seed yield and net realization from summer greengram crop Cv. GM- 4 raised on loamy sand soils of middle Gujarat, it is advisable to apply nine irrigations, 2nd irrigation of 25 mm depth and rest of the irrigations, each of 50 mm depth to be scheduled at an IW : CPE ratio of 0.7. The first irrigation should be applied immediately after sowing, second at seven days after first irrigation and remaining irrigations at an interval of seven days with application as organic mulch i.e. Bajra Bhusa @ 5 t ha-1 (M1) for securing higher seed yield and maximum net realization over control i.e. no mulch.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN TRANSPLANTED SUMMER PEARLMILLET (cv. GHB-558) UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) MAHAR, HIMANSHUKUMAR NAGAJIBHAI; TANK, D. A.
    A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil of the College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study "Nitrogen management in transplanted summer pearlmillet (cv. GHB-558) imder middle Gujarat conditions" conducted during summer season of 2004. The soil of experimental plot was loamy sand in texture. The soil status was low in organic carbon and available nitrpgen, while medium in available phophorus and high in available potash with pH 7.8 and EC value 0.15 dSm-1. Twenty four treatment combinations comprising two levels of seedling inoculation (A0 - uninoculation, A1 - seedling inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum), four levels of nitrogen (N1 - 80 kg N ha-1, N2 - lOO kg N ha-1 N3 - 120 kg N ha-1 and N4 - 140 kg N ha-1) and three levels of nitrogen splitting (M1 - 1/2 + 1/2 + 0, M2 - 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 and M3 - 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/4 each at basal, tillermg and boot leaf stages, respectively) were tried in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER ALONG WITH BIOFERTILIZER ON PRODUCTIVITY OF RABI MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) JETHALAL, PATEL GIRISHBHAI; Patel, R. H.
    A field study entitled "Effect of Irrigation and chemical Fertilizer along with Biof ertilizer on crop productivity of Rabi Maize (Zea mays L.) " «Was conducted during 2002-03 and 2003-04 at the College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture, free from any kind of salinity or sodicity hazards, low in organic carbon and nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The objectives of experimentation were to evaluate the effect of irrigation on growth and yield, to study the impact of bio fertilizer alone or in association with chemical fertilizer, to determine CU and WUE, uptake and availability of nutrients and economics of the rabi maize. The experiment comprised combinations of four irrigation scheduling (irrigation at 5 leaf stage +knee high stage + silking stage, irrigation at 5Teaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage, irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage and irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 0.75 and three doses of chemical fertilizer (100, 75 and 50 per cent RDF) along with three levels of bio-fertilizer (no biofertilizer, Azospirillum lipoferom-ASA-l+FSB-16, Azospirillum lipoferom-ASA-l +VAM). The experiment laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with three replications, wherein, irrigation scheduling were relegated in the main plots while combinations of chemical fertilizer doses and bio fertilizers were assigned to the sub-plots. Maize cv. Gujarat Maize-3 was taken as test crop. The results of the present investigation indicated that most of the growth characters in terms of plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation, CGR, and days to mid tasselling and silking showed significant improvement due to irrigation scheduling. The values of these attributes were obtained maximum when the crop was irrigated at IW/CPE ratio 0.75 or at critical growth stages (irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage). The maize plants exhibited maximum value of yield components viz., number of cobs plant1, number of rows cob1, length and girth of cob, grain weight cob4 and test weight by irrigation scheduling at IW/CPE ratio 0.75, irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage and irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage having statistical equivalence with each other. Highest maize grain and stover yields were obtained under IW/CPE ratio 0.75, though the results were at par with scheduling of irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage and irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage. Similarly, maximum N and P uptake by grain and stover were recorded under IW/CPE ratio 0.75. The highest post harvest soil available N, P2O5 and K2O were observed under irrigation scheduling at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage. Among the quality parameters, the oil content of grain was not affected by irrigation scheduling, while protein content in grain showed significantly higher under irrigation scheduling at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + tasselling stage + silking stage + dough stage. Similar trend also obtained in consumptive use of water. In case of water use efficiency it was obtained higher under irrigation scheduling at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage+ silking stage + dough stage. Most of the growth parameters studied during the course of investigation such as plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation, and CGR, were significantly improved due to 100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizer. The yield components viz., number of cobs plant-1, number of rows cob1, length and girth of cob, number of grains and their weight cob-1, 1000 grains weight and shelling percentage were noted significantly higher under 100 % RDF compared to 75 and 50 % RDF. Maximum grain and stover yields were obtained by applying 100% RDF. Similarly, the uptake of N and P nutrients by grain and stover were significantly increased due to increase doses of chemical fertilizer from 50 to 100% RDF. The highest post harvest soil available N and P2O5 were observed under 100% RDF, while soil available K2O recorded maximum under 50% RDF. Quality parameters such as oil and protein content of grain were maximum with application of 100% RDF. The CU and WUE were increased with the increasing doses of chemical fertilizer from 50 to 100% RDF. The effect of bio-fertilizer was significant in almost all attributes studied during the course of investigation, wherein seed inoculation with Azosprillum lipoferom (ASA-1) along with vesicular arbascular mycorrhizea (VAM) or Azospirillum lipoferom (ASA-1)+PSB-16 showed significant improvement over without seed inoculation. However, harvest index and oil content of grain did not differ significantly due to bio-fertilizer. The correlation study indicated that grain yield had highly significant positive correlation with almost all growth and yield attributes and chemical traits except harvest index (HI) and oil content of grain. Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 0.75 registered the highest net realization (Rs.17790 ha-1) with the maximum CBR 1:2.50, while, irrigation at 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage) gave higher net realization Rs.17221 ha1. However, 100% recommended dose of chemical fertilizer along with seed inoculation recorded higher net profit. From the foregoing results it is pertinent that rabi maize variety GM-3 gave higher yield as well as net returns when it was irrigated at critical growth stages of 5 leaf stage + knee high stage + silking stage + dough stage and fertilized to supply 100% RDF (100 kg N + 50 kg. P205) along with seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer (ASA-1+VAM or ASA-l+PSB-16) under Middle Gujarat Agro climatic conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RESPONSE OF DILL SEED (Anethum graveolens L.) TO IRRIGATION AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITION
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SURESHKUMAR MAGANBHAI; Meisheri, T. G.
    A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during two consecutive rabi seasons of the year 2002-03 and 2003-04 with a view to study the "Response of dill seed (Anethum graveolens L.) to irrigation and weed management practices under middle Gujarat Agro climatic condition". The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture with 7.5 to 7.8 pH and having a good drainage. The soil was low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium. The experiment comprised of combinations of four irrigation schedules based on critical growth silages viz., I1 (irrigation at vegetative stage), I2 (irrigation at vegetative stage and at 50 % flowering stage), I3 (irrigation at vegetative stage, at 50% flowering stage and at dough seed stage), I4 (irrigation at 0.40 IW : CPE) and seven weed management practices viz., W1 (fluchloralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre emergence), W2 (pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre emergence), W3 (metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre emergence), W4 (oxadiargyl 100 g ha-1 as pre emergence), W5 (HW at 3 WAS and earthing up at 6 WAS), W6 : Weed free (HW at 3 and 6 WAS) and W7 (Weedy check). These treatments were laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) with four replications. Result revealed that the germination of dill seed recorded at 10 DAS and the plant population at harvest was not influenced by various irrigation schedules. The growth characters of dill seed crop viz., plant height and number of branches plant-1 as well as yield attributes such as umbels plant-1, umbellates umbel-1 and seeds umbellate-1 showed significant improvement with irrigation scheduling at 0.40 IW : CPE (I4).The various irrigation schedules failed significantly in influencing the days to 50% flowering. Test weight remained unchanged by irrigation scheduling during individual year but found significantly higher under treatment I4 in pooled analysis. Improvement in vegetative growth of crop under I4 irrigation schedule brought concomitant improvement in seed and straw yields. Similarly, significantly higher harvest index was recorded under treatment I4, which was at par with I3.Significantly higher nutrient uptake was registered under treatment I4 (0.40 IW : CPE). Treatment I3 (irrigation at vegetative, 50 % flowering and dough seed stages) reported significantly highest oil content (2.70 %) in dill seed at harvest. The weed population remain unaffected due to various irrigation schedules. The lowest water use efficiency was noticed with treatment I4 which was at par with I3 during individual years. The highest net return of Rs. 8078 ha' and CBR of 1: 1.57 were secured at 0.40 IW : CPE (I4) followed by irrigation given at 3 critical stages (I3). Growth and yield attributes viz., plant height recorded at 12 and 18 WAS and at harvest, number of branches, number of umbels plant-1, umbellates umbel-1 and seeds umbellate-1 were significantly higher in treatment W6 (HW at 3 and 6 WAS). While lower under the treatment W7 (weedy check) in individual years and in pooled analysis. Among herbicidal treatments, pre emergence application of fluchioralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE (W1) registered significantly higher number of yield attribute parameters over other herbicidal treatments. Significantly the highest seed yield (2073 kg ha-1), straw yield (17135 kg ha-1) and nutrient uptake (N, P2O5 and K2O) by dill seed were observed in treatment W6 (HW at 3 and 6 WAS). However, the effect of weed management practices on the test weight was not noticed. Significantly minimum weed density and dry weed weight recorded at various intervals were registered with weed management treatment W6. Among herbicidal treatments, W1 (fluchioralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE) proved superiority in controlling weeds over other herbicidal treatments while, W4 (oxadiargyl 100 g ha-1 as PE) was the most inferior among herbicidal treatments. The highest net return of Rs. 15471 ha-1 and CBR of 1: 2.21 were recorded with HW at 3 and 6 WAS (We) followed by HW at 3 WAS and earthing up at 6 WAS (W5) and fluchioralin 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE (W1). The treatment combination I4W6 proved statistically superior over other combinations of I x W in respect of plant height recorded at 18 WAS (180.00 cm) and at harvest (184.50 cm), number of branches plant-1 (15.65) and number of umbellates umbel-1 (28.56) at harvest.In pooled analysis, significantly higher seed yield (2376 kg ha-1) was recorded with combination of I4W6 which was statistically at par with I3W6 (2248 kg ha-1). Treatment combination I4W6 also recorded significantly the highest N (42.20 kg ha-1) and P2O5 (13.17 kg ha-1) and K2O (6.96 kg ha-1) uptake by seeds. From the above findings, it is concluded that for accruing maximum yield and economic advantage, dill seed crop should be irrigated either at all the critical crop growth stages (vegetative stage, 50% flowering stage and dough seed stage) at 0.40 IW : CPE with one common irrigation for sowing coupled with twice hand weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULE BASED ON CRITICAL GROWTH STAGES AND SULPHUR APPLICATION ON GROWTH, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF MUSTARD [Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern and Coss] UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) DABHI, MANISHKUMAR KHATUBHAI; PATEL, J. J.
    A field experiment was conduGted during rabi season of the year 2004- 05 at the College Agronomy Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study the "Influence of irrigation schedule based on critical growth stages and sulphur application on growth, yield attributes and yield of Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss] under middle Gujarat conditions". The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture having good drainage, low in nitrogen, medium in available phosphorous and high in potash with pH 7.5. The treatment combinations comprised consisting of five levels of irrigation schedules viz., I1 (irrigation at branching), I2 (irrigation at branching+ flowering), I3 (irrigation at branching+ flowering +siliqua development), I4 (irrigation at branching+ flowering +siliqua development + grain filling) and I5 (0.6 IW : CPE ratio) relegated to main plot, as main plot treatment. The sub plot treatments comprised of three levels of sulphur viz.. So (control). S1 (20 kg S ha-1) and S2 (40 kg S ha-1). Thus, fifteen treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with four replications. The results indicated that the seed and stover yield as well as most of the growth and yield attributes of mustard were significantly influence due to different irrigation schedules. The results further revealed that treatment I4 (irrigation at branching+ flowering +siliqua development + grain filling) recorded significantly higher av. plant height at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, total no. of branches per plant, maturity days, total number of siliqua per plant, length of siliquae (cm), number of seeds per siliquae, seed yield per plant (g) and test weight (1000 seed weight g). Treatment I4 (irrigation at branching+ flowering +siliqua development + grain filling) recorded significantly higher seed yield (2090.08 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3729.74 kg ha-1) of mustard. The seed and stover yield increase under the same tieatment was to the tune of 27.15 and 41.23 per cent respectively over treatment I1 (irrigation at branching). The consumptive use of water was increased with increase in irrigation levels whereas, the water use efficiency and water expense efficiency were higher with decreased level of irrigations. The highest net ICBR (1: 5.52) was observed under treatment I3 (irrigation at branching+ flowering +siliqua development), followed by treatment I4 (irrigation at branching+ flowering +siliqua development + grain filling) with net ICBR of 1: 5.47. The lowest net ICBR was noticed under treatment I5 (0.6 IW : CPE ratio). Among the various levels of sulphur application of 40 kg S ha-1(S2) resulted in the maximum growth and yield attributes, yield and oil content which ultimately resulted in the highest seed yield of mustard. Application of 40 kg S ha-1(S2) secured significantly the highest seed yield (1996.06 kg ha-1). The seed yield increased under the same treatment was to the tune of 15.35 per cent over treatment So (control). Apart from this, application of 40 kg S ha-1 (82) secured the highest consumptive use of water, water expense efficiency. While, maximum water use efficiency was recorded under treatment So (control). The maximum net ICBR 1: 31.34 was obtained under treatment S1 (20 kg S ha-1). During the course of investigation, the interaction effect of irrigation schedules and sulphur application revealed that treatment combination I4S2(irrigation at branching+ flowering +siliqua development + grain filling along with the application of sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1) recorded significantly the highest plant height at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, total no. of branches per plant, maturity days, total no. of siliqua per plant(481.50), length of siliquae (5.69 cm), no. of seeds per siliquae (14.50), seed yield per plant (22.75 g), test weight (5.75 g), seed yield (2337.96 kg ha -i),oil content (38.90 %), and uptake of sulphur(14.46 kg ha-1). . For securing higher seed yield and net realization from Mustard crop cv. G.M-2 raised on loamy sand soils of middle Gujarat, when ample facility of irrigation, it is advisable to apply four irrigations, first common irrigation is to be applied immediately after sowing and remaining four irrigations, each of 50 mm soil depth to be scheduled at four different critical growth stages viz., irrigation at branching (40 DAS), irrigation at flowering (56 DAS), irrigation at siliqua formation (70 DAS) and irrigation at grain filling (90 DAS) with application of 40 kg S ha-1. Under limited water supply, one common irrigation immediately after sowing and second irrigation should be scheduled at branching stage (40 DAS) with application of 20 kg S ha-1 which give sufficient seed yield of mustard.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF HERBICIDES AND NON CHEMICAL MEANS ON WEED DYNAMICS AND GROWTH OF CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.) SEEDLINGS IN NURSERY
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, PIYUSHKUMAR MAGANBHAI; PATEL, R. H.
    A field experiment was conducted at the College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during the summer kharif season of 2003-04 to study the "Relative efficiency of herbicides and non chemical means on weed dynamics and growth of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings in nursery". The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture with organic carbon (0.61 per cent), 7.80 pH and having a good drainage. The soil was medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and high in potassium. The chilli var. S-49 was sown by broadcast method on 17th June, 2004 with the seed rate of 10 g m-2. Twelve treatments were studied during the investigation, comprising of five soil solarization (SS) treatments, rabbing. fluchloralin and pendimethalin application as pre-emergence, stale cultivation, hand weeding and weedy check. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with four replications. Characters viz., weed count, fresh as well as dry weight of weeds, chilli seed germination, periodical plant height, number of leaves, root length, transplantable (healthy) and non transplantable (weak) seedlings, their fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content in leaf of seedlings, nutrients status of soil before and after nursery and economics of different weed management treatments studied during the course of investigation. Soil solarization with 0.025 mm TPE for 45 days significandy increased soil temperature and thereby lowered the weed population i.e. weed chilli seedlings competition in chilli nursery. The maximum reduction in total weeds were recorded under hand weeding, rabbing and soil solarization with 0.025 mm TPE for 45 days. The lower fresh and dry weight of weeds were recorded in hand weeding, next in line was rabbing and soil solarization with 0.025 mm TPE for 45 days. These treatments also followed the same trend for weed control efficiency. Other weed management treatments although reduced the fresh and dry weight of weeds but the weed control efficiency was low for them. All soil solarization treatments increased the plant height, root length and number of leaves, number of transplantable, fresh and dry weight of chilli seedlings. Soil solarization with 0.025 mm TPE for 45 days yielded maximum content of chlorophyll in leaves of chilli seedlings. Rabbing increased the status of potassium in soil as compared to other treatments. All soil solarization, rabbing and hand weeding treatments increased the status of sulphur in soil. Soil solarization with 0.025 mm TPE for 45 DAS, rabbing and hand weeding at 20 DAS, were economically viable for the control of weeds and increased transplantable (healthy) seedlings.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF WEED CONTROL TREATMENTS ON WEEDS AND YIELD OF WHEAT CV. GW - 496
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) BHARWAD, NITINKUMAR KANTIBHAI; Vadodaria, R. P.
    The field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2003-04 at Agronomy Farm, B.A. college of agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study the "Effect of weed control treatments on weeds and yield of wheat cv. GW - 496". The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potassium with slightly alkaline in reaction. Fourteen treatments comprising isoproturon at 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 each applied as pre-, early-post and post-emergence, pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 applied as pre-emergence, 2,4-D (ester form) at 0.75 kg ha-1 applied as post-emergence, manual weeding once (20 DAS)and twice (20 and 40 DAS) and weedy check were arranged in Randomized Block Design with four replications. All the herbicides were sprayed as per treatments using knapsack sprayer fitted with flat fan nozzle in a spray volume of 5001 water ha-1. Wheat variety GW-496 at seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 was sown at a spacing of 22.5 cm on November 17, 2003 and harvested on March 13, 2004. The crop was fertilized vwth 120: 60: 40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 through diammonium phosphate, urea and muriate of potash, respectively, as per the recommendations. Growth characters like periodical plant height when recorded at 60, 90 DAS and at harvest remained unaffected by weed control treatments. However, the plant height recorded at 30 DAS significantly influenced due to weed control treatments. Significantly the lowest plant height was recorded at 30 DAS with pre-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 due to its phytotoxic effect on wheat crop. Two hand weedings (at 20 and 40 DAS-WB) and the post-emergence application of isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (W9) being at par but they recorded significantly the highest values of yield attributes viz., effective tillers plant-1, ear length, number of spikelets ear-1, number of grains ear-1 and test weight when compared with the rest of the weed control treatments. However, the influence of weed control treatments on number of total tillers plant-1 and initial plant stand m-1 row length was found non-significant. Significantly higher grain yield of wheat was recorded under two hand weedings (at 20 and 40 DAS), followed by isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as post-emergence. However, straw yield of wheat did not differ significantly due to weed control treatments. Harvest index was recorded significantly higher with two hand weedings (at 20 and 40 DAS), though it was remain at par with W9 and We during the course of investigation. Weed population and dry weight of weeds m-2 at 20 DAS was recorded significantly the highest with W2, W3, W5, W6, W8, W9, W11 and W14 as compared to the rest of the treatments in which herbicides were applied as pre-emergence for controlling weeds. Significantly the highest and the lowest dry weight of weeds at harvest was recorded under unweeded control as well as by W13 and W9, respectively. Latter both the treatments were on par with each other. Weed control efficiency was recorded significantly higher under two hand weedings (at 20 and 40 DAS), but it was at par with isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as postemergence. Two hand weedings (at 20 and 40 DAS) recorded the highest net returns of Rs.32634 ha-1, followed by isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as post-emergence with net returns of Rs.31792. Both these treatments secured the highest but equal values of CBR 1: 3.23. The lowest CBR of 1:2.29 was obtained under weedy check. Based on the results of field experiment, it can be concluded that for potential production and higher net returns from wheat cv. GW-496 in loamy sand soil of Middle Gujarat, the crop should be kept weed free either by two hand weedings or with isoproturon @ 1.0 kg ha-1 as post-emergence application.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULES (IW : CPE RATIO) AND BIO-FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUMMER BLACKGRAM [Phaseolus mungo(L.)Hepper] UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
    (AAU, Anand, 2005) GADHAVI, JITENDRA B.; PATEL, J. J.
    A field experiment was conducted during summer season of the year 2003 at the College Agronomy Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study the "Influence of irrigation schedules (1W:CPE ratio) and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of summer blackgram [Phaseolus mungo (L.) Hepper] under middle Gujarat conditions". The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture having good drainage, low in nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in potash with pH 7.5 Twenty treatment combinations comprising four levels of irrigation schedules viz., control-irrigation at critical growth stages (lo), 0.5 IW:CPE ratio (I1), 0.7 IW:CPE ratio (b) and 0.9 IW:CPE ratio (I3) and five treatments of bio-fertilizer viz., control-no inoculation (Ro), FSB inoculation (R1), Phosphorus @ 40 kg ha-1 (R2), PSB + Phosphorus @ 40 kg ha-1 (R3) and PSB + Rhizobium inoculation (Rt) were evaluated in split plot design with four replications. The results indicated that the grain and dry fodder yield as well as most of the growth and yield attributes of summer blackgram were significantly influenced due to different irrigatipn schedules. The results further revealed that treatment I3 (0.9 IW:CPE ratio) recorded significantly higher av. plant height at 20, 40 and 60 DAS, av. number of pods per plant, av. number of grains per pod, test weight (1000- grain weight in g). Treatment I3 (0.9 IW:CPE ratio) secured the highest grain yield (1004.75 kg ha-1) and dry fodder yield (2366.43 kg ha-1) of summer blackgram. The grain and dry fodder yield increased under the same treatment was to the tune of 50.40 and 26.62 per cent, respectively over treatment Io (control-irrigation at critical growth stages). The consumptive use of water was increased with increase in IW:CPE ratio whereas, the water use efficiency and water expense efficiency were higher with lower IW:CPE ratio. The highest value of net realization (Rs. 13085) was recorded under treatment I3 (0.9 IW:CPE ratio), followed by treatment h (0.7 IW:CPE ratio) with net realization (Rs. 9611). The lowest value of net realization (Rs. 4034) was observed under treatment Io (control-irrigation at critical growth stages). The highest value of net ICBR (1:4.97) was observed under treatment I1 (0.5 IW:CPE ratio), followed by treatment I3 (0.9 IW:CPE ratio) with net ICBR of (1:4.45). The lowest net ICBR (1:4.11) was noticed under treatment I2 (0.7 IW:CPE ratio). Among the different treatments of bio-fertilizer, the treatment R4 (PSB + Rhizobiutn inoculation) resulted in the maximum growth and yield attributes and protein content which ultimately resulted in higher grain and dry fodder yield of summer blackgram. The treatment R4 (PSB + Rhizobium inoculation) secured significantly the highest grain yield (962.76 kg ha-1) and dry fodder yield (2182.88 kg ha-1). The grain and dry fodder yield increase under the same treatment was to the tune of 43.19 and 13.80 per cent respectively over treatment Ro (control-no inoculation). Significantly the highest protein content (23.98 %) was recorded due to treatment R4 (PSB + Rhizobium inoculation). Apart from this, the treatment PSB + Rhizobium inoculation (R4) secured the highest consumptive use of water, water use efficiency and water expense efficiency. The highest value of net realization (Rs. 15664) and net ICBR (1:242.67) were observed under the same treatment. During the course of investigation, interaction effect between irrigation schedules and different treatments of bio-fertilizer was not significant in respect of growth and yield attributes, yield and quality parameters of summer blackgram. For securing higher grain yield and net realization from summer blackgram crop cv. T-9 the crop should be irrigated at 0.9 IW:CPE ratio with 10 irrigations each at 50 mm depth. One common irrigation should be applied immediately after sowing, second six days after first and remaining irrigations should be applied at an interval of six to seven days. The seed should be dually inoculated with PSB and Rhizobium, each @ 2 kg ha-1 as seed treatment, for securing high grain yield and maximum net realization.