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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF PHYTO ETEOROLOGY OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) AT ANAND(AAU, Anand, 1985) SAVANI, M. B.; MISTRY, P. D.The changeability of meterological factors in time and space is diverse. The most important weather variables which have to be considered as limiting plant growth and development are temperature, moisture and light (or solar radiation). The distribution of these meteorological parameters during the growing season of the crop shows great variation in the different locations of the same region and consequently, a great variability in the crop production.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME CROP-WEATHER MODELS UNDER ANAND CONDITIONS(AAU, Anand, 1985) SHEKH, A. M.; MISTRY, P. D.Crop yield forecasting is quite important to monitor the economy of any country which is predominantly agricultural. Crop-weather Hodles are formulations which mathematically relate the crop yield with the agrometeorological parameters like evapotranspiration or crop transpiration (Tc). Very little information is available on the performance of available crop-weather models under the Indian conditions. With this background, a study was planned and conducted to test and validate the performance of different crop-weather models, during the rabi season of the years 1981-82, 1982-83 and 1983-84 with Sonalika (HDM-1553) variety of wheat. The evapotranspiration (ET) losses were measured by gravimetric soil moisture measurements which were termed actual evapotranspiration (AET) and were also estimated by Priestley-Taylor (1972) approach for obtaining potential evapotranspiration (PET).ThesisItem Open Access ENERGY BALANCE OVER A WHEAT FIELD WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS(AAU, Anand, 1980) Mehta, Arvind N; MISTRY, P. D.Evapotranspiration and photosynthesis are among the most vital plant responses to energy that govern the productivity of crops in the field. The energy required for both the processes being derived from the net available energy over the field, a study of energy balance over a crop field is important in the understanding of the crop responses to weather. A field study to measure the energy balance components over the field of wheat, variety Sonalika (H.D.M. 1553) was carried out to estimate the energy utilization in evapotranspiration and photosynthesis and also to study other pertinent aspects of water use by crops.ThesisItem Open Access CROP-PEST-WEATHER INTERACTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF (Heliothis armigera (Hubner) IN TWO DIVERSE PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) GENOTYPES (BDN-2 and GT-100) AT ANAND(AAU, Anand, 1998) Chaudhari, G. B.; Shekh, A. M.The results obtained in this investigation revealed that the air temperature and photoperiod had profound influence on growth and development of the pigeonpea crop. The variation in air temperatures during different phenophases resulted in differential attainment of physiological maturity in both the genotypes. Whereas, the differential availability of bright hours of sunshine (BSS) during reproductive phase resulted in higher seed yield. Low vapour pressure (VP) and relative humidity (RH) during flower bud initiation to podding phase, were favourable for higher seed yield. The seed yield and other yield attributing characters of pigeonpea crop were significantly influenced by the different treatments. The seed yield of protected condition was observed 36% higher than that under unprotected condition. The short duration genotype, GT-100 was found significantly higher in seedyield than the long duration genotype BbN-2. The seed yield was found to decrease upto 35%, with delayed sowing till 40 days after the onset of monsoon. Significant differences in total biomass were noticed in treatments like irrigation, genotypes and dates of sowing The results from correlation study revealed that there was a positive significant association between seed yield and different weather parameters like, maximum and minimum temperatures, bright hours of sunshine and different thermal indices like, growing degree days, phototherraal units and Heliothermal units and accumulated PAR. It has been observed that there was a difference in growing degree days requirement for the two genotypes to attain different phenological phases. To attain physiological maturity the GDD requirement for BDN-2 was 3105°Cd and it was 2894°Cd for GT-100 genotypeThesisItem Open Access DYNAMIC MODELING OF DAILY WATER USE BY SUMMER PEARL MILLET ' (Pennisetum americanum L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Bodapati, Papuji Rao; Savani, M. B.Crop water use is a complex function of the climatic conditions, stage of the crop development and the soil water content. Models have been developed earlier using various approaches and levels of details to improve the prediction of evapotranspiration. Functional models with some empiricism can be used for routine applications than the mechanistic models. Transpiration from the pearl millet was found to be strongly influenced by leaf area than by stomatal conductance. Field experiments during the summer season of the years 1994 and 1995 were conducted with pearl millet cv. GHB-30. The experiments were laid out in split-plot design, with three dates of sowing as the main plot and four irrigation levels as the sub-plot treatments which were replicated four times. The results obtained in this investigation revealed that, air temperature had a profound influence on the growth and development of summer pearl millet. The optimum date of sowing was found to be February 15th , which would provide optimum environmental conditions for the growth and development of the crop. Different dates of sowing did not show any significant effect on the grain yield. Irrigating the crop at 25% depletion of available soil moisture gave the highest grain and biomass yields but its WUE was lower than that for the other irrigation levels. Pearl millet required about 310 GDD in summer season to build considerable GLAI and about 800 GDD to attain the maximum GLAI. A second-order polynomial was developed for estimating GLAI using the accumulated GDD. The FAO Kc, values had over-estimated ET rates and a second-order polynomial was developed to estimate daily Kc values from the accumulated GDD for non-stressed pearl millet. The rate of ET in pearl millet was found to decrease with an increase in soil moisture deficit and approached zero at a soil moisture depletion of 65% of the available soil moisture. PLANTGRO and MCD models when evaluated against the field data collected through this experiment, predicted ET reasonably better for nonstressed treatments than for stressed treatments. Of the two models, the MCD model predicted better for stressed condition than the PLANTGRO model. The functional relations for the PET estimation and root water uptake in the MCD model needed substantial modification. The separation of the PET in the PLANTGRO model did not suit the summer pearl millet. A one-day time step model BAJRAWAT had been developed in the 'C' language during the course of the present study, and was made User-friendly. Irrigation amount and the PET being its main driving forces, the partitioning of PET into soil evaporation and transpiration had been accomplished in BAJRAWAT by GLAI. The actual evaporation and transpiration depended on the availability of water in the surface soil and in the root zone and also on the depth of root penetration. The evaporation was assumed to take place from the surface soil only and the soil was further divided into four layers, from which water was assumed to have been removed by transpiration and drainage. Infiltration was assumed to have been taking place depending on the amount and the location of water already in the soil layers. The transpiration was computed as a function of GLAI and the available moisture in the root zone. The development of GLAI was considered to be controlled by thermal time and a moisture stress factor. The BAJRAWAT model when validated along with PLANTGRO and MCD models predicted ET better than the latter two models. The relative transpiration of summer pearl millet was found to be more closely associated with relative dry matter yield than with the relative grain yieldThesisItem Open Access CROP WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS IN SUMMER PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) AND TESTING OF CERES MILLET MODEL FOR THE MIDDLE GUJARAT AGROCLIMATIC ZONE(AAU, Anand, 1993) Maniyar, Vijayprakash Govindlalji; MEHTA, A. N.Pearl millet fPennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) is one of the most important and widely cultivated cereal crop in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It is generally, grown as rainfed crop in rainy season in the scanty rainfall area and on poor soils. It is more resistant to drought than sorghum. It can sustain under higher temperature regimes. Under intensive cropping system, it has its own place and being cultivated during summer season, where irrigation facilities are available. Weather variables affect the crop growth differently in different phenophases during its growth cycle. Field experiments during summer season of 1991 and 1992 were conducted with Cv.GHB-30 and were laidout in split plot design, with three dates of sowing as main plot and four irrigation regimes as sub-plot, replicated thrice. The results obtained during the course of investigation revealed that, higher temperatures decreased the duration of the crop with the delay in sowing. Higher relative humidity during flowering stage gave higher grain yields. Higher grain yields were recorded from first date of sowing. However, reduction was lesser in second date of sowing. Late sown crop recorded lowest grain yields. Irrigation scheduled through IW/CPE = 1.0 proved best. However, irrigation scheduled by infrared thermometry could save about 30 to 35% of irrigation water with no much reduction in grain yields. Yield attribute such as earhead weight had positively contributed towards grain yield. Consumptive use of water increased with increase in the frequency of irrigation. However, water use efficiency was higher with lesser irrigation frequencies, indicating a drought resistance trait in summer pearl millet. Stress degree days had significant negative correlation with growth attributes. Decrease in leaf water potential during flowering stage had adversely affected the grain yields. Studies on Intercepted photosynthetic active radiation indicated higher IPAR use efficiencies in D2 treatment (15th Feb.sowing date) during both the years. The extinction coefficient (K) calculated showed a value of 0.89. Correlation studies between grain yield and weather parameters revealed that morning, afternoon and mean relative humidity upto flowering stage played a major role in deciding the final grain yield. During anthesis to dough stage both thermal interception rate (TIR) and intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (IPAR) showed significant positive correlation with grain yield indicating better source sink relationship. Stepwise regression analysis selected a model with mean relative humidity (during emergence to tillering stage) and hours of bright sunshine (during flag leaf to anthesis stage) as parameters for predicting grain yields, 20 to 25 days before maturity. Path analysis of grain yield and weather parameters observed in important phenophases indicated that higher relative humidity during flag leaf to dough stage and higher thermal interception rate (TIR) during anthesis to dough stage are found favourable for higher grain yields. Prediction model obtained for total biomass production selected only accumulated growing degree days (GDD) during emergence to tillering phase (P1). This model could predict the total biomass 50 to 60 days before maturity. CERES millet model corrected for genetic coefficients was found to be good for this region. CERES millet model could predict the anthesis date and maturity date with minimum error. However, grain yields and total biomass production predicted by CERES millet model showed larger percent error compared to that of grain yields and total biomass production predicted by regression models obtained in the study. Secondly, CERES millet model has the limitation of predicting the yield at the end of growing season. However, the prediction models obtained in the study could predict the grain yields and total biomass production well in advance.ThesisItem Open Access CROP WEATHER INTERACTION AND PLANT STAND ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO PRODUCTIVITY OF TWO DIVERSE PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) GENOTYPES(AAU, Anand, 1996) PATEL, N. R.; MEHTA, A. N.Pigeonpea (Cajanus caJan (L.) Mi lisp.) is a major pulse crop, usually grown under rainfed environment in the semiarid tropic (SAT) to supplement the protein-deficient human diets. Pigeonpea cultivation in rainfed condition can not be assured of success unless grown with climatological consideration of particular region. Although effect of weather on yields is complex, a possible understanding of crop weather interaction is an essential aid to crop management. Also, the optimization of structure of crop production environment in pigeonpea is an important way towards better utilization of natural resources. The experiments during kharif 1993 and 1994 were conducted comprising three sowing dates as main plot and combination of two genotypes and two row spacings as sub plot treatments in split plot design with four replications. The results obtained during the course of study indicated that weather played a significant role in deciding yield potentiality of GT-100 and BDN-2 genotypes. However, weather variables have affected the growth and yield different to both genotypes in different phenophases of growing period. Crop duration in GT-100 and BDN-2 was markedly increased due to extended vegetative phase in response to Tower air temperatures. Whereas, leaf area development and crop growth rate were enhanced by comparatively higher temperatures. Rainfall received during late reproductive period is also seemed to be a factor for increased crop duration, leaf area index and crop growth rate and consequently better partitioning into seeds. The results regarding the seed yield and total biomass revealed that early sowing date D1 (30th June) produced significanlty the highest seed yield as well as total biomass in pigeonpea. Further, any delay in sowing caused marked reduction in both seed yield and total biomass in pigeonpea. Higher yield in early sowing was due to accelerated vegetative and reproductive growth caused by uniform rainfall distribution and comparatively higher temperatures during reproductive period. The genotype GT-100 had registered more seed yield compared to genotypes BDN-2. Higher seed yield in GT-100 genotype under rainfed condition could be attributed to less terminal water deficit and efficient use of water towards reproductive strucutres due to early maturity and determinate growth habit of GT-100. Also, the pigeonpea seed yield and biomass were increased as the row spacing decreased from 90 to 60 cm. Because narrow row (60 cm) crop having greater plant stand had created an environment which led to better utilization of resources like photosynthetically active component of radiation and water during reproductive period for increase in yield of pigeonpea. The results regarding the canopy temperature based indices revealed that canopy air temperature differential and accumulated SDD exhibited significantly negative correlation in later reproductive phenophases in both GT-100 and BDN-2, indicating the need of protective irrigation either at flowering or podding to both genotypes in rainfed condition. The correlation of seed yield with weather parameters and agrometeorological indices indicated that the favourable effect of early sowing on seed yield in GT-100 and BDN-2 could be attributed to lower evaporation, maximum temperatures and vapour pressure deficit in the post vegetative phase and higher evaporation, maximum temperatures and vapour pressure deficit in the later reproductive phase alongwith low hours of bright sunshine and higher night temperatures throughout the growing season. Besides, extreme day or night temperatures had adverse influence on productivity of both genotypes throughout the growing season. Over and above, positive correlations of seed yield with CDD, Accu.HTU and Accu.PAR indicated that higher ODD after primary branch initiation and accu.HTU and accu. PAR in later reproductive phases (P4 or Ps) had favourably influenced the seed yield in GT-100 and BDN-2. However, indeterminate genotype BDN-2 responded well to accu.PAR and accu.HTU due to long duration and photo periodically sensitive genotype. The prediction model based on BSS and MaxT in the phenophase P2 , MinT in both P3 and Pe phenophases and TR in both Pa and PB phenophases was found suitable with good accuracy (R2 = 0.96) for predicting the seed yield of QT-100 at about 50-55 days prior to crop harvest. Likewise, model based on MaxT in phenophase P4 and MinT in phenophase Pe was found appropriate with R2 = 0.78 for predicting seed yield in BDN-2 at about 30-40 days before maturity. Thus, an agronomic strategy such as sowing of short duration genotype GT-100 by the end of June in 60 cm apart rows based on crop-weather relationship was found most appropriate for securing maximum seed yield of pigeonpea under rainfed condition in middle agroclimatic zone of Gujarat State.ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF SUMMER MUNGBEAN TO WEATHER WITH VARYING IRRIGATION SCHEDULES AND TESTING OF BEANGRO MODEL FOR MIDDLE GUJARAT AGROCLIMATIC ZONE(AAU, Anand, 1999) Jadhav, Jayawant Dadaji; SAVANI, M. B.Mungbean {Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.) is one of the major grain pulse crop in tropical and sub-tropical regions of India. It being a photo and thermo-insensitive crop, is successfully raised in kharif as well as in summer seasons where the adequate irrigation facilities are available. Summer season provides an ideal condition for raising mungbean with quite handsome profits. Since, the effects of weather on yield are complex, it will need the deeper and clear understanding of the climatic factors affecting the growth and yield of mungbean. The field experiment during summer season of the years 1997 and 1998 was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The three dates of sowing were assigned as a main plot treatment, three irrigation regimes and two varieties as sub-plot treatment. The results obtained during the course of study revealed that the weather had played a significant role in deciding the yield of mungbean. However, the weather variables had affected the crop growth and yield differently in different phenophases during its growing period. The results regarding the grain yield as well as total biomass of mungbean as influenced by the different dates of sowing showed that D2 sowing date noa produced significantly higher grain yield as well as total biomass. The similar trend was also found in yield attributing characters, such as number of branches per plant, pod length, seeds per pod and test weight. Irrigation scheduled through IW/CPE = 0.8 and variety K-851 proved best. The favourable effects of weather parameters for the growth and development of the crop was experienced by the D2 sown crop during the phenophases of flower bud initiation to 50 per cent podding in terms of the lower maximum temperature, higher vapour pressure and less hours of bright sunshine. Correlation coefficients between grain yield and weather parameters as well as agro-meteorological indices indicated that, the grain yield and morning time relative humidity was significantly negatively correlated in the phenophase Pi. There were significant positive correlations of grain yield with minimum temperature, afternoon vapour pressure and afternoon relative humidity in the phenophases P3 and P4 (50 per cent flowering to 50 per cent podding). The results also indicated that the lower temperatures at the time of flowering had delayed the flowering bud initiation and hence, the increased in the period of the phas ic development which had benifited in the crop production. The higher relative humidity prevailed during the flowering phase helped in proper seed setting by overcoming the pollen dessication and thereby, in good grain yield. The favourable impact of vapour pressure on grain yield ascribed the lower evaporative demand and thereby more vegetative growth and consequently more grain yield. The significant positive correlations exhibited by accumulated photosynthetically active radiation during the reproductive ontongeny resulted in more photosynthates available to the pods for their development. The positive correlations of accumulated thermal interception rate during P2 and P5 phases indicated that more available energy may help in allocation of synthesized assimilates towards the reproductive organs and thereby, producing more grain yield , Agro-meteorological indices like accumulated growing degree days and accumulated photothermal unit also exhibited significantly positive correlation with grain yield. Studies on intercepted photosynthetically active radiation indicated that the IPAR use efficiencies were observed more in D2 treatment (19th March sowing date) during both the years. The average value of the extinction coefficient (K) was obtained as 0.73.ThesisItem Open Access CROP WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS AND YIELD PREDICTION OF PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.) MILLSP.) CV. GT-100 UNDER RAINFED CONDITION IN MIDDLE GUJARAT AGROCLIMATIC REGION(AAU, Anand, 1994) Khushu, M. K.; Mehta, A. N.Pigeonpea (Ca.ianus ca.ian (L.) Millsp.) is one of major grain legume crops in tropical and subtropical regions of India. It is generally grown as rainfed crop in scanty rainfall regions with minimum resources of water f0r irrigation. It is more drought resistant than any other field crop. It can sustain itself under higher temperature regimes. Since the effects of weather on yield are complex, need for a deeper and clear understanding of the climatic factors affecting the growth and yield of pigeonpea is necessary. The field experiments during Kharif seasons of 1992 and 1993 were conducted with Cv. GT-100 and laidout in randomised block design with four dates of sowing replicated five times. The results obtained during the course of study revealed that weather played a significant role in deciding the yield of pigeonpea. However, its variables affected the crop growth and yield differently in different phenophases during its growing period. The results regarding to the grain yield as well as total biomass of pigeonpea as influenced by dates of sowing showed that early sowing (D1) produced significantly higher grain yield as well total biomass, both of which decreased with delay in sowing. Similar trend was found in yield attributing characters, such as the number of pods per plant, seeds per pod and test weight as well as plant height. The favourable effects of early planting on crop growth and yield could be attributed to lower maximum temperatures in the phenophase from initiation of secondary branches %o flower bud initiation (P4) and higher night temperatures at pod setting phase (P6) in addition to higher vapoiir pressure, lower hours of bright sun shine throughout the growing season. The rainfall at flower bud initiation had also shown favourable effect in contributing to the higher yield of pigeonpea. Correlation of grain yield and total biomass with weather parameters and agrometeorological indices indicated that, besides the favourable effects of weather parameters discussed in the proceeding paragraph, the positive correlations of accumulated GDD and PTU in both vegetative period as well as flowering period in addition to accumulated PAR for entire period were found with grain yield and also with total biomass. The regression analysis between accumulated dry matter with accumulated PAR and accumulated GDD indicated that APAR use efficiency did not vary with the date of sowing while heat use efficiency did vary with the treatments. Path coefficient analysis revealed that rainfall in the phenophase P4, Min T and VP2 in the phenophase P6, Accu. GDD and Accu. PTU in the phenophase P8 and accumulated PAR in the phenophase P9 could be used efficiently in predicting grain yield of pigeonpea. Prediction models were developed by multiple regression technique for predicting grain yield. The model 4.6 based on RF in the phase P4, Min T and VP2 in the phenophase P6, accumulated GDD in the phenophase P8 and accumulated PAR "In the phenophase P9 with R2 = 0.95 was the best for predicting the grain yields at about 30 to 40 days before maturity. Standard partial regression coefficients provided relative importance of the parameters in predicting model and were in order VP2 (P6) Accu. GDD (P8). Min T (P6), RF (P4) and Accu. PAR (P9).