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ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN DOGS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-15) Bali, Smeeksha Deep Kour; Soodan, J. S.The present study was undertaken on dogs presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex of F.V.Sc and A.H., R.S. Pura, to find out the occurrence, diagnosis and therapeutic management of bacterial respiratory tract infections in dogs. A total of 2754 dogs were presented out of which 51 dogs (1.85%) were affected with respiratory tract diseases. Out of these 43.14% were of bacterial origin. The highest occurrence of bacterial respiratory infections was seen in the <2-year age group (54.54%) and in the winter months (40.90%). Sex-wise males were reported in higher numbers (72.72%). Breed-wise Labrador retrievers were seen in the highest numbers (36.36%). The major clinical signs seen were cough, nasal discharge, exercise intolerance, presence of abnormal respiratory sounds, inappetence, lethargy and weight loss. Physical examination revealed tachypnoea, dyspnoea, fever, crackles, wheezes and harsh lung sounds. Hematological study revealed leucocytosis with neutrophilia along with increased plasma fibrinogen. Thoracic radiography revealed alveolar, interstitial, and bronchial patterns. Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli followed by Streptococcus spp, Klebsiella spp., were the most commonly isolated bacteria. The comparative cellular findings of tracheal aspirates revealed a significant increase in neutrophils. Blood gas analysis revealed significantly increased pCO2 levels. Bacteria were found to be most susceptible to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline and levofloxacin and least sensitive to ampicillin on antibiotic sensitivity testing. Significant improvement in the clinical signs, haemato-biochemical parameters and physiological parameters was seen on 14 days post-treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-epidemiological Study on Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Bovine(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-24) Balla, Ranju; Bhardwaj, Rajinder KumarThe study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, haematobiochemical and histopathological alterations in MCF affected bovine over a period of one year. A total of 290 animals including 122 cattle, 133 buffaloes, 11 sheep and 24 goats of different age groups and sex in different seasons were sampled and examined by hemi-nested PCR assay. The overall molecular prevalence of MCF in bovine was found to be 19.21 per cent. Individually, the molecular prevalence in cattle and buffaloes was found to be 18.85 per cent (23/122) and 19.54 per cent (26/133), respectively. The highest prevalence was found in adult female animals (>6years age) in both cattle and buffaloes. The season wise prevalence peaked during winter and monsoon in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Sheep (11) and goats (24) reared with bovine herd showed the molecular prevalence of 36.36 per cent and 41.66 per cent, respectively. The morbidity and case fatality rate (CFR) in herd wise sampling of buffaloes was found to be 6.25 to 33.33 per cent and 50 to 100 per cent, respectively. Fever, corneal opacity, ocular discharge, nasal discharge, diarrhea, dermatological lesions, red color urine, enlarged lymph nodes, blindness and muzzle erosions were the main clinical signs observed in MCF affected bovine. Fever (100%) and enlarged lymph nodes (100%) were found to be the consistent feature in MCF affected buffaloes whereas enlarged lymph nodes, ocular and nasal discharge (86.95 %) were found in majority of the MCF affected cattle. The positive non- significant correlation between form of disease and PCR positive results in cattle and buffaloes was found to be 17.2 per cent and 14.8 per cent, respectively. The MCF affected bovine had a significantly lower values (p<0.05) of Hb, PCV, TEC, ALB, A:G ratio and significantly higher values (p<0.05) for TLC, GLB, AST, BUN, creatinine and fibrinogen. Post-mortem gross findings in MCF dead buffalo calf showed enlargement of mesenteric lymph node, pin-point haemorrhages on intestine, spleenomegaly, infarction in lungs and friable liver. Vasculitis with huge mononuclear cell infiltration in liver, kidney and spleen was significant finding on histopathological examintion. Nucleotide sequence of 238bp tegument protein gene showed 100 per cent similarity with Brazil and Mexico strain and 97.88 per cent to 98.73 per cent similarity with other sequences reported earlier from India.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of risk factors and organic zinc supplementation on somatic cell count in crossbred dairy cows(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2024-04-22) Kour, Simrandeep; Agrawal, RajeshMilk somatic cells (SCs) are a mixture of milk producing cells and immune cells that are secreted in milk during normal course of milking and are used as an index to estimate mammary health and milk quality of dairy animals worldwide. The present study was conducted in Jammu to determine the effect of herd and cow level factors on somatic cell count (SCC) and to assess the effect of organic zinc supplementation on SCC and milk quality in crossbred dairy cow. The study revealed that the management practices that were associated with higher milk SCC included bigger herd size, dirty barn hygiene, poor drainage facilities in the barn, using rubber mats as bedding material, cleaning udder/ teats with inappropriate method without proper disinfection, machine milking and following loose housing system of rearing cows. Significantly (p<0.05) higher SCC was found to be associated with dirty udder and teats of cows. Among physiological parameters studied, cows in higher parity group (≥5) and with higher CMT scores (+++) were having significantly (p<0.05) higher milk SCC. Significantly (p<0.05) higher milk SCC was found to be associated with low body condition score, weak and loose fore udder attachment and higher teat score. In correlation analysis of udder and teat morphometry with milk SCC the fore udder depth, rear udder depth, udder length, fore udder width, udder circumference, teat length, teat diameter, distance between right fore-right hind teat and left hind-right hind teat were found to be significantly(p<0.05) positively correlated whereas rear udder width, udder height from from ground, distance between left fore- left hind teat, right fore-left fore teat and teat height from ground were found to be significantly (p<0.01) negatively correlated. Significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05) positive correlation was found between udder circumference, teat length, teat diameter and milk Fat%, SNF%. Milk Malondialdehyde concentration (MDA) was significantly(p<0.01) positively correlated with milk SCC. It also, increases significantly(p<0.05) with advancement of lactation. No relation was found between milk quality parameters and SCC. Lame cows were found to have significantly (p<0.05) higher milk SCC. Supplementation of organic zinc to animals with higher SCC resulted in significant (p<0.05) decrease in milk SCC and increase in milk SNF%, protein% from day 14 onwards of supplementation whereas milk Fat% significantly(p<0.05) increased from day 7 onwards of supplementation hence, proved to be very effective in decreasing the milk SCC and improving quality of milk of the crossbred dairy cowsThesisItem Open Access Diagnosis Evaluation and Therapeutic Management of Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections in Cattle(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-03-17) Iqbal, Sheikh Sajad; Soodan, J. S.The present study was carried on cattle brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex of F.V.Sc and A.H, R.S. Pura and adjoining areas of R.S. Pura. Total 311 cattle were examined, out of which 38 cattle were affected by bacterial respiratory disease. The aim of the study was to find occurrence and therapeutic management of bacterial respiratory tract infections in cattle. The study revealed that occurrence of respiratory disease with bacterial involvement was 12.21 per cent with highest occurrence in age group of 3-7 years, gender wise females showed more occurrence and season wise highest occurrence was recorded in monsoon season. The prominent clinical signs observed in bovine respiratory disease with bacterial involvement were respiratory distress, anorexia, nasal discharges, congested conjunctival mucous membrane, muzzle dryness, cough, oral breathing and sneezing. The physical examination revealed dyspnoea, tachycardia, tachypnoea, pyrexia, crackles and wheezes. Haematological study revealed leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Serum biochemical profile observed increase in total protein and AST level. Thoracic radiography revealed interstitial pattern and mixed pattern (27.27 per cent), followed by nodular pattern and bronchial pattern (18.18 per cent) and alveolar pattern (9.09 per cent). Staphylococcus spp. was the most predominant bacteria, followed by E.coli spp., Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp and other infection. The Comparative cellular profile of tracheal aspirates in diseased cattle showed a significant increase in neutrophils. Blood gas analysis of diseased animals revealed respiratory acidosis with significant increase in pCO₂ and significant decrease in PO₂ levels. Enrofloxacin (88.18%) was found to be most sensitive antibiotic followed by Ceftriaxone/ Tazobactam (74.14%) on antimicrobial sensitivity test. Post treatment haematobiochemical parameters returned towards normal range (7th day) in both treatment groups. However, 60% of Pasteurella affected cattle recovered with ceftiofur.ThesisItem Open Access Capri-Paratuberculosis: Prevalence and characterization by molecular diagnostic techniques(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu(UT of J&K), 2022-08-03) Nabi, Burhan; . Upadhyay, S.R.The present study was carried out with objectives to study the sero-prevalence of MAP in caprine population, to evaluate various diagnostic options for MAP andrepercussions of Johne’s disease on haemetobiochemical and oxidative stress parameters. The diagnosis of disease was done using multiple tests viz., faecal microscopy, indirect ELISA, faecal IS900 PCR, faecal IS1311 PCR-REA.The prevalence was determined by screening faecal smears of animals, stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain, for acid fast bacilli (AFB) indistinguishable from MAP (Mycobacterium Avium subsp. Paratuberculosis) and measuring antibody titer in the serum of animals using indirect ELISA. The prevalence of AFB shedders was found to be 53%with highest in age group 1-2 yearsfollowed by 2-3 year and >3 years old age group. The seroprevalence of MAP in Jammu division was found to be 73.9 % with maximum in age group 1-2 yearfollowed by2-3 year and >3 years old age group. A total of 90 samples were put to IS900 PCR, and 15 samples showed amplification. These 15 samples were put to IS1311 PCR-REA (Restriction Endonuclease Analysis) and only 4 samples showed amplification product pattern similar to Type B (Bison) strain of MAP. The sensitivity and specificity of indirect tests (faecal microscopy, indirect ELISA) was calculated using faecal PCR as gold standard. The indirect ELISA was found to be more sensitive (76.9%) test for diagnosis of MAP. Animals positive for MAP had significant decrease in haemoglobin, PCV %, lymphocyte count, total protein, albumin, calcium and magnesium levels along with neutrophilia as compared to healthy animals.Oxidative stress was evident in JD affected animals from significant decrease in SOD, GPx, CATactivity when compared to animals negative for MAP.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Diabetes Mellitus and its Management in Dogs(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2022-11-14) Singh, Sarabjeet; Singh, RajivTo know the prevalence of diabetes in dogs from the Jammu region study was carried out. During the period from July 2021 to June 2022, 2480 dogs were presented for various ailments and regular health check-ups in medicine OPD of the university hospital. Diabetes was confirmed in 10 dogs, thus indicating an overall prevalence of 0.40%. Labrador breed of dogs had the highest (80%) prevalence followed by Pug (10%). Ninety percent of the diabetic dogs were >6 years of age and the majority (80%) were male dogs. All diabetic dogs exhibited clinical signs of polydipsia and polyuria, weight loss was recorded in 60 % (6/10) cases, 40% (4/10) dogs developed polyphagia and cataracts, 30% (3/10) had skin infections whereas, 20% (2/10) dogs showed signs of recurrent urinary tract infection, vomiting, anorexia, and ketonic breath. Diabetic dogs were scored for health status as per the body condition score (BCS) index and it was observed that 80% were overweight (BCS 4/5). Hematology of the diabetic dogs revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in TLC and neutrophil count. Blood biochemical profile revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in blood glucose, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglyceride, and fructosamine levels in diabetic dogs. Blood gas analysis revealed acid-base derangement which included decreased blood pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), and increased anion gap values indicating that diabetic dogs are mildly acidotic. Diabetic dogs showed hyponatremic, hypokalemic, hypocalcemic, and hypochloremic. Urine analysis revealed lower pH and high specific gravity along with glycosuria, ketonuria, and proteinuria. Insulin premix preparation containing regular crystalline and NPH insulin (30/70) effectively controls diabetes in dogs. However, the dose of insulin varies from case to case and needs to be standardized by initiating the lowest dose and monitoring glucose levels on an hourly basis to plot curves every time a dose is adjusted.ThesisItem Open Access Diagnostic and Managemental studies on traumatic foreign body syndrome in cattle and buffaloes(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-11-07) Jamwal, Antriksh; Bhardwaj, Rajinder KumarThesisItem Open Access Clinico-therapeutic investigations in canine respiratory tract disorders(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technologyof Jammu (UT of J&K), 2022-10-07) Naveen; Upadhyay, S.R.The present study was carried out with the objectives to study the period prevalence of canine respiratory tract disorders (CRTD), to understand lungs physiology in relation to associated pathology in canine respiratory tract disorders and to explore therapeutic options for better management of CRTD. Total of 66 dogs with RTD were presented between July 2021 to June 2022 to VCC, out of which 39 cases were undergone detailed investigations and treatment trial (n=27) according to approved protocol of the study. The period prevalence of CRTD, URTD and LRTD was 2.66%, 17.95% and 82.05%, respectively. The highest prevalence of CRTD, URTD and LRTD was recorded in male dogs of less than 2 years of age during peak winter months. Non-descript, Pug and Labrador were the most commonly affected breeds with CRTD, URTD and LRTD, respectively. Coughing and nasal discharge were the most common clinical signs in dogs with CRTD. The hematobiochemical findings reveal a significant leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia and decreased A:G ratio. ABG analysis revealed a significant decrease in the PaO2, PF ratio and the sum of PaO2 and PaCO2 and a significant increase in the A-a gradient. Radiographic findings revealed bronchial, alveolar and mixed patterns. Endoscopy findings revealed hyperemia of the trachea and bronchi. Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid was the most sensitive on AST. In group 2 significant improvement was noticed in the clinical and respiratory score card, leucogram, protein profile and oxygenation parameters on day 6 of therapy as compared to group 1 and3.ThesisItem Open Access Clinical epidemiology and knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) study on Toxocara vitulorum infection in buffalo calves(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (J&K), 2022-09-15) Yousuf, Jehanzeb; Agrawal, RajeshToxocara vitulorum is the most frequent and harmful intestinal nematode of tropical and sub-tropical buffalo calves. The present study was conducted in Jammu to estimate the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in buffalo calves (<3 months), to conduct KAP survey related to toxocarosis, to access the impact of administering piperazine hexahydrate (@220mg/kg) to infected calves and fenbendazole (@7.5mg/kg) to pregnant buffaloes in controlling toxocarosis and to perform molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of T. vitulorum. The study revealed 57.00% and 26.29% overall prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites and T. vitulorum, respectively. Highest prevalence of T.vitulorum infection was recorded in monsoon (41.57%), in the month of August (51.92%), in upto 30 days age-group (40.14%) and in female calves (30.30%). Higher risk of T.vitulorum infection was recorded in monsoon (~23 times vs. winter), in August and September (~20 and 14 times, respectively vs. January), in upto 30 days age-group (~5 times vs. 61-90 day age-group) and in females (~1.7 times vs. males). KAP survey revealed positive correlation between knowledge, attitudes and practices. Increase in the practice score was found to be associated with a decreased probability of being T. vitulorum positive. Piperazine hexahydrate showed 100% efficacy in treating buffalo calves. Levels of Hb, PCV, TEC, Ca, Pi, TSP, glucose, Zn, Cu and Fe improved significantly (p<0.05) at 15 day post-treatment while as LPO and GSH didn’t. Body weight and growth rate improved significantly (p<0.05) at day 30 post treatment. Fenbendazole proved to be 100% ineffective in controlling transmammary transmission of T.vitulorum larvae (L3). A total of two sequences submitted to NCBI GeneBank, were assigned the accession numbers as: T. vitulorum ITS-2 gene (ON814200) and T. vitulorum COI gene (ON811675) and proved to be useful and sensitive molecular markers for classifying and studying the phylogenetic analysis and relationships among closely related Toxocara spp.
