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ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF READY TO USE HEALTH BEVERAGE FOR DIABETIC POPULATION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07-01) POORNIMA S. PATWADI; D.B. PURANIKThe replacement of double toned milk with whey at various levels such as 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively was tried and results revealed that 30 % whey replacement was found to be optimum. Optimization of sugar: stevia ratio were tried at 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 and results revealed that 0:100 ratio was better in overall sensory scores. Health beverage was tried with incorporation of almond oil (2, 3 & 4 %), walnut oil (2, 3 & 4 %) and almond and walnut oil blend (1, 2 and 3 %) and among various additions, 2 % almond oil and walnut oil blend was found to be acceptable. Various levels were tried for optimization of tea and coffee decoction, that is, 15, 20 and 25 %. The results revealed that 15 % of tea or coffee decoction showed better sensory scores. The optimized health beverage was concentrated to 31 % TS and spray dried (inlet 180-190 °C and outlet 80-90 °C) to obtain dried ready to use health beverage. The final optimized health beverage were stored at refrigeration temperature in glass bottles and the dried health beverage was packed in plastic pouches storage at ambient temperature. The health beverage packed in glass bottle stored at refrigeration temperature containing tea and coffee had a shelf life of 15 days and 19 days, respectively whereas dried ready to use health beverage stored at room temperature was to be found in good quality without affecting its sensory attributes up to 3 months of storage. The final formulation of health beverage contains 52.9 % double toned milk, 30 % whey, 0.1 % stevia, and 2 % almond and walnut oil blend and 15 % tea/coffee decoction. The formulation of dried ready to use health beverage (dry mix) for domestic purpose can be prepared by dry blending of 66.4 % of double toned milk powder, 16.8 % whey protein concentrate, 0.8 % stevia, 16 % of almond or walnut oil blend and this health beverage can be prepared domestically by blending and addition of tea or coffee decoction at suitable proportion.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON METABOLIC GROWTH INDICATORS DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH IN BANNUR FEMALE SHEEP(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2018-09) VEENA, M. P.; Dr. M. NARAYANA SWAMYThe present study was conducted to ascertain the metabolic growth indicators during different stages of growth in Bannur female sheep maintained at Bandur Breeding Farm, Danagur Village, Malavalli Taluk, Mandya District. Twenty four female sheep divided into four groups with six animals in each group such as Group I (>3 to 5 months), Group II (>5 to 7 months), Group III (>7 to 9 months) and Group IV (>9 to 11 months) were utilized in the present study. The blood samples were collected from jugular vein at fortnightly intervals for two months (15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day). Each time about 5 to 8 ml of blood was collected in clot activated vacutainer. A drop of blood during collection was immediately utilized for estimation of blood glucose and β- hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Serum samples were immediately utilized for determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatine kinase (CK) activity. In the present study it was found that the blood glucose, serum total protein, serum total cholesterol, leptin, insulin, estradiol, T3 and potassium levels were increased significantly in advance stages compared to early stage of growth. However, the BHB levels were constant in different age groups. T4 levels increased in advance growth period, calcium and phosphorus levels did not differ with respect to age. Growth hormone increased in the early stage, but ALP and CK activity reduced as the age advanced. Body weight increased from beginning to the completion of the study. It was concluded that the levels of blood glucose, BHB, leptin, insulin, GH, potassium, ALP, CK and body weight gain could be used as physiological indicators of growth in Bannur female sheep to ascertain growth and the same can be extrapolated to other breeds of sheep. Key words: Metabolic growth indicators,ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON DIFFERENTTYPES OF INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION FOLLOWING PHACOEMULSIFICATION IN CATARACTOUS DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-06) SURESH, L.; Dr. L. RANGANATHThe present study was carried out among the dogs presented to Veterinary College Hospital, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore over a period of one year. A total of 13,200 cases were presented of which the number of dogs with cataract were 28 (0.21%), with highest percentage in Cocker Spaniel (25.00 %), followed by six in Pomeranian (21.43 %), four in Golden Retriever (14.29 %), three cases each in Labrador Retrievers, German Spitz and Non-descript (10.72 %) and two in German Shepherds (7.15%). Highest occurrence seen in the dogs aged 9-11 years range and high in male (53.60%) dogs. Pre and post-surgical evaluation of physiological, haematobiochemical parameters, visual function tests and clinical examination of eye were done. Accordingly, eighteen dogs were randomly selected and divided into three groups, Group A, B and C and were subjected for phacoemulsification followed with implantation of Rigid PMMA, Foldable hydrophilic acrylic and Foldable hydrophobic acrylic intra ocular lens respectively. The present study showed that there were no significant changes in physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters before and after the surgery. The techniques followed for the three groups were found to be adequate for restoring the vision. Comparatively, there was a lesser post-operative complications, better vision improvement and a higher owners response in Group C followed with B and A. In conclusion, the phacoemulsification followed with hydrophobic IOL implantation in Group C was proved to be superior in restoring vision with minimal post-operative complicationsThesisItem Open Access CONSTRUCTION OF Brucella melitensis GHOST AS A VACCINE CANDIDATE AGAINST BRUCELLOSIS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDA, 2018-07) SUMATHI, B. R; B. M. VEEREGOWDAhe present study reports the usefulness B. melitensis ghost as a vaccine candidate against sheep and goat brucellosis. An overall seroprevalence of 36.36 per cent (200) by RBPT, 47.27 per cent (260) by c-ELISA and 36.36 per cent (200) by both the tests with highest seroprevalence of 56 per cent in Bengaluru rural for sheep and of 43 per cent in Kolar for goats was observed. On an isolation from aborted foetuses five Brucella spp. were recovered which were confirmed to be B. melitensis biotype 1 by biochemical tests, dye sensitivity tests, agglutination with monospecific serum and by genus specific, species specific and Bruce ladder PCR. The B. melitensis Rev 1 and B. melitensis field isolate ghosts were constructed at a cell concentration of 3.0 x 10 9 CFU/mL of culture with 80 μg/mL GI24 for complete ghost formation was confirmed by absence of growth on BSA, non amplification of specific bands in AMOS multiple PCR and morphological changes observed in scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All three vaccines, were evaluated in mice by IP and oral routes, for humoral immune response by quantifying IgG levels in post vaccinal sera and for cell mediated immune response by lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokine profiles of IL-10, IL-4, TNF-α and IFN-γ. There was a significant difference in IgG levels between control and vaccinated groups. Further, within the vaccinated groups there was a significant (P<0.05) difference between Rev 1 vaccinated group from Rev 1 ghost and field ghost vaccinated groups in both IP and oral routes. The serum IgG levels were significantly higher in Rev 1 IP route vaccinated group than other groups. There was an interplay of both Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) and Th1 cytokines (TNF–α and IFN-γ) in eliciting effective immune response, wherein initial response was dominated by Th2 through IL-4 and IL-10 which antagonize the TNF–α and IFN-γ cytokines whose role is very essential to initiate cell mediated immune responses. In later stages decreased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 resulted in surge of TNF–α and IFN-γ cytokines resulting in effective Th1 mediated cellular immune response which is required for effective clearance of Brucella organisms. The ghosts made from B. melitensis Rev 1 and field isolate performed equally well as B. melitensis Rev 1 by eliciting an effective immune response and protecting mice against B. melitensis 16M challenge.ThesisItem Open Access SYSTEMATIC STUDY ON ARTHROPOD INFESTATION IN SHEEP WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TICKS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-08) SUDHA RANI, R.; (Dr. PLACID E. D’SOUZAA systematic study on arthropod infestation in sheep in Karnataka based on season, breed, management system, agroclimatic zone and site preference was undertaken in nine organized and ten unorganised farms. The prevalence of ectoparasite infestations was 20.7% and 43.7% in organised and unorganized farms. Among all the ectoparasites, prevalence of ticks was highest followed by lice, mites, fleas, nasal bots and flies. The ticks were found resistant to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and were susceptible to amitraz using LPT and AIT-DD test. Among the two EPNs assessed, H.indica was found to be more virulent than S.abbasi. Among the phytoacaricides, Carica papaya seed extract was found to be more virulent than Ricinus communis leaves against ticks by LPT and AIT. By microscopy the prevalence rate of Theileria spp was 16.4% and 64% in organized and unorganized farms respectively. By PCR 24.7 % were positive for T.luwenshuni and 4.7% for T.ovis in organised farms. Also 72 % were positive for T.luwenshuni, 19 % positive for T.ovis and 4 % positive for B.ovis in unorganised farms. Staining of tick tissues with Geimsa revealed 13.5% and 10% of parasitic infection in organized and unorganized farms respectively. Similarly, MGP stain revealed 11.86% and 15.55% infection in organized and unorganized farms. Using PCR, the prevalence of T.luwenshuni in H.Kutchensis was 36% and of T.ovis in H.a.anatolicum was 4% in organised farms. Prevalence of T.luwenshuni and T.ovis was 77% in H.kutchensis and 47 % in H. a. anatolicum in unorganised farms. H.kutchensis ticks was considered as potential vector in disease transmission of T.luwenshuni and T.ovis in sheep in Karnataka. Key words: Arthropods prevalence, sheep farms, acaricides, phytoacaricides, EPNs, vector potentialityThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYME ON LACTATION PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED BUFFALOES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY NANDINAGAR, BIDAR, 2018-07) SIDDESWARA, N. C; Y.B. RAJESHWARIThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF LEPTIN, BRCA1, C4A AND CXCR1 GENES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH MASTITIS IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN CROSSBRED AND DEONI CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) SHANKARAPPA BHAJANTRI; Dr. M. R. JAYASHANKARA study was conducted to investigate genetic polymorphism of Leptin, BRCA1, C4A and CXCR1 genes and their association with mastitis in HF crossbred and Deoni cows. Milk and blood samples were collected from 152 HF crossbred and 92 Deoni cows. The animals were grouped as mastitis affected and mastitis free mainly based on SCC due to its specificity. Genomic DNA was isolated by high salt method from venous blood samples. Specific regions of Leptin (intron 2), BRCA1 (intron 6), C4A (exon 12) and CXCR1 (exon 8) genes were amplified by PCR employing published primers. The amplified products were resolved on 1.5 per cent agarose gel electrophoresis which yielded 1840, 321, 275 and 469 bp amplicons, respectively. Leptin/ Sau3AI analysis identified three genotypes, AA, AB and AC in HF crossbred and two genotypes, AA and AB in Deoni cows. Polymorphism of BRCA1/ Hha1 analysis showed three genotypes viz., AA, BB and AB in HF crossbred and one genotype, AA in Deoni cows. The PCR-RFLP analysis of the targeted region of 275 bp of bovine C4A gene using Rsa1 detected CC and GC genotypes in both HF crossbred and Deoni cows. A significant association was observed between the C4A genotypes and mastitis in HF crossbred cows, where in majority of animals with CC genotype were mastitis free. CXCR1/ Bsa1 analysis identified two genotypes, AA and AG in both HF crossbred and Deoni cows. A significant association was observed between the CXCR1 genotypes and mastitis in Deoni cows, where in majority of animals with AG genotype were mastitis free.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF INACTIVATED Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis VACCINE IN SHEEP(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) RAMESHA, C. B.; Dr. D. RATHNAMMAThe present study was undertaken to evaluate autogenous inactivated MAP vaccine of sheep origin with inactivated MAP S5 vaccine of goat origin in Mandya breed of sheep. The clinical symptoms attributable to JD were not observed in any of the vaccinated animals, whereas unvaccinated animals showed progressive loss of body weight, emaciation, weakness, pasty diarrhoea and rough hair coat after 90 days post vaccination (DPV). In Lymphocyte transformation test, PBMCs from the vaccinated animals had higher stimulative index. In serum nitric oxide assay, more of serum nitric oxide was observed in vaccinated animals. In serum IFN γ assay, vaccinated animals had significantly higher level of IFN γ. All three groups of animals showed peak levels at 90 DPV and maintained up to 180 DPV. Indirect ELISA results revealed that vaccinated animals had significantly higher antibody levels. Both the vaccines successfully inhibited localization of MAP in the intestine and in turn faecal shedding of MAP was significantly low in vaccinated animals up to 300 days. The shedding of MAP increased steadily after 90 days post challenge in control animals. Vaccinated animals remained healthy and gained significantly higher body weights compared to control. Gross and microscopic lesions were not observed in vaccinated animals, control animals showed thickening and corrugation of small intestine and enlarged lymph nodes, infiltration of mononuclear and epitheloid cells in intestine and lymph nodes. None of the vaccinated animals were positive for AFB. Further 33.33 per cent unvaccinated challenged animals were positive for AFB. Whereas, 16.66 per cent vaccinated and 50 per cent unvaccinated animals were positive for MAP antigen by immunohistochemistry. The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes by immunohistochemistry revealed high concentration of CD8+ cells in vaccinated animals. There was no significant difference in expression of CD4+ T cells. Both inactivated MAP vaccines had elicited cellular and humoral immune responses and effectively inhibited the localization of MAP.ThesisItem Open Access GROSS, HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE EYEBALL AND EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OF SLOTH BEAR (Melursus ursinus)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) RAJASHAILESHA, N. M.; Dr. R. V. PRASADThe present study was conducted on the gross, histological and histochemical studies on the eyeball, extraocular muscles and bony orbit of sloth bear. The bony orbit was oval in shape with incomplete bony rim and formed by six bones. The shape of the eyeball was almost circular and lens was biconvex in shape. The color of the iris was dark brown and pupil was circular. Choroid showed the presence of semicircular tapetum and its base was placed horizontally ventral to the optic papilla. Extraocular muscles were seven in number, muscle dorsal oblique was longest. The corneal epithelium showed the presence of naked nerve endings and iron pigments in their cytoplasm. Histologically, the iris was made up of stroma, iridial muscles and a posterior epithelium and granula iridica was round and found at the tip of the iris. Tapetum was made up of rectangular shaped cells which were oriented in a brick-like manner. Well distinct Bruch’s membrane was observed. The iron pigments were appreciated in pigmented epithelium of retina and it was devoid of melanin pigments in the area adjacent to tapetal layer of the choroid. In the outer nuclear layer, the nuclei of rods were darkly stained and abundant in number, whereas, nuclei of cones were lightly stained and were few in number. In the inner nuclear layer horizontal cells were located adjacent to outer plexiform layer, bipolar cells were oriented radially with centrally located large heterochromatic nucleus, Muller cells were oriented radially, elongated and located in between bipolar cells. Amacrine cells were located in the innermost aspect of the inner nuclear layer, and capillaries were also observed in the inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglionic and nerve fiber layer indicating holangiotic pattern of retina. The nerve fibers converge at the optic disc and emerge as optic nerve and optic papilla was goblet shaped. Extraocular muscles were skeletal in nature showing fast and slow twitch based on the granular and homogenous muscle fibers histologically. Presence of intense PAS positive character indicated EOMs are highly metabolically active and participate in aerobic metabolism.
