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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCORPORATION OF ORGANIC ACID SALT, SODIUM BUTYRATE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, IMMUNE RESPONSE, DISEASE RESISTANCE AND GUT HISTOLOGY IN AMUR COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO HAEMATOPTERUS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) WALDE SWAPNIL GOPAL; MANJAPPAOrganic acids in various forms can be used as dietary supplements in aquaculture. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of a sodium butyrate as a feed additive to enhance growth and health in Amur common carp. A total of 180 healthy Cyprinus carpio haematopterus fingerlings with an average body weight of 4 ± 0.5 g (mean ± SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3). T0 was fed with basal diet with no organic acid additive taken as the control group, while T1, T2, and T3 were fed the diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sodium butyrate salt respectively. Each group was subdivided in three, with 15 fish in each replication. After 90 days, the growth and survival performance of Amur common carp fingerlings, as well as immunology, infection resistance, body composition, and gut histology, were assessed. T3 had significant (p<0.05) improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and food conversion ratio (FCR) at the end of the feeding period compared to the other groups. T3 had the highest superoxide anion activity and lysozyme activity after 90 days. T3 groups had the highest protein and fat levels throughout their bodies. The widest inhibition zones against Aeromonas hydrophila were at the 30, 40 and 50% concentrations of sodium butyrate. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas hydrophila was in T3. The study indicates the efficacy of addition of sodium butyrate in enhancing the growth and health in Amur common carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus. The treatments improved the histological architecture and cellular components of the intestine compared to the control. The study shows that adding sodium butyrate to Amur common carp Cyprinus carpio haematopterus improves their growth and health.ThesisItem Open Access stock structure analysis of moon mene maculata(KVAFSU,BIDAR, 2022) thakare rhishikesh d; S.R.SOMASEKHARThesisItem Open Access HEAT PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICS AND THE QUALITY OF READY TO EAT PANGASIUS FISH FILLETS CHUNKS (PANGASIUS HYPOPTHALMUS) IN MASALA USING FLEXIBLE RETORT POUCHES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) TEKADE VYANKATESH DEVENDRAKUMAR; B.MANJANAIKPangasius fish fillet chunks in masala is a famous south Indian dish prepared using Pangasius fish (Pangasius hypopthalmus) in the culinary style. The present investigation was aimed to optimize different Fo values of the Pangasius fillet chunks in masala packed in flexible retortable pouches. The product was thermally processed at different lethality and heat penetration characteristics indicating similar heating and cooling lag factor. Fh value was 13 and 16.5 min for the product processed at Fo values of 7.37 and 8.12 min, respectively. Total processing time was 26.94 and 31.37 min, respectively, for Fo 7.37 and 8.12 min. Cook value of the processed product was 64.70 min for Fo 7.37 min and 65.87 min for Fo 8.12 min. All instrumental texture parameters showed decreasing trend upto storage period of 90 days. Based on the organoleptic evaluation, product processed at Fo 7.37 min was rated better. Key words: Pangasius fillet chunks in masala, Fo value, texture profile analysis, retortable pouches, cook value, total process timeThesisItem Open Access DIETARY INCORPORATION OF ORGANIC ACID SALT, SODIUM ACETATE ON GUT HISTOLOGY AND IMMUNOMODULATION IN INDIAN MAJOR CARP LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2021) SURYAKIRAN, M.,; GANAP[ATHINAIKOrganic acids in various forms can be used as dietary supplements in aquaculture. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of an acetic acid salt, sodium acetate as a feed additive to enhance growth and health in rohu fish. A total of 120 healthy Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average body weight of 5.0 ± 0.5 g (mean SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (F0, F1, F2, and F3). F0 was fed a basal diet with no organic acid additive taken as the control group, while F1, F2, and F3 were fed the diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sodium acetate salt, respectively. Each group was subdivided in triplicate with 10 fish in each tank. The experimental fish was evaluated after 90 days for growth performance, hematology, immunology, resistance to infection, body composition, gut and liver histology. At the end of the feeding trail, F2 and F3 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leukocyte count were significantly increased in F2 and F3 compared to F0 and F1. There were significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with F2 as highest. After 90 days. F2 and F1 showed highest superoxide anion activity, lysozyme activity, and total serum protein. The lowest values for immune parameters were recorded in F0. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in F2 followed by F1 groups. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas hydrophila was in F2 followed by F1 groups. The histological architecture and cellular components of gut showed an improvement in the treatments over the control. The study indicates the efficacy of addition of sodium acetate in enhancing the growth and health in rohu fish Labeo rohita.ThesisItem Open Access ACUTE TOXICITY AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES OF THE BRACKISHWATER FISH (ETROPLUS SURATENSIS) EXPOSED TO ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE – MALATHION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) PAUNIKAR SUCHITA SURESH; LAKSHMIPATHIMalathion is one of the most commonly used pesticides in agriculture. This study was aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of malathion as an aquatic pollutant on the behaviour and haematological indices in pearl spot ( Etroplus suratensis). A static renewal bioassay was conducted to determine the lethal toxicity (LC50) of Malathion pesticide to Etroplus suratensis. The lethal toxicity of Malathion to fingerlings of Pearl spot exposed for 96 h was found to be 1.40 ppm. Study was conducted in accumulation phase. In accumulation phase the effect of sub lethal concentrations of Malathion (1/10th of LC50 i.e. 0.14 ppm and 1/5th of LC50 i.e. 0.28 ppm) was studied on physiology, haematology of Malathion for a period of 28 days. During accumulation phase physiological parameters such as oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate, food consumption rate, O:N ratio decreased significantly at both sub lethal concentrations of Malathion as compared to control group the behavioural changes to control group in a natural manner, i.e., they were active for feeding and alert to slightest of the disturbance with their well synchronized movements. While in toxic media, Pearl spot exhibited disrupted shoaling behaviour, localization to the bottom of the test chamber and independency ( spreading out) in swimming. In haematology study RBC, Hb, PCV decreased and WBC, MCHC, MCV & MCH increased significantly (p < 0.05) at both sub lethal concentrations of malathion as compared to control group.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF BIOLOGY OF RAZORBELLY SCAD, ALEPES KLEINII (BLOCH, 1793) ALONG THE MANGALURU COAST”(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHWETHA B. C.,; KUMAR NAIK A.S.The Razorbelly scad, Alepes kleinii (Bloch, 1793) is a reef associated, tropical marine fish species that belongs to the family Carangidae and the genus Alepes. The Body of this fish is oblong and laterally compressed. The ventral profile of the fish is more convex than dorsal profile. The chord of curved part of the lateral line is shorter than straight part and the straight part have broad and prominent scutes. The key characteristics to identifying this species are presence of a large black spot on the upper operculum and presence of dark vertical stripes above the lateral line. This species is also known as banded scad, golden scad, goggle-eye scad and locally as ‘Otubaare’. A total of 411 fish individuals comprising 186 males and 225 females ranging from 11.5 to 25.9cm size in total length (TL) were observed. The length weight relationship for male and female was W=0.0177L2.9603and W=0.0075 L3.2306 respectively. The average relative condition factor (Kn) values obtained for male and female was 1.0107 to 1.0162 respectively. The diet composed of more percentage of crustaceans (38.71%) followed by digested food matter (32.38%), teleosts (21.9%) and fish scales (5.86%) indicated carnivorous type of feeding habit. The size at first maturity for male and female was observed at a length of 15.1cm and 15.7cm (TL) respectively. The sex ratio of male : female was found to be 1:1.32 in the commercial catches, indicating the dominance of female fishes over the males in the population. The Gonado-Somatic Index (GSI) values ranged from 0.97 to 3.49 in males and in females it ranged from 0.94 to 4.44. The fecundity ranged between 35,359 to 3,14,530 eggs with an average of 1,08,166 eggs per individual. The ova diameter ranged from 0.01 to 0.47mm. The maturity stages of Alepes kleinii showed that this species is a prolonged spawner, spawning from August to November with a peak in October.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR BASED IDENTIFICATION OF VIRUSES BELONGING TO FAMILY IRIDOVIRIDAE AND ALLOHERPESVIRIDAE FROM CULTURED FISH(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHIVAKUMAR; T. SURESHDiseases are of great concern in fish production and its expansion. Similar to other animals, fish can also suffer from different diseases. Disease is a main agent affecting fish mortality and a major constraint in aquaculture. The global economic loss caused by diseases is about 6.5 billion USD (2017). The habitat of the fish makes it more susceptible to the pathogens. Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases like ISKNV, RSIV, KHV, VNN, SDDV, TRBIV and LCDV are known to cause huge economical loss in wild and cultured. Although prevalence of more than 125 different viruses have been reported in fish culture around the globe including many Asian countries. In the present study, several ornamental and cultured fishes were screened for the viruses of family Iridoviridae and Alloherpesviridae. Moribund and clinically unhealthy samples were collected from different location of Karnataka and were checked for viral infection by using specific primers through conventional PCR method. A total of 130 samples were collected, among them 1 Gold gourami was found to be positive for the presence of ISKNV and 4 Asian Sea bass were positive for RSIV. Further confirmation was done by sequence analysis of positive samples, where sequenced ISKNV strain was more similar (99.74 - 99.88 %) to the Malaysia and Australian ISKNV strains and RSIV strains were more similar (98.77-99.65 %) to Indian and Japanese RSIV strains. Phylogenetic trees of ISKNV and RSIV revealed that our ISKNV strain and RSIV strains formed a clade with the reference ISKNV and RSIV strains. These results suggested, that the occurrence of iridoviral infection is more than the viruses of family Alloherpesviridae in ornamental and cultured fishes in Karnataka.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GENETIC DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT STOCKS OF CATLA (LABEO CATLA) USING RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) MARKERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHEETHAL PANATHILA; K.B.RAJANNAThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GENETIC DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT STOCKS OF AMUR COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO VAR. HAEMATOPTERUS) USING RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) MARKERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SATYAVEER,; K.B.RAJANNAThree stocks of Amur common carp in different geographical locations viz. Tamil Nadu stock (Krishnagiri hatchery), Karnataka stock (Hesaraghatta) and Kolkata stock (Das fish hatchery) representing different environmental conditions were collected at selected breeding centers. The three stocks were acclimatized and reared in laboratory conditions with similar environmental and management conditions. RAPD -PCR analysis was performed for different stocks of Amur common carp. Of the 140 decamer primers screened, eight primers (OPA- 04, OPA-06, OPA-10, OPA- 20, OPB-17, OPF- 09, OPF- 10, and OPG- 9) which has given consistent and more polymorphism were selected for RAPD – PCR analysis. RAPD – PCR analysis shows that the Tamil Nadu stock shows higher polymorphism (82.38%) in comparison with the other two stocks. The higher Nei’s heterozygosity (0.2395) was observed in Tamil Nadu stock. The highest Shannon’s diversity (0.3079) was observed in Tamil Nadu stock. In terms of genetic identity and genetic distance, Kolkata and Karnataka stocks showed a maximum genetic distance of 0.5075 and a minimum Genetic identity of 0.6020. while the Kolkata and Tamil Nadu stock showed a maximum genetic identity of 0.7234 and a minimum genetic distance of 0.3238. The study also shows that Tamil Nadu stock is closely related to Kolkata stock and distantly related to Karnataka stock. Growth trials indicated better performance of Tamil Nadu stock in comparison with other stocks. The r2 value of (0.5710) between the percentage of polymorphism and mean body weight attained for different stocks of Amur common carp shows that the percentage of polymorphism and mean body weight attained are Moderate Positively correlated.
