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ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE FEED ADDITIVES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKEN(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR – 585 226, 2022) SATISH PATIL; B. P. SHIVASHANKARThe study was conducted to evaluate the morphological and biochemical effects of selective feed additives on the performance of broiler chicken during 0-35 days. A total of 150 one day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups consisting of four treatment groups and a control group. During fifth week, mean body weight of group IV was significantly higher, when compared to control group and group V and not significantly differing from group II and group III. The FCR of group IV was lower in all the weeks (except 2nd week), when compared to control and other treatment groups. During fourth week, mean bursal weight in group III, IV and V was significantly higher compared to control. And also, during fifth week mean bursal weight of group III was significantly higher compared to control, group IV and group V. Both group III and group IV showed a significant increase in mean liver weight in fifth week compared to control group. Group IV during fifth week showed that the serum albumin, globulin and total protein values were significantly higher compared to control and also during third week showed that the serum total protein values were significantly higher compared to control. Group III in second, third and fourth week showed that the serum globulin values were significantly higher compared to control and also during third and fourth week showed that the serum total protein values were significantly higher compared to control. Histologically no adverse effect observed in liver, kidney, ileum, heart and lymphoid organs during all the weeks in treated groups compared to control. In third, fourth and fifth week mean villi length of ileum was significantly increased in group III compared to control and group V. Key words: Broiler, Feed additive, Feed conversion ratio, HistologyThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE INDUCED TOXICITY AND IT’S AMELIORATION BY ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATAIN RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) RASHMI, S.; M. L. SATYANARAYANAThe present study was pursued to evaluate the pathomorphological and biochemical changes in cyclophosphamide induced toxicity and its amelioration by Andrographispaniculata treatment in Wistar albino rats for 45 days. The study included normal control (Group I), cyclophosphamide control (Group II), Andrographis paniculata control (Group III), Andrographis paniculata pre-treatment (Group-IV), concurrent treatment (Group-V). Toxicity was induced in rats by administration of cyclophosphamide at the dose of 200 mg/kg bw as single dose and the Andrographis paniculata aqueous extract was used at the dose rate of 200 mg/kg bw. The parameters assessed following administration of cyclophosphamide and Andrographis paniculata in different groups included clinical signs, body weight, hematology parameters, biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation assay, gross pathology and histopathology. There was decrease in body weight and hematology parameters and was an increase in liver enzymes, creatinine, urea and MDA values and decrease in antioxidant levels with pathological changes in liver suggesting cyclophosphamide induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Cyclophosphamide toxicity was characterized by necrosis and apoptosis in spleen, liver, kidney and heart with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Loss of mucosal layer in the tip of the villi and mild desquamation of mucous cells in intestine and loss of spermatogonic cells in testes suggesting cyclophosphamide induced toxicity. The concurrent Andrographis paniculata administration partially alleviated the cyclophosphamide induced toxic effects. The pre-treatment of Andrographis paniculata rendered better acquisition of overall defence status to combat immediate overload of oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide and hence proven that AP as herbal protectant in alleviating cyclophosphamide induced toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access EXPRESSION AND PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF VERSICAN AND Ki 67 IN CANINE CUTANEOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS TUMORS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) MANOHAR, M. KALLIHAL; SUGUNA RAO)To evaluate the prognostic value of versican and Ki 67, the present study was carried out in 112 cases of canine cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. On histopathological examinations various round cell, epithelial and mesenchymal tumors were identified. There were 78 cases of malignant and 34 benign tumors and the epithelial neoplasms were the most common type of tumors observed. Quantification of versican and Ki 67 mRNA by qRT-PCR in various cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors revealed higher expression of both in malignant tumors compared to benign tumors. Statistical analysis revealed a significant (P< 0.05) difference in the expression of versican and Ki 67 between malignant and benign tumors. To determine the prognostic value of versican and Ki 67 expression a median cut off value of gene fold expression was calculated which was 1.65 for versican and 4.29 for Ki 67. The versican and Ki 67 expression values were compared between the various post surgical outcome groups such as death, recurrence and disease free alive status which showed a statistically significant (P< 0.05) difference in the versican expression between alive and recurrence group and alive and dead group, while between recurrence and dead group there was no statistically significant (P> 0.05) difference. Similarly, there was a significant (P< 0.05) difference in Ki 67 expression between alive and recurrence group and alive and dead group, also a significant (P< 0.05) difference was observed between recurrence and dead group. In addition, statistical analysis of Kaplan - Meier curves of follow up period of dogs revealed statistically significant (P< 0.01) difference in survival rate and recurrence rate between dogs having versican and Ki 67 overexpression and underexpression values. The mean survival period was observed to be four months for dogs with overexpression of both versican and Ki 67, further undefined for dogs with underexpression of both versican and Ki 67. The median recurrence period for versican and Ki 67 overexpression score was found to be six and five months respectively and for underexpression score it was eight months in both versican and Ki 67. Also, there was a significant (P< 0.01) moderate to strong positive correlation between expression levels of versican and Ki 67 in benign and malignant tumors with r value 0.6328 and 0.5850 respectively. Key words: Versican, Ki 67, quantification, prognostic value, correlationThesisItem Open Access EXPRESSION OF E-CADHERIN AND Ki 67 IN CANINE CUTANEOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS TUMORS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR PROGNOSTIC VALUE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) CHIRANJEEVI, R.; SUGUNA RAO)To evaluate the prognostic value of E-cadherin and Ki 67, the present study was carried out in 112 cases of canine cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. On histopathological examination various round cell, epithelial and mesenchymal tumors were identified. There were 78 cases of malignant and 34 benign tumors and the epithelial neoplasms were the most common type of tumors observed. Relative quantification of E-cadherin mRNA by qRT-PCR in various cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors revealed a nonsignificant difference (P>0.05) in the expression between malignant and benign tumors. Relative quantification of Ki 67 mRNA by qRT-PCR in various cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors revealed statistically significant higher expression (P≤0.01) in malignant tumors compared to benign tumors. To determine the prognostic value of E-cadherin expression in malignant epithelial tumors and Ki 67 expression in all malignant tumors a median cut off value was calculated which was 0.06 for E-cadherin and 4.29 for Ki 67. The E-cadherin and Ki 67 expression values were compared between the various postsurgical outcome groups such as dead, recurrence and alive which showed a statistical nonsignificant difference (P>0.05) and significant difference(P≤0.05) respectively. In addition, Kaplan–Meier survival curves for both postsurgical recurrence and death compared with log rank test revealed statistically nonsignificant difference (P>0.05) for E-cadherin expression and significant difference (P≤0.01) for Ki 67 expression between recurrence rate/survival rate and gene expressions. The median survival period and median recurrence period for Ki 67 overexpression was found to be four and five months and for underexpression it was found to be undefined and eight months respectively. Results of spearman correlation between E-cadherin and Ki 67 gene was found to be statistically nonsignificant difference (P>0.05) between the gene expressions among benign and malignant epithelial tumors. The results indicated that E-cadherin has neither diagnostic nor prognostic value and open for further future work whereas Ki 67 expression in cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors has both diagnostic and prognostic value. Key words: E-cadherin, Ki 67, tumor, quantification, prognostic value and correlationThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PATHOMORPHOLOGY OF LUNGS OF SMALL RUMINANTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA INFECTION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2022) SWETHASHREE, M. J.; SHILPA, V. T.Respiratory disorders are frequent in small ruminants and they are generally difficult to diagnose in live animals until they get complicated. As a result, necropsy examination of the lungs is the only approach to understand the etiology behind respiratory disorders and diagnose them quickly. The aim of the work was to record various gross and histopathological lesions of small ruminants lungs, to correlate histopathological findings in Mannheimia haemolytica induced pneumonia and to confirm M. haemolytica using PCR. A total of 275 small ruminants carcasses were examined and lung lesions were recorded in 235 cases. Lung lesions were most common in the 0-1 year-old age group, with males having the highest rate of occurrence. The middle and caudal lung lobes were found to be less affected than the cranial lung lobes. On cytological examination of 235 samples, 109 were found to be positive for bacilli. Based on gross and microscopic changes, the lung lesions were classified as pneumonia in 208 (88.51%) cases, bronchiolitis in 4 (1.07%) cases and other lesions such as atelectasis in 59 (25.10%) cases, emphysema in 46 (19.57%) cases, haemorrhages in 12 (5.10%) cases, oedema in 37 (15.74%) cases and congestion in 33 (14.04%) cases. Pneumonic lesions were classified into acute bronchopneumonia, sub-acute bronchopneumonia, suppurative bronchopneumonia, fibrinous bronchopneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia. PCR for Lkt gene of M. haemolytica was carried out on 109 lung tissue samples showed 22 (10.57%) positive cases and these were mainly from fibrinous bronchopneumonia (95.5%) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (4.54%). The study concluded that M. haemolytica causes mainly fibrinous bronchopneumonia.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR, 2022) RAVINDRA GANGADKAR B.; RAVIKUMAR, P.)The present study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of Lumpy skin disease in Karnataka and to elucidate the pathology of the disease in natural outbreaks. A total of 58 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 43 field outbreaks of Lumpy skin disease. Out of which 55 samples were tested positive for LSD by PCR for P32 gene of LSD virus. Further, Clinical manifestation, hemato-biochemical alterations, gross pathology, histopathology, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis studies were carried out. The occurrence of Lumpy skin disease in field outbreaks was found to be 35.15 per cent in this cross-sectional study. Occurrence was high in the age group of 2 to 5 years and in females and the disease was predominant in HF cross bred cattle. Clinical signs observed in Lumpy skin disease affected animals were pyrexia, off feed, dullness and nodular lesions all over the body with debilitation. Hematological and biochemical evaluation revealed decreased RBC, Hb, HCT and platelet count, increased ALT, GGT and albumin besides decrease in ALP and creatinine. Grossly, nodular lesions were observed predominantly on the head, neck, legs, tail, udder, thurl, perineum, vulval lips, inguinal region, muzzle, lips and nostrils. The predominant microscopic lesions in the skin included hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, orthokeratosis, acanthosis, spongiosis, degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells with intracytoplasmic inclusions in epidermis. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in the dermis, hemorrhage and congestion of dermal vessels, vasculitis, thrombosis and perivascular necrosis were consistently seen along with folliculitis and degeneration of sweat gland epithelial cells. Necrosis of dermis and epidermis with vasculitis were evident under Masson’s trichrome staining. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed presence of Lumpy skin disease virus and homology with other Lumpy skin disease isolates from various parts the world.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PATHOLOGY OF FCA [FREUND’S COMPLETE ADJUVANT] INDUCED RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS MODEL IN RATS AND AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF GARLIC DERIVED LECTIN(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2022) HANAMANTAPPA, K.; SHILPA. V.TThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic efficacy of a garlic derived lectin in rats with Freund's complete adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis. Eighty two rats of uniform age were randomly divided into six groups consisting of six rats each in acute phase and Group I of subacute phase and eight rats each in Group II to VI of subacute phase and treated as follows. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced in rats of groups II to VI by injecting intradermally, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) @ 0.1ml/100g body weight into the left hind paw on Day 0 and Day 8 (Booster dose for subacute phase). Treatment protocols were initiated on day 0 following FCA injection and continued until the end of the study. The groups were normal control (Group I, NC), rheumatoid arthritis control (Group II, RAC), rheumatoid arthritis rats treated with garlic derived lectin @ 5mg/kg bw by IP route (Group III, GL5), rheumatoid arthritis rats treated with garlic derived lectin @ 10mg/kg bw by IP route (Group IV, GL10), rheumatoid arthritis rats treated with garlic derived lectin @ 20mg/kg bw by IP route (Group V, GL20) and rheumatoid arthritis rats treated with Methotrexate @ 50μg/kg bw/week by PO route (Group VI, MTX). Compared to rheumatoid arthritis control, there was a significant improvement in evaluatory parameters such as body weight, paw volume, paw thickness, decrease in arthritic score and increase in mobility score, remarkably improved haematological, sero-biochemical, arthritic markers (CRP & RF), antioxidant, radiographic changes in treatment groups. Histopathologically, the treatment groups showed substantial improvement in lesions like pannus formation, rhabdomyositis and periosteitis in the acute phase study and considerable improvement in cartilage erosion and degradation in the subacute phase study when compared to the rheumatoid arthritis control group. Thus, the current study concludes that a mid and higher dose of garlic derived lectin 215 @10mg/kg and 20mg/kg, respectively, has significant anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity. Key words: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Freund’s complete adjuvant, Garlic derived lectin, MethotrexateThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PATHOLOGY OF ADENINE INDUCED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF GOKSHURADI GUGGULU IN MALE WISTAR RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) ABHILASH, N. S.; RAVIKUMAR, P.)The present study was undertaken to establish the adenine induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) model in rats and to evaluate the nephroprotective efficacy of polyherbal Gokshuradi Guggulu (GG) in this model. The study involved 6 groups of 8 male wistar rats each viz; Group I: normal control gavaged with 0.2 percent carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), Group II: CKD control, treatment Groups III, IV, V & VI gavaged with adenine @ 50 mg/kg for 28 days, further from day 7 to 35th day of study, treatment Groups III, IV, V gavaged with GG @ 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg respectively and Group VI with vitamin E, selenium, and prednisolone (200 mg/kg, 400 μg/kg and 5 mg/kg respectively). Adenine successfully induced CKD in the rats of Group II as evidenced by the clinical signs, elevated Creatinine and BUN and diffuse gross and histopathological changes in the kidneys. Treatment Groups III and IV showed no improvement in adenine induced CKD. There was a mild degree of improvement in serological and haematological parameters and renal histology with decreased interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in rats of Group V when compared with that of Group II. While rats of treatment Group VI, significantly alleviated the adenine induced CKD, marked by significant improvement in renal serological and hematological parameters, gross and histological parameters, but not on par with normal control. The present study indicated that CKD can be successfully induced in male Wistar rats by gavaging adenine at 50 mg/kg for 28 days. The study revealed that Gokshuradi Guggulu at 400 mg/kg had mild nephroprotective effect and ameliorated the adenine-induced CKD changes only to a certain extent. Further preclinical studies by prolonging the duration of the GG treatment as well as enhancing the bioavailability of the active constituents are required to evaluate its usageThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MORTALITIES IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PATHOLOGY OF HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) AJAY KUMAR; JAYARAMU G.M.)The present study entitled “Studies on mortalities in Asian elephants with special reference to pathology of herpesvirus infections” was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga. Information on necropsy of elephant deaths from 2019 to 2021 were studied. Proportional mortality rate of deaths due to infectious causes were more in captive elephants, whereas deaths due to non-infectious causes were more among wild elephants. Among infectious causes, deaths due to bacterial etiology were more and among noninfectious causes, electrocution deaths were common in captive and wild elephants respectively. Calves and sub-adult were prone for deaths due to infectious causes, compared to adults where deaths due to non-infectious causes prevailed. Deaths in female elephants were more in captivity, whereas vice-versa was prevalent in wild habitats. Pathomorphology of herpesvirus infections in Asian elephant mortalities in confirmed cases revealed renal cortical and medullary congestion, glomerular syncytia formation. Liver showed severe sinusoidal congestion, cardiac cirrhosis, focal parenchymal and sub capsular haemorrhages. Edema, haemorrhages and multifocal heart failure cells were seen in lungs. Epicardial, endocardial, atrial myocardial and valvular haemorrhages, and intra-nuclear inclusion bodies were seen in endothelial cells in heart. Lymphoid depletion in white pulp and Peri-arterial Lymphatic Sheaths (PALS) with haemosiderosis in red pulp were seen in spleen. Lingual inter-muscular haemorrhages and congestion, haemorrhagic enteritis, mucosal and serosal haemorrhages were observed. The haemorrhages seen may be due to endothelial injury caused by viral localization and inflammatory reactions in various organs. Keywords: Asian elephants, Herpesvirus
