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ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CAMPYLOBACTER IN POULTRY(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) SAHITHYA, N.G.; D. RATHNAMMAThe present study was conducted to isolate and characterize Campylobacters from poultry. A total of 158 poultry samples were collected from RMS, CPF and BYPF from different districts. All the samples were subjected for pre-enrichment followed by selective isolation of Campylobacters on mCCDA and Columbia blood agar. Seventyfive (47.46%) Campylobacter isolates were obtained and further confirmed by PCR. Genus specific PCR was standardised to identify Campylobacter isolates at genus level by amplifying 16S rRNA gene. Further species level identification was done by amplifying lpxA gene where 52 isolates were identified as C.jejuniand seven as C.coli. Remaining 16 isolates were unidentified campylobacter species. The prevalence of C.jejuni was more (76%) compared to C.coli (9.33%). Antibiotic sensitivity of all 75 Campylobacter isolates was tested by standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. All Campylobacter isolates showed 100 per cent resistance to Clindamycin and Nalidixic acid, followed by Erythromycin (73.33 %), Tetracycline (61.33%), Azithromycin and Doxycline (53.33%) and Ampicillin and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (44%). The presence of AMR genes in 52 C.jejuni isolates was carried out by PCR. Where all 52 isolates (100%) showed amplification of 23S rRNAgene for Macrolides followed by Fluoroquinolone (86.54%) by Amplifying QRDR region of gyrA gene, Tetracycline (53.84%) by amplifying tet (O) gene, 50 per cent isolates showed amplification of blaOXA-61 gene for Beta-lactams and 69.23 per cent isolates were found to harbour cmeB efflux pump gene. Amplification of cad-F and flaA virulent genes was carried out by subjecting 52C.jejuni isolates to PCR, all the C.jejuni isolates revealed cad-F gene and 29C.jejuni isolates revealed flaA gene . Partial nucleotide sequencing of cad-F gene was done for 12 campylobacter isolates. The phylogenetic analysis revealed two groups where farm isolates formed one group and isolates from retail meat shops formed another group. The highest mean interspecific divergence was found between LH and K2 (10.42%) and it was lowest between TF and BBY (0.02%). Genotyping of 50 C.jejuni isolates was carried out by ERIC-PCR and intra-species variability of C. jejuni isolates was determined by dendrogram analysis of C. jejuni that revealed 12 distinct clades with discriminatory power (D value) of 0.87. Campylobacter jejuni isolates under study formed two main clusters (A and B) with 100% heterogeneity.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MEDETOMIDINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE AS PREANAESTHETICS FOR PROPOFOL - ISOFLURANE GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) RAMESHA, H.; V. MAHESHThe study was conducted to evaluate Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine as pre-anaesthetic for Propofol-Isoflurane general anaesthesia in dogs. The study was conducted on 18 clinical cases of dogs divided in to 3 groups with six dogs in each group. All the dogs were atropinised (0.04 mg/kg BW SC) except Group I. The dogs of Group I anaesthesia were induced by administering Propofol (6 mg/kg IV). Group II animals received medetomidine (20 μg/kg IV). Group III animals received Dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg IV), later anaesthesia was induced by administering Propofol (3 mg/kg IV) after 10 minutes of pre-anaesthetic administration in all the dogs of Group II and Group III. Maintenance of anaesthesia was done under Isoflurane in all the three groups. The onset of sedation was non-significant between Group II and Group III dogs. The induction time was significantly slower in Group I dogs compare to Group II and Group III dogs. The recovery time was quicker in Group I dogs followed by Group III dogs when compared to Group II dogs. Physiological parameters, haematological, biochemical and haemodynamic parameters showed no significant variation in all the three groups but significant decrease in respiratory rate was observed. Blood gas parameters revealed significant changes PaCO2, PaO2 and pH. In conclusion, the anesthetic protocol carried out in Group II and Group III have given satisfactory results with respect to sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, smooth induction and recovery without any untoward events orcomplications as compared to directly induced Propofol Group. Therefore, both the drugs produced potent sedative effect.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ELASTIC STABLE INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING (ESIN) FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURE OF FEMUR IN SKELETALLY IMMATURE DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) RAHUL P A; V. MAHESHThe occurrence of long bone fracture cases during the study period of 12 months was 3.71%, out of which 39.5% were femoral fractures. Most of the femoral fractures were seen in Non-Descript breed male dogs below six months of age. Diaphyseal transverse type of fracture was the most commonly observed and the major cause was found to be automobile accidents. Two pre-bent titanium elastic nails were inserted into the metaphyseal region each avoiding epiphyseal growth plates in 6 skeletally immature dogs. Symmetric bracing action of elastic nails provided three point fixation inside the medullary cavity and gave rotational, axial, translational and flexural stability. The pain score was highest on the pre-operative day, which was significantly reduced from the 7th post-operative day till the 45th post-operative day in all the six dogs. Dogs started bearing partial weight on the fractured limb from 14th post-operative day, but complete weight bearing in all dogs was observed between the 28th to 45th post-operative day. Immediate post-operative radiographs showed proper reduction and good alignment of the fractured fragments. Post-operative radiographic studies revealed early callus formation and consolidation of the fracture. Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing was found to be best suited for treatment of diaphyseal fractures of femur in skeletally immature dogs as the technique was minimally invasive, provided optimal stability and elasticity which developed early bridging callus and contributed to faster healing of bone without disturbing the growth plate in skeletally immature bone thus allowing early weight bearing and walking.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF MYOSTATIN AND FABP3 GENES IN MANDYA AND YALAGA SHEEP(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) MEENAKSHI, R. N.; R. NAGARAJA)The PCR-RFLP and SSCP polymorphisms of Myostatin (exon 1 and intron 1) and FABP3 (intron 3) genes were compared between Mandya and Yalaga sheep using the genomic DNA obtained from 50 each of Mandya and Yalaga sheep breeds. The Myostatin (497 bp and 414 bp) and FABP3 (355 bp) gene sequences were amplified by PCR employing published primers. PCR-RFLP analysis of Myostatin gene (497 bp) with DraI restriction enzyme revealed two genotypes, AB and BB with frequencies of 0.34 and 0.66 in Mandya sheep and 0.12 and 0.88 in Yalaga sheep, respectively. The allele frequencies for A and B were 0.17 and 0.83 in Mandya sheep and 0.06 and 0.94 in Yalaga sheep, respectively. PCR-RFLP analysis of FABP3 gene with BanII restriction enzyme revealed two genotypes, AA and AG with frequencies of 0.66 and 0.34 in Mandya sheep and 0.08 and 0.92 in Yalaga sheep, respectively. The gene frequencies for A and G were 0.83 and 0.17 in Mandya and 0.54 and 0.46 in Yalaga sheep, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment of B allele sequences of Myostatin (497 bp) gene and A allele sequences of FABP3 gene in Mandya and Yalaga sheep revealed T>C transition at 64 bp and C>T transition at 174 bp in Yalaga sheep. PCR-SSCP analysis of Myostatin (414 bp) gene revealed two genotypes, AA and AB with frequencies of 0.74 and 0.26 in Mandya sheep and 0.78 and 0.22 in Yalaga sheep, respectively. The gene frequencies for A and B were 0.87 and 0.13 and 0.89 and 0.11 in Mandya and Yalaga sheep, respectively. The alignment of A and B alleles of Myostatin gene in Mandya and Yalaga sheep revealed two SNPs: G>T transversion at position 46 bp and G>T transversion at position 287 bp in Yalaga sheep.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS FED WITH FEED ADDITIVES CONTAINING PROBIOTICS, ENZYMES AND ORGANIC ACIDS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, NANDINAGAR, BIDAR – 585 401, 2021) MD MASOOD KHAN DURRANI; S.B. PRASANNAThe present study was designed to evaluate the effect of feeding a combination of feed additives viz., probiotics, enzymes and organic acids on the performance of crossbred HF milking cows on milk yield, milk composition, rumen microflora changes and Body Condition Score of dairy cows. The cows were selected and divided into three treatment groups viz., T1 (control), T2 (single dose) and T3 (double dose) based on average previous month milk yield and stage of lactation. The results revealed that there was a significant (P ≤ 0.01) increase in the milk yield in group T2. Further among two experimental groups T2 and T3 there was no significant effect on the milk composition. On both the 30th and 60th day, there was an increase in the protozoan motility in groups T2 and T3 as compared to T1. Similarly, on the 30th and 60th day, there was a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the bacterial count per 100 micro liters of rumen fluids in groups T2 and T3. There was no significant effect on rumen motility. The results of body condition score of all the animals in their respective groups were analyzed and it was found that there is no significant change in the body condition scores. The present study revealed that supplementing feed additives at a single dose (T2) level of 2ml /kg in concentrate feed (10ml/day) and 1 ml per kg of drinking water (30ml/day) is having the beneficial effect of 9.76% increase in milk yield or increase of 0.54 liter of milk per day per cow. Further, addition of feed additives in twice the dose (T3) had no beneficial effect on the milk yield or composition. Keywords: Feed additives, probiotics, enzymes, organic acids, feed additives, microflora, BCS.ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION OF GENETIC CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE TECHNIQUE FOR POPULATION ESTIMATION IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (Elephas maximus), USING SELECTED FIELD SITES IN KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) MARKAD MAYUR VILAS; NAVEEN KUMAR, S.A study was conducted to standardize Genetic Capture-Mark Recapture technique for population estimation of Asian elephants. Blood and dung samples were collected from 35 captive elephants of Mathigodu and Dubare camps for genetic diversity study and 138 dung samples were collected from the adjacent forest area of the Mathigodu camp for population density estimation. A panel of 10 microsatellite loci viz., LA04, EMU13, EMU07, EMU8, EMU14, EMU18, EMU02, EMU01, EMU11 and EMU03 were utilized for genotyping. The amplified PCR products were genotyped using an ABI Genetic Analyzer 3500XL. The genetic diversity parameters were estimated using CERVUS software package version 3.0. Out of 35 blood samples, 33.4 ± 0.49 samples showed genotyping results. The allele numbers ranged from 3 (LA04) to 6 (EMU07) with mean number of alleles of 4.3 ± 0.3. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.693 ± 0.06 and 0.654 ± 0.019, respectively. The mean PIC value was 0.586 ± 0.019 and the total combined probability of identity (PID) across all the loci was 4 x 10-8. Out of 35 dung samples, 23.8 ± 1.87 samples showed genotyping results. The allele numbers ranged from 3 (LA04) to 6 (EMU07) with mean number of alleles of 3.8 ± 0.29. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.624 ± 0.073 and 0.572 ± 0.024, respectively. The mean PIC value was 0.489 ± 0.023 and the total combined PID across all the loci was 1.5 x 10-6. Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) package of R statistical software was utilized to estimate the density. In the study area, 21 unique individuals were identified and the density was found to be 13.64 ± 3.68 elephants per 100 Sq. km.ThesisItem Open Access Yellappa(KVAFSU,Bidar, 2021) YellappaThe study was conducted to know awareness level and risk factors involved in incidences of KFD in 4 taluks of Shivamogga distirict and the data was collected from 200 respondents through pre-tested interview schedule. Majority (97.6%) of the KFD infected respondents were hospitalized for an average of 11 days (range 2-45 days) with relapse among 38.1 per cent. Majority of KFD affected people were male (58.3%), middle age (82.1%), landless (44.00%), low icome (54.8%), 81.00 per cent of them had live stock and freely leaving outside for grazing (92.6%). Ten families had more than one patient. Awareness level found to be high in heavy infected taluks and low in less infected taluks, over all medium level awareness in Shivamogga district. More human KFD infections found where more movement and death of monkeys observed. Respodents of heavy infected taluks had high risks and low risk factors in less infected taluks. Landless and low-income respondents have got high risks but school going and children of below 6 years also got infected who don’t have any risk factors except possessing animals. Majority of the respondents visit forest for dry leaves and fire wood and remove bedding material once in more than one month. Over all 84.00 per cent of the resondents have taken vaccine and 76.2 per cent of vaccinated respondents have got infection, overall vaccine efficacy was 63.08 per cent. Major constraints were poor acceptance of vaccine, adverse effects of DMP oil, and poor awareness in adopting personal protection measures. Intensive IEC activieties are required to create awareness among the people about misconceptions about vaccine, role of livestock, not to use bedding material, to follow strict tick control measures and to use personal protection measures specially to wear gumboots. Key words: KFD, Zoonotic disease, awareness, risk factors, vaccine, DMP oilThesisItem Open Access EXPLORATION OF GROWTH POTENTIALITY OF MALNAD GIDDA CALVES: A NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR- 585 401, 2021) SUSHMA, V.; T. THIRUMALESHThe study was carried out to know the growth potentiality of Malnad Gidda (MG) calves by providing different levels of nutrients by dividing nine calves (Avg. b.wt. 22 to 25 kg and age: 90 to 200 days) into three groups of three calves each in switch over design. The calves in T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed to support 100, 150 and 200 g gain per day respectively and total DMI (g/d) and average daily gain (g/d) in the corresponding groups were 750 and 152.30; 789 and 165.90; 872 and 181.30 respectively. The DMI on percent of body weight in the corresponding groups were 0.89, 0.95 and 1.2 respectively. There was no significant difference in nutrient and mineral intake between the groups. The digestibility of all the nutrients increased numerically but the difference was not significant between the groups. The DCP of the diet in T1, T2 and T3 was 7.95, 8.70 and 9.03 % and TDN of the diet in all the groups was around 55%. The total cost incurred in T1, T2 and T3 was Rs; 9.08, 9.76 and 12.20 per day respectively and cost of per kg body weight gain in corresponding groups was Rs; 59.35, 58.10 and 67.40. It was concluded that the MG calves had the potentiality of gaining only less than 180g gain per day with an average DMI of 2.0% of body weight. Key words: Malnad Gidda calves, weight gain, nutrient intake, digestibility, economics.ThesisItem Open Access ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SALMONELLA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES IN MILK VALUE CHAIN(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) SUPRIYA K.; NAGAPPA KARABASANAVARFood safety has become central to the food trade; as milk and dairy products continue to nourish the public, ensuring food safety across the dairy supply chain is of paramount importance. Therefore, a cross sectional study involving 720 samples of the milk value chain was undertaken with the objective of detection of Salmonella and Staphylococcus species as food safety hazards. Prevalence of Salmonella spp was 0.41%; isolates, recovered from milker’s hand, feed and water were found resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Staphylococcus species were detected in 4.3% samples of milk supply chain and comprised of coagulase positive (S. aureus 67.7%, S. intermedius 6.4%) and coagulase negative (S. lentus 9.6%, S. sciuri 3.2%, S. xylosus 3.2%, S. schleiferi 3.2%, S. felis 3.2% and S. gallinarum 3.2%) species. Staphylococcus isolates were found resistant to methicillin (32.2%), beta-lactam (41.9%) and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B(3.2%). All the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus isolates carried mecA gene. Questionnaire survey indicated lack and proper information about the antimicrobials use; clean milk producing practices and food safety. The PFGE profiling traced origin of a milk isolate of S. aureus to the soil; however, diverse pulsotypes indicated varied origin of antimicrobial resistant isolates. Findings of this study highlighted need for extensive risk analysis studies involving large samples of milk and dairy products to understand food safety hazards and protect the public health.