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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF DEXMEDITOMIDINE PREMEDICATION ON KETAMINE INDUCTION AND ISOFLURANE GENERAL ANAESTHESIA IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-12-01) MUNIRAJU, H.M.; L. RANGANATHThe study was conducted in cattle to standardizethedosage of dexmedetomidine as premedicant in cattle and to study the influence of dexmeditomidine premedication on ketamine induction and isoflurane general anaesthesia. During the present study the following parameters were assessed: (i) physiological parameters like rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate,(ii) hematological parameters viz., total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC),(iii)biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), blood glucose and creatinine, (iv) blood gas parameters like PaO2, PaCO2 and blood pH (v) heamodynamic parameters like electrocardiography (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) (vi) anaesthetic parameters such as thequality of sedation, induction time, duration of anaesthesia, recovery time, extubation time, time for sternal recumbency and time for unassisted standing were assessed during the period of anaesthesia. Results revealed, in all the animals there were non-significant minor alterations in physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters, whereas some significant changes were observed in PaO2 and changes were only transient and within normal physiological limits. In the present study dexmedetomidine caused the smooth, effective, satisfactory and adequate sedation in three minutes of its administration and facilitated the induction of anaesthesia with minimal changes physiological parameters of cattle subjected for general anaesthesia. Findings were suggestive of anaesthetic protocol employed in the study was safe and effective provided the rapid and smooth induction along with faster recovery in all the animals during the study without any untowardevents or the complications.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NEUROBIOCHEMICAL AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO ARSENIC WITH OR WITHOUT EXOGENOUS MELATONIN ADMINISTRATION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) PRASADA NINGAPPA DURAPPANAVAR; PRAKASH NADOOR)(‘As’) induced alterations in neurobiochemestry in brain and its impact on neuropharmacological activities with or without the melatonin (MLT) as an antioxidant given exogenously. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to four groups of six each. Group-I served as untreated control, while group-II received ‘As’ [sodium (meta) arsenite; NaAsO2] @ 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. (p.o) for a period of 56 days. Experimental rats in group-III received treatment similar to group-II but in addition received MLT @ 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. (p.o) from day 32 onwards. Rats in group-IV received MLT alone from day 32 onwards similar to group-III. Sub-chronic exposure to ‘As’ (group-II) significantly (p0.05) reduction in pain latency. Sub-chronic administration of ‘As’ induced (group-II) significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) called malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain tissue (5.55±0.57 nmol.g-1), and their levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by MLT supplementation (group-III: 3.96±0.15 nmol.g-1). The increase in 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in ‘As’ exposed rats indicated nitrosative stress due to the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-). However, exogenously given MLT significantly (p<0.05) reduced the 3-NT formation as well as prostaglandin (PGE2) levels in the brain. Similarly MLT administration have suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (viz., IL-1β, IL-6 & TNF-α) and amyloid-β1-40 (Aβ) deposition in the brain tissues of experimental rats. To conclude, exogenous administration of melatonin can overcome the sub-chronic arsenic induced oxidative and nitrosative stress in the CNS, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and restored certain disturbed neuropharmacological activities in Wistar rats. Key words: Arsenic (As), Neuropharmacology, Melatonin, Oxidative stress, Wistar ratsThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CERTAIN QUALITY PARAMETERS AND PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN RAW MILK OF FARM ANIMALS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) TARINI, N. K.; TARINI, N. K.; Dr. MADHAVAPRASAD, C. B.; Dr. MADHAVAPRASAD, C. B.The quality and safety of raw milk produced from farm animals assumes utmost importance. The present study was planned to know the quality and safety aspect of raw milk produced from farm animals. Cross sectional studies were planned with a single time raw milk collection in micro watershed areas of Davanagere district for analysis of various parameters. The results of the present study revealed that TVC were within the BIS specifications (<2 lakhs) for raw milk of bovines where as for YMC, there are no specifications by any regulatory agencies. However YMC counts were in the higher range. The prevalence of milk borne pathogens in raw milk was reported as 38.68 per cent of EPEC, 24.53 per cent of EIEC, 15.09 per cent of ETEC, 15.09 per cent of STEC, 19.57 per cent of enterotoxin producing S. aureus, 70.73 per cent of enterotoxin producing CoNS and 0.008 per cent of L. monocytogenes and presence of these pathogens is not permitted by FSSAI standards (FSSAI, 2012). The antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates as indicated by the MAR index ranged between 0.06-0.94 for S. aureus with 34 MDR strains out of 46 isolates, 0.08-0.83 for E. coli with 12 MDR strains out of 106 isolates and 0 resistance for L. monocytogenes. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the present study was found to be 20 per cent. Highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was recorded in HF cross (33.33%) followed by Jersey cross (25%), Non-descript (18.33%) and Buffalo (3.33%). The overall mean concentration of trace minerals like zinc, copper and iron was found to be 2.43±0.07, 0.49±0.02 and 4.4±0.21 ppm respectively that remained within the RDA values and the toxic minerals like lead, arsenic and mercury was found to be 1.72 ±0.06, 6.15±0.44 and 15.37±0.81 ppm respectively that exceeded the maximum permissible levels (FAO, 2012). Keeping the various parameters analysed, the quality of milk produced from farm animals in the study area was found to be inferior in quality and unsafe for consumption purpose as this may affect health of the consumers.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CERTAIN QUALITY PARAMETERS AND PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN RAW MILK OF FARM ANIMALS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) TARINI, N. K.; Dr. MADHAVAPRASAD, C. B.The quality and safety of raw milk produced from farm animals assumes utmost importance. The present study was planned to know the quality and safety aspect of raw milk produced from farm animals. Cross sectional studies were planned with a single time raw milk collection in micro watershed areas of Davanagere district for analysis of various parameters. The results of the present study revealed that TVC were within the BIS specifications (<2 lakhs) for raw milk of bovines where as for YMC, there are no specifications by any regulatory agencies. However YMC counts were in the higher range. The prevalence of milk borne pathogens in raw milk was reported as 38.68 per cent of EPEC, 24.53 per cent of EIEC, 15.09 per cent of ETEC, 15.09 per cent of STEC, 19.57 per cent of enterotoxin producing S. aureus, 70.73 per cent of enterotoxin producing CoNS and 0.008 per cent of L. monocytogenes and presence of these pathogens is not permitted by FSSAI standards (FSSAI, 2012). The antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates as indicated by the MAR index ranged between 0.06-0.94 for S. aureus with 34 MDR strains out of 46 isolates, 0.08-0.83 for E. coli with 12 MDR strains out of 106 isolates and 0 resistance for L. monocytogenes. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the present study was found to be 20 per cent. Highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was recorded in HF cross (33.33%) followed by Jersey cross (25%), Non-descript (18.33%) and Buffalo (3.33%). The overall mean concentration of trace minerals like zinc, copper and iron was found to be 2.43±0.07, 0.49±0.02 and 4.4±0.21 ppm respectively that remained within the RDA values and the toxic minerals like lead, arsenic and mercury was found to be 1.72 ±0.06, 6.15±0.44 and 15.37±0.81 ppm respectively that exceeded the maximum permissible levels (FAO, 2012). Keeping the various parameters analysed, the quality of milk produced from farm animals in the study area was found to be inferior in quality and unsafe for consumption purpose as this may affect health of the consumers.ThesisItem Open Access PROMOTION OF COMMUNITY LED RURAL HATCHERIES TO SUPPORT BACKYARD POULTRY PRODUCTION- AN ACTION RESEARCH(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) PUSHPA G MALAGITTIMATH.; Dr. K. C. VEERANNAThe present study was conducted to assess the availability of hatching eggs, hatchability of desi birds eggs, demand for day old chicks and to establish rural hatchery through LIG. Participatory action research design was adopted to conduct the study. The study was conducted in six villages of 2 taluks of Davanagere district. Out of 600 backyard poultry farmers, 180 were selected as respondents. The data collected was through participant observation, focused group discussion and personal interview. Further, on the basis of critical gaps, constraints and the interest of the community, 14 and 12 farmers were selected to form an LIG in Gurusiddapura and Ragimasalwada villages respectively. The LIG members were sensitized and trained to establish rural hatchery unit with the input support from Sujala project. Accordingly both the LIG members established rural hatchery unit and put into work to pull out 5 batches of chicks in a year. The performance of hatchery unit was encouraging with hatchability of 77-79 per cent. 2385 chicks of one week were sold to the needy farmer in and around the village; rest 465 chicks were reared upto 4 months and marketed. The LIG members gained a profit of Rs.45613 and Rs.46125 in Ragimasalwada and Gurusiddapura respectively. To conclude, community led rural hatchery units by livestock interest group were found to be successful enterprise to augment backyard poultry production with better hatchability. Further, backyard poultry production is viable, economical, generated supplementary income for the LIG members and sensitized the rural community to venture into backyard poultry farming.ThesisItem Open Access CERTAIN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN CATTLE MILK AT SELECTED DISTRICTS OF KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-06) VINU DAVID, P.; (Dr. P. T. RAMESHA total of 120 milch cows reared in organized and unorganized sectors were screened for antibiotic residues in milk at Bangalore Rural, Kolar and Chickballapur districts by non-probability sampling. Epidemiological data with respect to various parameters were collected and recorded. Forty milk samples each from three districts were subjected to different screening tests namely MDRT, microbiological method and Beta-lactam ELISA. Out of the 120 samples screened, MDRT revealed 32 positive samples (26.7%) and among these 27 (22.5%) had antibiotic equal to or more than MRL and five (4.2%) had antibiotic less than MRL. By microbiological method 29 samples (24.1%) showed positive results in the disc assay based on measuring the zone of inhibition produced by Bacillus stearothermophilus. By ELISA 26 samples (21.7%) were found to be positive for Beta-lactams with more than 4 ng/ml. Kolar district had the maximum number of positive cases in all the above tests. A total of 35 (29.2%) samples were tested positive for antibiotic residues either by one test or a combination of tests. Among the positive milk samples nine were from Chickballapur district, 10 from Bangalore Rural district and 16 from Kolar district. Among the total animals screened, the number of cattle positive for all the three tests was 25 (20.8%), number of cattle positive for any two test combinations was 26 (21.7%) and the number of cattle positive for one test was found to be 32 by MDRT (26.7%), 29 by Microbiological method (24.1%) and 26 by ELISA (21.7%). Statistical analysis of different tests in each district was carried out by Chi square test and it was observed that no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was present between the three tests in all the districts.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND LAPAROSCOPIC METHOD OF CYSTOLITHOTOMY IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-10) VIJAY KUMAR, N.; Dr. L. RANGANATHThe study was conducted to compare and evaluate the conventional and laparoscopic method of cystolithotomy in dogs. Twelve dogs with cystolithiasis were selected for the study and divided into two groups A and B consisting of six dogs each. Group A dogs were subjected to the conventional method of cystolithotomy and Group B dogs were subjected to the laparoscopic method of cystolithotomy. Operative time required for Group B was significantly higher as compared to Group A due to lengthy and complex laparoscopic procedure. There was no major intraoperative or postoperative complication observed in both the groups, except in two dogs of Group B where, intracorporeal suturing of the urinary bladder could not be accomplished and it was repaired by conventional method. The result of the study indicated there was no significant variations between and within the groups in most of the clinical (BCS), physiological (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate), hematological (PCV, TEC, Hb, TLC and DLC) and biochemical parameters (ALT, creatinine, BUN, calcium and phosphorus); except, UMPS, cortisol and C-reactive protein, which showed significantly higher values in Group A dogs which can be attributed to surgical stress caused by lengthy incision and tissue handling. Heart rate and neutrophil count showed significant variation within the groups. Finally, on the basis of the observations and the evaluations during the present study, it could be concluded that the conventional method of cystolithotomy may be preferred over laparoscopic method of cystolithotomy under available circumstances.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE AND MINERAL RETENTION IN LOW PHOSPHORUS DIET FED IN GIRIRAJA BIRDS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-09) VIDYASAGAR; Dr. JAYANAIKThe effects of phytase supplementation on growth performance, mineral retention, bone and blood Minerals content, carcass characteristics and economy in Giriraja birds were studied from 1 to 42 d of age. Four hundred twenty one-day-old Giriraja chicks were assigned at random to seven dietary treatments. The basal diet Control (0.45% available P -T1), Low P diet (0.35% available P -T2), low P diet (0.3% available P -T3), Low P diet (0.35% available P + Phytase 500 FTU/kg -T4), Low P diet (0.3% available P + phytase 500 FTU/ kg-T5), Low P diet (0.35% available P + Phytase 1000 FTU/kg -T6), Low P diet (0.3% available P + Phytase 1000 FTU/kg -T7) were fed to respective experimental group of birds. The supplementation of phytase in Giriraja birds diets improved the body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at the end of 42nd d of age. Phytase enzyme was effective in significantly improving mineral retention (Calcium and Phosporus). It was also revealed significant (P≤0.05) effect in bone mineral retention (Ca and P) The blood Calcium was not affected significantly by feeding of phytase enzyme but had significant effect on blood phosphorus. The phytase based diets did not show any significant difference in abdominal fat per cent, liver and gizzard weights. However, there was significant comparable effect on dressing percentage and heart percentage. There was significant (P≤0.05) difference in economy in control when compared to experimental groups.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES IN SLOTH BEARS (Melursus ursinus) AT BEAR RESCUE CENTRE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-11) SUPRITH SURYA; Dr. MURALIDHARA, A.A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in semi-captive sloth bears maintained at Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Centre (BBRC), Bannerghatta, Bengaluru. The study was conducted from July to September, 2017. The study was conducted in relation to age and sex of sloth bears, the effect of anthelmintic treatment was also incorporated. A total of 60 fecal samples of sloth bears were screened using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Out of 60 samples screened 30 were positive out of which 50 % were infected with Toxocara sp., 26.66 % with Joyeuxiella sp. and 23.33 % had mixed infection of Toxocara sp. and Joyeuxiella sp. Among various qualitative screening techniques floatation technique was more effective. Among the floatation fluids used saturated zinc sulphate solution showed higher concentration of eggs compared to other floatation fluids. However, there was no statistical significance. The occurrence of gastro-intestinal parasites in various enclosures namely Panchavati block, Chithrakuta block, Kishkinda block, Dr. G.K.V block and Jambhava block were 58.33 %, 50 %, 60 %, 53.84 % and 33.33 % respectively. The incidence was higher in male (65.21 %) compared with female (40.54 %). Among the age groups studied occurrence of gastro-intestinal parasites was high in cubs (100 %) followed by sub-adults (55.55 %) and adults (46.93 %). The sloth bears which were positive for gastro-intestinal parasitic infection were dewormed with broad spectrum anthelmintic which contained ivermectin and praziquantel at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg BW and 5 mg/kg BW respectively as single dose orally. Anthelmintic efficacy was 100 %. Keywords: Semi-captive sloth bears, occurrence, gastro-intestinal parasite, Toxocara sp., Joyeuxiella sp
