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ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF PNEUMOENTERIC INFECTIONS OF POULTRY IN AND AROUND BIDAR(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2005-09-01) MANJUNATHA S. S.; D.T.NAIKThe present investigation was taken up to study the prevalence of pneumoenteric infections of poultry in and around Bidar. The study was designed to find out the probable disease conditions causing pneumoenteric lesions, based on gross and histopathological findings. During the present study, a total of 500 samples comprising of trachea, lungs and intestines were examined for the presence of either pneumonic or enteric lesions. A systematic screening of these samples revealed various pathological changes on gross and histopathological examinations. The results indicated 45.8 per cent pneumonic infections and 33.8 per cent enteric infections in the present study. The proportional disease specific prevalence of various pneumonic conditions of poultry in the present study revealed higher prevalence rate of pneumonia due to bacterial agents (46.29%), followed by miscellaneous agents (27.95%) and viral agents (25.76%). The proportional disease specific prevalence of various enteric infections of poultry in the present study indicated higher prevalence of parasitic enteritis (48.52%) when compared to bacterial (35.5%) and viral enteritis (15.98%).ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL IN BULLOCKS- ITS MANAGEMENT(KVAFSU, Bidar, 2005-06-01) MANJUNATH PATIL; B.V. SHIVAPRAKASHSTUDY ON PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL, ITS MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT IN BULLOCKS Manjunath Patil August-2005 Dr. B. V. Shivaprakash Major Advisor ABSTRACT Prevalence of yoke gall was studied under three different situations i.e., among clinical cases, among animals disposed for sale and slaughter. Classification and evaluation of eight different treatments was made in 57 clinical cases of yoke gall. Prevalence of yoke gall was studied in nine different locations of Karnataka State among clinical cases presented for five retrospective years from 2000 to 2004. Out of 2,61,882 total cases, 70,896 were suffering from different surgical disorders. Out of these, 2,081 cases had yoke gall with an overall prevalence of 0.79%; and prevalence among surgical cases was 2.94%. Out of 2,225 cattle and buffaloes disposed for sale, 38 bullocks were affected with yoke gall showing the prevalence of 1.71%. Out of 1,148 animals disposed for slaughter at Bangalore slaughter house and Chitaguppa slaughter house, 33 bullocks were found affected with yoke gall showing the prevalence of 2.98%. The prevalence of acute yoke gall was maximum (40.13%) in clinical situation; subacute yoke gall was maximum (52.63%) among the animals disposed for sale; and the chronic was maximum (53.06%) among the animals disposed for slaughter. The prevalence was maximum in rainy season (46.23%) followed by winter (31.43%). The prevalence was maximum in the bullocks of 6 to 8 years of age (48.42%). The prevalence was maximum in males (88.42%). Based on clinical and hisptopathological features a standard list of classification was given to yoke gall. Haematobiochemical and histological features of each type were documented. Fifty seven bullocks were divided into eight groups for the evaluation of treatment. In group I, diclofenac sodium injection and topical application of Khand ointment (turmeric and lime juice) were given. There was no reduction in swelling of acute and subacute yoke gall during the first 15 days and only 25% reduction was seen after 30 days. In group II, diclofenac sodium injection and topical application of Khand ointment and dimethyl sulfoxide liquid were used. Initially no response and after one month only 25% reduction was seen in these bullocks. In group III, only topical application of dimethyl sulfoxide was employed. Response was negligible during initial 15 days and slight reduction (25%) was seen after 30 days in bullocks with acute and subacute yoke gall. In group IV, intravenous dimethyl sulfoxie @ 1.0 g/kg b.wt. resulted in 50% of reduction of acute yoke gall on third day, 75% reduction on seventh day, 90% reduction on 15 th day and complete reduction on 30 th day. In group V, dexamethasone injection was given directly into the swelling. The acute yoke gall showed 50% reduction in swelling on third day, 75% on seventh day and almost complete reduction on 30 th day. In group VI, herbal treatment using paste of root of Triumfetta rotundifolia and leaves of Dregia volubilis were applied. The acute yoke galls showed 25% reduction on third day, 50% reduction on seventh day and complete absorption of fluid by 30 th day. The response was partial for subacute yoke gall and nil for chronic fibrosed yoke gall in groups IV, V & VI. In group VII, surgical drainage of acute yoke galls by stab incision resulted in immediate reduction but required second incision due to reaccumulation. In group VIII, surgical excision was followed in nine bullocks with chronic yoke galls which resulted in 100% improvement. There was no change in haematological values before and after treatment. There was slight increase in SGPT level and marked increase in LDH levels before and 30 days after treatment in all the groups.ThesisItem Open Access Toxicity studies of fungal isolates from sorghum straw in rats, mice and calves(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2006-11-03) NIRMALA G. C.; N. B. SHRIDHAR; K. JAYAKUMAR; S. G. RAMACHANDRA; SHRIKRISHNA ISLOORMillions of tones of forage consumed by animals is contaminated with fungal species invading forage plants prior to harvest or during storage as hay, straw or silage (Gremmels, 2005). The species of fungi affecting the forage are of two groups, namely: field fungi and storage fungi (storage molds). Field fungi are those, which invade the crop when it is still in the field, and require 20-21 percent moisture. These include species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Clodosporium, Diplodia, Gibberella and Helminthosporium. The storage molds are those that invade the fodder during storage and need less moisture (13-18%) than field fungi. These include species of Aspergillus and Penicillium (Elizabeth, 2005). These fungi produce mycotoxins, when favorable conditions allow the fungi to grow on crops in the field, at harvest, in storage or during the processing of feed (Palmgren and Lee, 1986). Mycotoxins are the fungal secondary metabolites formed by consecutive series of enzyme-catalysed reactions from a few biochemically simple intermediates (Bohra and Purohit, 2003). These mycotoxins are present in foods as natural pollutants, thereby causing acute and chronic toxicities in both human and animalsThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL, ITS MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT IN BULLOCKS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2005-08) MANJUNATH S.M.; B. V. SHIVPRAKASH; S. M. USTURGE; DILIP KUMAR; MOHD. AMANULLAH; PRAKASH NADOORYoke gall refers to inflammatory swelling of skin and subcutaneous tissue on the dorsal aspect of the neck in draught animals. This condition results due to continuous friction of yoke placed on the neck of the animal while pulling the bullock cart or ploughing implements. In spite of mechanization, large section of Indian agriculture depends on bullocks for land cultivation and transport of farm materials. Though the experts say that the ‘draft power’ of bullocks is not properly exploited in India and the average working days of animals is limited to few months in a year, in reality, they are extensively used at a stretch without rest for few days during monsoon. This leads to work induced surgical disorders such as sprain, arthritis and yoke gall. Yoke gall is one of the common surgical affections in bullocks. According to Prof. N. Ramaswamy, former chairman of Animal Welfare Board of India and Present Director, CARTMAN, one million cattle are slaughtered every year due to yoke gall condition. However, yoke gall is not such a disease that cannot be cured. Because it is a work induced disease and can recur if animal is repeatedly used, the farmers tend to sell their bullocks to others or for slaughter purpose instead of providing a prolonged treatment during their busy time of ploughing or harvesting. Another reason for disposal of large number of animals is absence of effective and well informed network of animal health care in remote villages. Also there is no single effective treatment for all types of yoke gall. It is a generalThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY STUDIES OF FUNGAL ISOLATES IN RATS AND MICE FROM PADDY STRAW SUSPECTED TO CAUSE NECROSIS OF EXTREMITIES IN BUFFALOES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2008-07) SHIVAPRASAD, G. R.; N. B.«SHRIDHAR; K. JAYAKUMAR; H. D. NARAYANASWAMY; (S. G. RAMACHANDRA; S. YATHIRAJIn most developing countries, livestock production is an important part of national economy. A major constraint for increased milk production by small and medium dairy farmers is the chronic shortage of affordable feeds of adequate quality and quantity, particularly during the dry season. The problem of feed storage is further complicated by farmer’s inability to use them before they spoil, especially during wet season when there is a production peak. During peak production, one of the major agents of feed spoilage, are moulds. Though their prevalence and rate of colonization are highly dependent on climate and farm practices, the growth of moulds in raw material and finished feeds of livestock is an universal problem. Mould spores, of the so called field fungi, can contaminate cereal grains and stover in standing crop in severe conditions (too wet or too dry season). These include species of Fusarium, Altemaria, Cladosporium, Diplodia, Gibberella and Helminthosporium, their spores can germinate, especially under high moisture conditions (20-21%). The moulds can also c olonize on feed ingredients and feeds during storage especially with Aspergillus and Penicillium species at 13-18% moisture. Both field and storage fungi can result in elaboration of mycotoxins.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL, ITS MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT IN BULLOCKS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2005-08) MANJUNATH S.M.; B. V. SHIVPRAKASH; S. M. USTURGE; DILIP KUMAR; MOHD. AMANULLAH; PRAKASH NADOORYoke gall refers to inflammatory swelling of skin and subcutaneous tissue on the dorsal aspect of the neck in draught animals. This condition results due to continuous friction of yoke placed on the neck of the animal while pulling the bullock cart or ploughing implements. In spite of mechanization, large section of Indian agriculture depends on bullocks for land cultivation and transport of farm materials. Though the experts say that the ‘draft power’ of bullocks is not properly exploited in India and the average working days of animals is limited to few months in a year, in reality, they are extensively used at a stretch without rest for few days during monsoon. This leads to work induced surgical disorders such as sprain, arthritis and yoke gall. Yoke gall is one of the common surgical affections in bullocks. According to Prof. N. Ramaswamy, former chairman of Animal Welfare Board of India and Present Director, CARTMAN, one million cattle are slaughtered every year due to yoke gall condition. However, yoke gall is not such a disease that cannot be cured. Because it is a work induced disease and can recur if animal is repeatedly used, the farmers tend to sell their bullocks to others or for slaughter purpose instead of providing a prolonged treatment during their busy time of ploughing or harvesting. Another reason for disposal of large number of animals is absence of effective and well informed network of animal health care in remote villages. Also there is no single effective treatment for all types of yoke gall. It is a general practice observed in field that iodine ointments or anti-inflammatory injections (non steroidal and steroid) are given to treat all types of yoke gall. A hard ‘chronic tumor’ type of yoke gall or an ulcerative-chronic type of yoke gall will not respond to above mentioned treatments. Farmers generally get frustrated if quick remedy is not provided to their problems as daily presentation of animals for treatment and money spent do not yield proper solution.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF PNEUMOENTERIC INFECTIONS OF POULTRY IN AND AROUND BIDAR(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2005-09) MANJUNATHA S. S.; D.T.NAIK; D.GOPALAKRISHNA RAO; P.M.THIMMA REDDY; ASHOK PAWAR)Poultry farming has emerged as an important sector of agriculture in India. This has been clearly demonstrated by numbers and facts that during the last three decades egg production has doubled and poultry meat production has tripled. This expansion in poultry production is in part due to easy industrialization e.g. short turnover, low establishment cost and efficient disease prophylaxis, when compared with production of other livestock. Among agro-based vocations, poultry farming occupies an important position due to its enormous potentiality to bring about rapid economic growth, particularly benefiting the weaker sections of the society. With the advert of this century, the backyard poultry farming has been transformed into a strong agro-based farming activity. The estimated annual poultry egg and meat production in India has steadily gone up to 44 billion eggs ( 2.2. million tonnes by weight ) from 185 million layers and 1.6 million tonnes of broiler meat by weight from 1.6 billion broilers in 2003 emerging the country as the fourth and fifth large producers of egg and poultry meat respectively in the world, contributing to nearly 4% and 2% of the global output. (Rajvir Singh, 2005).ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VARIATION IN DIETARY PROFILE AND DURATION OF EARLY FEED RESTRICTION IN BROILERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2006-09) O.R. NATARAJU; K. S. Prathapkumar; B. Umakantha; H.N. Narasimhamurthy; B. S. Venkatarami ReddyPoultry production in the country has gained momentum during the last four decades. Consequently, it has taken the shape of full-fledged industry. At present, this industry has emerged as the most dynamic and fastest expanding segment in Animal Husbandry sector with an annual growth rate of 6 per cent in 1980s, 11 per cent in 1990s and 19 per cent in 1997-2002 in broiler chickens and 5 per cent in egg production. With an annual production of around 43.67 billion eggs and 1440 thousand metric tones of broiler meat, India ranks 4th and 5th respectively, in the world (Mandal et al., 2005). Poultry sector in India contributes 100 billion rupees to the Gross National Product (GNP). The annual per capita availability of 1 kg meat in India is lower than 10.8 kg meat recommended by National Committee on Human Nutrition (Evans, 2002). Hence, the industry has potential to grow at about 10 times in meat sector. Broiler meat has a greater demand as compared to other meats, primarily because of the limitations and religious taboos in case of beef and pork. It also has the highest acceptability among all sections of consumers.ThesisItem Open Access PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF PADUBIDRI, UDUPI DISTRICT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2009-06) MEGHANA P.N.; H.R.V.REDDY; S.M.SHIVPRAKASSeasonal variation of phytoplankton was studied in the coastal waters of Padubidri with reference to hydrographic parameters for a period of one year (February 2008 to January 2009). The sampling was made at monthly intervals at 5, 10, 15m depts. The salinity values ranged from 30.64 to 35.11ppt and exhibited bimodal seasonal oscillation with maximum values during pre monsoon period. The dissolved oxygen content varied between 4.0 and 6.5 mg/l with moderate values during pre monsoon period. The pH values were observed during post monsoon period. Among the nutrients ammonia and nitrite showed high values during post monsoon period while nitrate, phosphate and silicate showed higher values during pre monsoon period. Total phytoplankton population varied from 100 to 10, 95,000 cells/m3. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton and contributed about 92% of total phytoplankton population followed by dinoflagellate (6%) and cyanobacteria (2%). In total 22 species of diatoms were encountered. The diatoms comprised of Bacteriastrum, Biddulphia, Cerataulina, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Ditylum, Eucamphia, Leptocylindrus, Mellosira, Planktoniella, Rhizosolenia, Skeletonema, Streptotheca, Tricerratium, Asterionella, Fragillaria, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma, Thalassionema, and Thallassiothrix..The dinophyceae was represented by 5 genera such as Ceratium, Dinophysis, Ornithoceros, Peridinium and Preperidinium and blue green algae by Tricodesmium and Oscillatoria The chlorophyll- “a” content fluctuated from 1.28 to 4.81mg/l Overall, phytoplankton population density was high during summer periods and low during post monsoon periods. The statistical analysis showed strong relationship between temperature, salinity, nutrients and phytoplankton abundance.
