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ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF PNEUMOENTERIC INFECTIONS OF POULTRY IN AND AROUND BIDAR(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585401, 2005-09-01) MANJUNATHA S. S.; D.T.NAIKThe present investigation was taken up to study the prevalence of pneumoenteric infections of poultry in and around Bidar. The study was designed to find out the probable disease conditions causing pneumoenteric lesions, based on gross and histopathological findings. During the present study, a total of 500 samples comprising of trachea, lungs and intestines were examined for the presence of either pneumonic or enteric lesions. A systematic screening of these samples revealed various pathological changes on gross and histopathological examinations. The results indicated 45.8 per cent pneumonic infections and 33.8 per cent enteric infections in the present study. The proportional disease specific prevalence of various pneumonic conditions of poultry in the present study revealed higher prevalence rate of pneumonia due to bacterial agents (46.29%), followed by miscellaneous agents (27.95%) and viral agents (25.76%). The proportional disease specific prevalence of various enteric infections of poultry in the present study indicated higher prevalence of parasitic enteritis (48.52%) when compared to bacterial (35.5%) and viral enteritis (15.98%).ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL IN BULLOCKS- ITS MANAGEMENT(KVAFSU, Bidar, 2005-06-01) MANJUNATH PATIL; B.V. SHIVAPRAKASHSTUDY ON PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL, ITS MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT IN BULLOCKS Manjunath Patil August-2005 Dr. B. V. Shivaprakash Major Advisor ABSTRACT Prevalence of yoke gall was studied under three different situations i.e., among clinical cases, among animals disposed for sale and slaughter. Classification and evaluation of eight different treatments was made in 57 clinical cases of yoke gall. Prevalence of yoke gall was studied in nine different locations of Karnataka State among clinical cases presented for five retrospective years from 2000 to 2004. Out of 2,61,882 total cases, 70,896 were suffering from different surgical disorders. Out of these, 2,081 cases had yoke gall with an overall prevalence of 0.79%; and prevalence among surgical cases was 2.94%. Out of 2,225 cattle and buffaloes disposed for sale, 38 bullocks were affected with yoke gall showing the prevalence of 1.71%. Out of 1,148 animals disposed for slaughter at Bangalore slaughter house and Chitaguppa slaughter house, 33 bullocks were found affected with yoke gall showing the prevalence of 2.98%. The prevalence of acute yoke gall was maximum (40.13%) in clinical situation; subacute yoke gall was maximum (52.63%) among the animals disposed for sale; and the chronic was maximum (53.06%) among the animals disposed for slaughter. The prevalence was maximum in rainy season (46.23%) followed by winter (31.43%). The prevalence was maximum in the bullocks of 6 to 8 years of age (48.42%). The prevalence was maximum in males (88.42%). Based on clinical and hisptopathological features a standard list of classification was given to yoke gall. Haematobiochemical and histological features of each type were documented. Fifty seven bullocks were divided into eight groups for the evaluation of treatment. In group I, diclofenac sodium injection and topical application of Khand ointment (turmeric and lime juice) were given. There was no reduction in swelling of acute and subacute yoke gall during the first 15 days and only 25% reduction was seen after 30 days. In group II, diclofenac sodium injection and topical application of Khand ointment and dimethyl sulfoxide liquid were used. Initially no response and after one month only 25% reduction was seen in these bullocks. In group III, only topical application of dimethyl sulfoxide was employed. Response was negligible during initial 15 days and slight reduction (25%) was seen after 30 days in bullocks with acute and subacute yoke gall. In group IV, intravenous dimethyl sulfoxie @ 1.0 g/kg b.wt. resulted in 50% of reduction of acute yoke gall on third day, 75% reduction on seventh day, 90% reduction on 15 th day and complete reduction on 30 th day. In group V, dexamethasone injection was given directly into the swelling. The acute yoke gall showed 50% reduction in swelling on third day, 75% on seventh day and almost complete reduction on 30 th day. In group VI, herbal treatment using paste of root of Triumfetta rotundifolia and leaves of Dregia volubilis were applied. The acute yoke galls showed 25% reduction on third day, 50% reduction on seventh day and complete absorption of fluid by 30 th day. The response was partial for subacute yoke gall and nil for chronic fibrosed yoke gall in groups IV, V & VI. In group VII, surgical drainage of acute yoke galls by stab incision resulted in immediate reduction but required second incision due to reaccumulation. In group VIII, surgical excision was followed in nine bullocks with chronic yoke galls which resulted in 100% improvement. There was no change in haematological values before and after treatment. There was slight increase in SGPT level and marked increase in LDH levels before and 30 days after treatment in all the groups.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL, ITS MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT IN BULLOCKS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2005-08) MANJUNATH S.M.; B. V. SHIVPRAKASH; S. M. USTURGE; DILIP KUMAR; MOHD. AMANULLAH; PRAKASH NADOORYoke gall refers to inflammatory swelling of skin and subcutaneous tissue on the dorsal aspect of the neck in draught animals. This condition results due to continuous friction of yoke placed on the neck of the animal while pulling the bullock cart or ploughing implements. In spite of mechanization, large section of Indian agriculture depends on bullocks for land cultivation and transport of farm materials. Though the experts say that the ‘draft power’ of bullocks is not properly exploited in India and the average working days of animals is limited to few months in a year, in reality, they are extensively used at a stretch without rest for few days during monsoon. This leads to work induced surgical disorders such as sprain, arthritis and yoke gall. Yoke gall is one of the common surgical affections in bullocks. According to Prof. N. Ramaswamy, former chairman of Animal Welfare Board of India and Present Director, CARTMAN, one million cattle are slaughtered every year due to yoke gall condition. However, yoke gall is not such a disease that cannot be cured. Because it is a work induced disease and can recur if animal is repeatedly used, the farmers tend to sell their bullocks to others or for slaughter purpose instead of providing a prolonged treatment during their busy time of ploughing or harvesting. Another reason for disposal of large number of animals is absence of effective and well informed network of animal health care in remote villages. Also there is no single effective treatment for all types of yoke gall. It is a generalThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF YOKE GALL, ITS MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT IN BULLOCKS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2005-08) MANJUNATH S.M.; B. V. SHIVPRAKASH; S. M. USTURGE; DILIP KUMAR; MOHD. AMANULLAH; PRAKASH NADOORYoke gall refers to inflammatory swelling of skin and subcutaneous tissue on the dorsal aspect of the neck in draught animals. This condition results due to continuous friction of yoke placed on the neck of the animal while pulling the bullock cart or ploughing implements. In spite of mechanization, large section of Indian agriculture depends on bullocks for land cultivation and transport of farm materials. Though the experts say that the ‘draft power’ of bullocks is not properly exploited in India and the average working days of animals is limited to few months in a year, in reality, they are extensively used at a stretch without rest for few days during monsoon. This leads to work induced surgical disorders such as sprain, arthritis and yoke gall. Yoke gall is one of the common surgical affections in bullocks. According to Prof. N. Ramaswamy, former chairman of Animal Welfare Board of India and Present Director, CARTMAN, one million cattle are slaughtered every year due to yoke gall condition. However, yoke gall is not such a disease that cannot be cured. Because it is a work induced disease and can recur if animal is repeatedly used, the farmers tend to sell their bullocks to others or for slaughter purpose instead of providing a prolonged treatment during their busy time of ploughing or harvesting. Another reason for disposal of large number of animals is absence of effective and well informed network of animal health care in remote villages. Also there is no single effective treatment for all types of yoke gall. It is a general practice observed in field that iodine ointments or anti-inflammatory injections (non steroidal and steroid) are given to treat all types of yoke gall. A hard ‘chronic tumor’ type of yoke gall or an ulcerative-chronic type of yoke gall will not respond to above mentioned treatments. Farmers generally get frustrated if quick remedy is not provided to their problems as daily presentation of animals for treatment and money spent do not yield proper solution.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF PNEUMOENTERIC INFECTIONS OF POULTRY IN AND AROUND BIDAR(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2005-09) MANJUNATHA S. S.; D.T.NAIK; D.GOPALAKRISHNA RAO; P.M.THIMMA REDDY; ASHOK PAWAR)Poultry farming has emerged as an important sector of agriculture in India. This has been clearly demonstrated by numbers and facts that during the last three decades egg production has doubled and poultry meat production has tripled. This expansion in poultry production is in part due to easy industrialization e.g. short turnover, low establishment cost and efficient disease prophylaxis, when compared with production of other livestock. Among agro-based vocations, poultry farming occupies an important position due to its enormous potentiality to bring about rapid economic growth, particularly benefiting the weaker sections of the society. With the advert of this century, the backyard poultry farming has been transformed into a strong agro-based farming activity. The estimated annual poultry egg and meat production in India has steadily gone up to 44 billion eggs ( 2.2. million tonnes by weight ) from 185 million layers and 1.6 million tonnes of broiler meat by weight from 1.6 billion broilers in 2003 emerging the country as the fourth and fifth large producers of egg and poultry meat respectively in the world, contributing to nearly 4% and 2% of the global output. (Rajvir Singh, 2005).ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF GOUT IN BROILER CHICKS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR 585 401., 2005-09) PRATHAP KUMAR, S.M.; M.L. SATYANARAYANA); S. YATHIRAJ; PLACID E. D’SOUZA; SUGUNA RAOThe poultry farming activity in India has achieved phenomenal growth in the last few decades. This is well substantiated by the fact that egg and poultry meat production has raised from 5300 millions and 1,21,000 tonnes in 1970 to 34,034 millions and 42,00,000 tonnes respectively in 2002. Inspite of rapid expansion in poultry industry there has been a big gap between the production and demand for poultry products. This has encouraged many farmers to take up poultry farming activity in a big way. Continuous genetic selection for feed efficiency and weight gain in broilers has resulted in gross imbalance of certain organ/system to body mass. Cardiovascular, urinary and digestive systems are overburdened with drastic reduction in reserve function. Function failure of these organ/systems has resulted in emergence of several diseases and disorders, one such disorder currently attracting the attention of researchers and farmers is gout in broilers.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF AFLATOXIN Bi IN CHICK EMBRYOS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR 585 401., 2005-11) PRADEEP KUMAR RAY; H.D. NARAYANASWAMY; B. UMAKANTHA); L. RANGANATH; L. MUNIAPPAPoultry industry has made tremendous progress in the country after independence. Indian Poultry Industry has grown rapidly at a rate of 15% to 20% during the last two decades and is now a Rs. 65 billion mega-industry providing employment to 1.5 million people. The future is even brighter with a growing domestic market, rapid industrialization and economic liberalization. Several breakthroughs in poultry science and technology have led to development of genetically superior birds capable of high production, even under adverse hot climate. The contribution of poultry as animal protein provider has been immense. In 2003 the egg production in India was 4,38,000 million or 3.9 per cent of total world production and meat production was 1.92 million tons or 3.0 per cent of world production. The contribution of poultry industry to gross national product is projected to touch Rs 60,000 crores by 2010 A.D.ThesisItem Open Access ‘‘EVALUATION OF PROTEIN SOURCES FOR ‘PARTITIONING FACTOR’ AND THEIR ASSOCIATIVE EFFECTS ON FIBRE DIGESTION IN VITRO”(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR 585 401., 2005-12) MANJUNATH, G. L.; U. KRISHNAMOORTHY; M.M.KAILAS; G.S.BHATIn crop residue based ruminant production systems, optimizing crop residue utilization continues to be the thrust area of research and development. The poor nutritional quality of the residues of cereal and millet crops is the major constraint in exploiting genetic potential of ruminant livestock in India. The poor nutritional qualities of crop residues are conventionally viewed as due to nutrient deficiencies and or the presence of refractory and inhibitory substances such as lignin, silica, cutin, polyphenols and tannins that may bind with other nutrients or may act as toxic substances to rumen microbes. Although considerable information on these aspects have been accumulated over the past years, quantification of their impact on microbial biomass synthesis and ruminal digestion of fibre continues to be the problem.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF LYSINE PRODUCING MICROBES VIS-A-VIS TYPE AND LEVEL OF DIETARY PROTEIN, ON PERFORMANCE OF POST PEAK LAYERS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR 585 401., 2005-12-30) MANJU, G. U.; B. S. VENKATARAMI REDDY; R. GIDEON GLORI DOSS; . T. M. PRABHU; K.S. PRATHAP KUMARPoultry farming in India was a backyard practice till 1970 and now it has made rapid strides and transformed itself to become increasingly specialized and integrated agribusiness to meet the increasing demand for human food production and contributing its part to National GDP. At present, India stands 4^^ among the world’s egg producing countries, with an increase from meager 1800 million eggs during 1960 to 40,000 million in 2004 (FAO 2004). Such a commendable achievement was possible largely due to concerted efforts of several poultry entrepreneurs, including geneticists and nutritionists. Chicken is one of the best , feed converting livestock among the food animals and also low space requirement involved in their production have significantly contributed towards the phenomenal growth of the poultry sector. But stiU there is a wide gap between recommendation (180 per annum ICMR) and the present per capita consumption level of eggs (48 eggs per annum) with an eventual provision of tremendous scope for growth of poultry industry especially that of layers.
