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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MEDETOMIDINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE AS PREANAESTHETICS FOR PROPOFOL - ISOFLURANE GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) RAMESHA, H.; V. MAHESHThe study was conducted to evaluate Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine as pre-anaesthetic for Propofol-Isoflurane general anaesthesia in dogs. The study was conducted on 18 clinical cases of dogs divided in to 3 groups with six dogs in each group. All the dogs were atropinised (0.04 mg/kg BW SC) except Group I. The dogs of Group I anaesthesia were induced by administering Propofol (6 mg/kg IV). Group II animals received medetomidine (20 μg/kg IV). Group III animals received Dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg IV), later anaesthesia was induced by administering Propofol (3 mg/kg IV) after 10 minutes of pre-anaesthetic administration in all the dogs of Group II and Group III. Maintenance of anaesthesia was done under Isoflurane in all the three groups. The onset of sedation was non-significant between Group II and Group III dogs. The induction time was significantly slower in Group I dogs compare to Group II and Group III dogs. The recovery time was quicker in Group I dogs followed by Group III dogs when compared to Group II dogs. Physiological parameters, haematological, biochemical and haemodynamic parameters showed no significant variation in all the three groups but significant decrease in respiratory rate was observed. Blood gas parameters revealed significant changes PaCO2, PaO2 and pH. In conclusion, the anesthetic protocol carried out in Group II and Group III have given satisfactory results with respect to sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, smooth induction and recovery without any untoward events orcomplications as compared to directly induced Propofol Group. Therefore, both the drugs produced potent sedative effect.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ELASTIC STABLE INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING (ESIN) FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURE OF FEMUR IN SKELETALLY IMMATURE DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) RAHUL P A; V. MAHESHThe occurrence of long bone fracture cases during the study period of 12 months was 3.71%, out of which 39.5% were femoral fractures. Most of the femoral fractures were seen in Non-Descript breed male dogs below six months of age. Diaphyseal transverse type of fracture was the most commonly observed and the major cause was found to be automobile accidents. Two pre-bent titanium elastic nails were inserted into the metaphyseal region each avoiding epiphyseal growth plates in 6 skeletally immature dogs. Symmetric bracing action of elastic nails provided three point fixation inside the medullary cavity and gave rotational, axial, translational and flexural stability. The pain score was highest on the pre-operative day, which was significantly reduced from the 7th post-operative day till the 45th post-operative day in all the six dogs. Dogs started bearing partial weight on the fractured limb from 14th post-operative day, but complete weight bearing in all dogs was observed between the 28th to 45th post-operative day. Immediate post-operative radiographs showed proper reduction and good alignment of the fractured fragments. Post-operative radiographic studies revealed early callus formation and consolidation of the fracture. Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing was found to be best suited for treatment of diaphyseal fractures of femur in skeletally immature dogs as the technique was minimally invasive, provided optimal stability and elasticity which developed early bridging callus and contributed to faster healing of bone without disturbing the growth plate in skeletally immature bone thus allowing early weight bearing and walking.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PERCUTANEOUS TIBIAL FRACTURE REPAIR BY INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING IN SMALL RUMINANTS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-03-01) MANJUNATH GOKAVI; B. N. NAGARAJAThe incidence of tibial fractures was higher in small ruminants next to femur fractures. Various reduction and stabilization techniques have been introduced for the treatment of different types of fracture but Percutaneous tibial fracture repair by intramedullary pinning was one of the novel technique used for the tibial fracture repair in small ruminants. Six small ruminants with closed tibial fractures were selected and were repaired by the above mentioned technique. Physiological and hematological parameters varied non-significantly throughout the study period. The biochemical parameters like serum calcium and serum phosphorous varied non-significantly and increased alkaline phosphatase level from 1st to 30th postoperative day, came back to normal level by 60th postoperative day. All six animals gained complete weight bearing between 30th to 45th day. Radiographic evaluation revealed proper callus formation at the fracture site by 30th to 45th post-operative day. Based on the observations made in the present study it could be concluded that, this technique provided fewer chances of infection and rigid fixation throughout the fracture healing period. It could be easily practiced by any orthopaedic surgeon and can stabilize long bone fractures like tibia in small ruminants with least effort to surgeon. This technique showed effective immobilization of the fracture, less expensive, minimal invasive and feasible in the field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF RIGHT AND LEFT LATERAL RECUMBENCY ON VERTEBRAL HEART SCORE IN LABRADOR RETRIEVER DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02-01) MAHADEV MULLATTI; K M SRINIVASA MURTHYThe study was carried out in Labrador retriever breed of dogs to study the influence of right and left lateral recumbency on Vertebral Heart Score. Twelve Labrador retriever dogs of either gender were selected for the study and divided into two groups, A and B consisting of six dogs each. Group A included six normal Labrador retriever dogs and Group B included six Labrador retriever dogs with established cardiac disorders. The overall occurrence of cardiac disorders among the dogs was 1.94% with Labrador retrievers represented the highest occurrence of cardiac diseased dogs (24.84%) in one year study period. The middle aged (4-8 years) dogs were overrepresented (43.63%) followed by old dogs (> 8 years) (35.15%) and the least occurrence was in young dogs (0-4 years) (21.21%). Male Labrador retrievers had higher occurrence than female ones. VHS in Group A dogs was 10.1 ± 0.03v and 9.8 ± 0.03v in right and left lateral recumbency respectively. VHS in Group B dogs was 11.8 ± 0.17v and 11.3 ± 0.18v in right and left lateral recumbency respectively. The VHS of Group B dogs was significantly greater than the Group A dogs. The VHS in right lateral recumbency was significantly greater than left lateral recumbency. The ECG parameters varied non significantly between the groups but comparable alterations were noticed. The echocardiography showed significantly increased LVIDd, LVIDs, EDV, ESV and LA/Ao ratio and significantly decreased EF (%) and FS (%) between the groups. The VHS was subjectively correlated well with the ECG and echocardiographic parameters for Labrador retriever breed of dogs. Finally, based on observations and evaluations, it could be concluded that the combination of all three techniques was helpful in assessing the severity and significance of heart diseases and useful to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access ROMIFIDINE AND XYLAZINE SEDATION WITH KETAMINE-ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA FOR SURGERIES IN BUFFALOES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-08) SAGAR PANDAV; S. M. USTURGEThe present study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of buffaloes of either sex presented for various surgical procedures at Veterinary College, Bidar. The sedative effects of romifidine and xylazine for ketamine-isoflurane general anaesthesia in buffaloes were compared. The buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups consisting of six buffaloes in each group. The buffaloes of group I were administered with romifidine hcl @ 10 μg/kg body weight IV followed by ketamine hydrochloride @ (3 mg/kg, I/V) and maintained with isoflurane @ (1-2 %). The buffaloes of group II were administered with xylazine @ 0.1 mg/kg body weight IV followed by ketamine hydrochloride @ (3 mg/kg, I/V) and maintained with isoflurane @ (1-2%). The anaesthetic combinations were evaluated based on clinical, physiological, haemodynamic and haematobiochemical observations. Onset of sedation and down time to sternal recumbency was faster in the buffaloes premedicated with romifidine. Better analgesia, degree of sedation, muscle relaxation and faster induction and recovery was noticed in romifidine group-I as compared to xylazine group-II for ketamine-isoflurane general anaesthesia in buffaloes. Respiratory depression, bradycardia and decrease in mean arterial pressure were more severe in buffaloes premedicated with romifidine when compared to buffaloes premedicated with xylazine during ketamine-isoflurane anaesthesia. Haematobiochemical parameters though changed non-significantly during general anaesthesia in both the groups, it was only transient and not alaraming to suggest any pathological condition. Hence romifidine as a premedicant can be preferred over xylazine ketamine-isoflurane induced general anaesthesia buffaloes.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TITANIUM AND STAINLESS STEEL LOCKING RECONSTRUCTION BONE PLATES FOR TIBIOTARSUS FRACTURE REPAIR IN BACKYARD POULTRY(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR- 585 226, 2021-01) PALLAVI; DILIPKUMAR, DThe experimental study was conducted in 12 backyard poultry birds. The permission was obtained by institutional animal ethical committee IAEC (No. 04/ 2019/ VCB/ VSR). Tibiotarsus bone fractures were created under xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia. These twelve birds were randomly divided into two groups consisting of six birds in each group. In group I, birds having tibiotarsus fracture were treated with internal immobilisation using titanium locking reconstructive bone plate. In group II, birds were treated with internal immobilisation using stainless steel locking reconstructive plate. Xylazine @ 3 to 5 mg/kg BW and ketamine @ 50 to 70 mg/kg BW proved to be a good general anaesthetic combination for fracture repair in poultry. In group I birds showed slight to moderate weight bearing from 7th to 15th post-operative day and good to excellent weight bearing by 30th to 45th post-operative day. While in group II, the birds showed slight to moderate weight bearing from 7th to 15th post-operative day and good to excellent weight bearing from 30th to 45th post-operative day. On an average the weight bearing in birds fixed with both the plates were slightly similar on 45th day. The radiographic evaluation was non-significant in both groups. The fracture healed with minimal callus resembling primary union. Complete cortical union noticed on 45th day in both groups. The biochemical analysis showed non-significant rise in serum inorganic phosphorous and serum alkaline phosphatase on 15th and 30th post-operative days and were within normal limits. The levels returned to base values by 45th post-operative day. The significant rise in serum calcium level on 15th and 30th post-operative days and were within normal limits. The levels returned to base values by 45th post-operative days.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INDUCTION AGENTS IN DRIP FORM USING GUAIFENESIN AND KETAMINE WITH OR WITHOUT DEXMEDETOMIDINE UNDER ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA FOR VARIOUS SURGERIES IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02) NEELKANTH; D. DILIP KUMARThe study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of induction agents in drip form using guaifenesin and ketamine with or without dexmedetomidine under isoflurane anaesthesia for various surgeries in cattle. The present study was conducted in 12 clinical cases presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Bidar for the treatment of various surgical affections in cattle. The cattle were randomly divided into two groups consisting of six animals in each group. The group- I animals were administered guaifenesin at the dose rate of 50 mg / kg body weight intravenously as 5% solution in normal saline along with ketamine at the dose rate of 3 mg/ kg body weight intravenously as drip form and maintained with isoflurane (1-2 %). The animals of group- II were administered with preanaesthetic dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (2.5 μg/kg, IV) after 5 minutes followed by guaifenesin at the dose rate of 50 mg / kg body weight intravenously as 5 % solution in normal saline along with ketamine at the dose rate of 3 mg/ kg body weight intravenously as drip form and maintained with isoflurane (1-2 %). Though the induction and recovery were smooth and uneventful in both groups, Induction time was significantly earlier in group-II animals. The recovery time, Recovery time to assume sternal recumbency, Recovery time to standing position was significantly quicker in group-I animals. The degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation was significantly greater in group-II animals induced with dexmedetomidine, guaifenesin and ketamine drip under isoflurane anaesthesia. Physiological parameters like heart rate shows significant difference between the groups. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature were decreased significantly at maximum depth of anaesthesia in both the groups. Respiratory depression and bradycardia were more severe in group-II (guaifenesin and ketamine drip with dexmedetomidine under isoflurane) animals compare to group-I animals. Hematobiochemical parameters like haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count decreased significantly at maximum depth of anaesthesia in both the groups. Neutrophilia and relative lymphocytopenia was recorded in both the groups. Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, serum creatinine, Serum urea nitrogen level increased significantly at maximum depth of anaesthesia in both the groups. However, biochemical values were decreased towards normal at 120 minute of post induction. In the present study both the anaesthetic protocols provided satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in cattle. However, guaifenesin and ketamine drip with dexmedetomidine under isoflurane combination was ideal to perform major surgeries in cattle without any complications.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INDUCTION AGENTS IN DRIP FORM USING GUAIFENESIN AND KETAMINE WITH OR WITHOUT DEXMEDETOMIDINE UNDER ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA FOR VARIOUS SURGERIES IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021-02) NEELKANTH; DILIP KUMAR)The study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of induction agents in drip form using guaifenesin and ketamine with or without dexmedetomidine under isoflurane anaesthesia for various surgeries in cattle. The present study was conducted in 12 clinical cases presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Bidar for the treatment of various surgical affections in cattle. The cattle were randomly divided into two groups consisting of six animals in each group. The group- I animals were administered guaifenesin at the dose rate of 50 mg / kg body weight intravenously as 5% solution in normal saline along with ketamine at the dose rate of 3 mg/ kg body weight intravenously as drip form and maintained with isoflurane (1-2 %). The animals of group- II were administered with preanaesthetic dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (2.5 μg/kg, IV) after 5 minutes followed by guaifenesin at the dose rate of 50 mg / kg body weight intravenously as 5 % solution in normal saline along with ketamine at the dose rate of 3 mg/ kg body weight intravenously as drip form and maintained with isoflurane (1-2 %). Though the induction and recovery were smooth and uneventful in both groups, Induction time was significantly earlier in group-II animals. The recovery time, Recovery time to assume sternal recumbency, Recovery time to standing position was significantly quicker in group-I animals. The degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation was significantly greater in group-II animals induced with dexmedetomidine, guaifenesin and ketamine drip under isoflurane anaesthesia. Physiological parameters like heart rate shows significant difference between the groups. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature were decreased significantly at maximum depth of anaesthesia in both the groups. Respiratory depression and bradycardia were more severe in group-II (guaifenesin and ketamine drip with dexmedetomidine under isoflurane) animals compare to group-I animals. Hematobiochemical parameters like haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count decreased significantly at maximum depth of anaesthesia in both the groups. Neutrophilia and relative lymphocytopenia was recorded in both the groups. Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, serum creatinine, Serum urea nitrogen level increased significantly at maximum depth of anaesthesia in both the groups. However, biochemical values were decreased towards normal at 120 minute of post induction. In the present study both the anaesthetic protocols provided satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in cattle. However, guaifenesin and ketamine drip with dexmedetomidine under isoflurane combination was ideal to perform major surgeries in cattle without any complications.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF LOCKING STRING OF PEARLS PLATE FOR LONG BONE FRACTURE REPAIR IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585 226, 2021-04) KARTIK BIDARI; DODDAMANI JAHANGIRBASHA, DILIP KUMAR, DThe study was conducted on 18 clinical cases of long bone diaphyseal fractures in dogs presented to Department of Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College, Bidar. The dogs were divided into three groups with six dogs in each group. Group I had six dogs diagnosed with radius fracture, Group II had six dogs diagnosed with femur fracture and group III had six dogs diagnosed with tibial fracture. The dogs aged between 7 months to 24 months and weighed between 10 to 32 kg. Out of these 18 dogs, 14 were males and four were females. Major etiology of fracture was automobile accidents followed accidental hit injury and fall from height. Pre-operative clinical and radiographic examinations were helpful for planning of surgery. The fractured limb in dogs was temporarily immobilized with Robert Jones bandaging. All the 18 cases of long bone diaphyseal fractures were treated with 3.5 mm locking string of pearls plates with compatible sizes of self tapping locking screws. Length of plates varied from 6 holes to 10 holes and screw length varied from 14 mm to 32 mm. Immediate post-operative radiograph and follow-up radiographs on post-operative days revealed good implant stability and fracture fixation without any complication in all dogs. By post-operative day 60, 16 out of 18 dogs showed complete weight bearing during standing as well as when walking. Other two cases showed complete bearing during standing with clinical signs of slight lameness while walking. On post-operative day 60, 16 out of 18 dogs exhibited excellent functional outcome and 2 dogs exhibited good functional outcome. All the cases healed by primary union with minimal callus formation. The physiological parameters viz., respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature fluctuated within the normal physiological limits. The biochemical parameters viz. serum calcium, serum phosphorous and serum alkaline phosphatase showed a significant rise up to post-operative day 30 followed by a gradual decrease by 60th post-operative day and the values fluctuated within normal physiological range. All the dogs exhibited good functional outcome with minimum complications with regarding to wound healing occurring due to an auto mutilation and wound dehiscence. No complications observed regard to implant failure, osteomyelitis or non-union. Based on present study, it was concluded that, locking string of pearls (SOP) plates were good for stabilization of long bone fractures for early limb ambulance and healing in dogs.
