Loading...
Theses (PG)
Browse
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AESCHYNOMENE AMERICANA IN RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) MANIKANTH C.L; N. B. SHRIDHARThe study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of Aeschynomene americana plant. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, starch, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, chalcones and coumarin. Evaluation of the in vivo anti-inflammatory property of the plant extract at doses 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg using carrageenan induced paw oedema model revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo analgesic activity was assessed by inhibition of writhing induced by acetic acid as peripheral pain model and the extract at the doses 500 and 1000 mg/kg showed significant analgesic activity. Acute oral and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies of methanolic extract was carried out in Wistar albino rats as per the OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. In acute toxicity a dose level of 2000 mg/kg was studied. In repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study dose levels of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg were administered daily and compared with the control rats. In toxicity studies, no mortality and toxicity signs were observed grossly but cellular changes observed in histopathology. Except for decrease in platelet and increase in AST in 28-day oral toxicity study, haematological and biochemical parameters were within the reference range in both the studies. Histopathology revealed dose dependent prominent congestive and haemorrhagic changes in repeated dose study. The plant showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic property that can be utilized to explore the therapeutic efficacy but with caution as it revealed toxicity as well. Key words: Aeschynomene americana, Phytochemical analysis, Anti-inflammatory activity, Toxicity study, Wistar albino rats.ThesisItem Open Access Punith(KVAFSU, Bidar, 2019) punithThe study was taken up to evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological property of Phaseolus lunatus (P. lunatus) plant. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory property of the plant extract using carrageenan induced paw oedema and the extract at the doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg is having significant anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo analgesic activity was conducted by using acetic acid induced writhings as peripheral pain model and the extract at the doses 400 and 600 mg/kg showed significant analgesic activity. Acute oral and repeated dose 28 day oral toxicity studies of methanol extract was carried out in Wistar albino rats as per the OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. In sub-acute oral toxicity dose levels of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg were administered daily for 28 days and compared with the control rats. In both toxicity studies, no toxicity signs and mortality were observed. The MTD value was found to be more than 5000 mg/kg. No significant (p<0.05) changes in haematological parameters and biochemical parameters showed significant (p<0.05) changes. Evident histopathological changes observed in extract treated groups. The plant leaves showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic property that can be utilized to explore the therapeutic efficacy. Keywords: Phaseoluslunatus, phytochemical analysis, Anti-inflammatory activity, Analgesic activity, Toxicity study, Wistaralbino rats.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NEUROBIOCHEMICAL AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN WISTAR RATS EXPOSED TO ARSENIC WITH OR WITHOUT EXOGENOUS MELATONIN ADMINISTRATION(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) PRASADA NINGAPPA DURAPPANAVAR; PRAKASH NADOOR)(‘As’) induced alterations in neurobiochemestry in brain and its impact on neuropharmacological activities with or without the melatonin (MLT) as an antioxidant given exogenously. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to four groups of six each. Group-I served as untreated control, while group-II received ‘As’ [sodium (meta) arsenite; NaAsO2] @ 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. (p.o) for a period of 56 days. Experimental rats in group-III received treatment similar to group-II but in addition received MLT @ 10 mg.kg-1 b.wt. (p.o) from day 32 onwards. Rats in group-IV received MLT alone from day 32 onwards similar to group-III. Sub-chronic exposure to ‘As’ (group-II) significantly (p0.05) reduction in pain latency. Sub-chronic administration of ‘As’ induced (group-II) significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) called malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain tissue (5.55±0.57 nmol.g-1), and their levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by MLT supplementation (group-III: 3.96±0.15 nmol.g-1). The increase in 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in ‘As’ exposed rats indicated nitrosative stress due to the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-). However, exogenously given MLT significantly (p<0.05) reduced the 3-NT formation as well as prostaglandin (PGE2) levels in the brain. Similarly MLT administration have suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (viz., IL-1β, IL-6 & TNF-α) and amyloid-β1-40 (Aβ) deposition in the brain tissues of experimental rats. To conclude, exogenous administration of melatonin can overcome the sub-chronic arsenic induced oxidative and nitrosative stress in the CNS, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and restored certain disturbed neuropharmacological activities in Wistar rats. Key words: Arsenic (As), Neuropharmacology, Melatonin, Oxidative stress, Wistar ratsThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LABLAB PURPUREUS IN RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) PRAKASH V SOGALANNAVAR; N. B. SHRIDHARThe study was taken up to evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of L. purpureus plant. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and triterpenoids. The study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory property of the plant extract using carrageenan induced paw oedema and the extract at the doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg is having significant anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo analgesic activity was conducted by using acetic acid induced writhings as peripheral pain model and the extract at the doses 400 and 600 mg/kg showed significant analgesic activity. Acute oral and repeated dose 28 day oral toxicity studies of methanol extract was carried out in Wistar albino rats as per the OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. In sub-acute oral toxicity dose levels of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg were administered daily for 28 days and compared with the control rats. In both toxicity studies, no mortality and toxicity signs were observed. The MTD value was found to be more than 5 g/kg. Haematological and biochemical parameters showed significant effect of the extract on different organs which are evident by histopathological changes observed in extract treated groups. The plant leaves showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic property that can be utilized to explore the therapeutic efficacy. Key words: L. purpureus, phytochemical analysis, Anti-inflammatory activity, toxicity study, Wistar albino rats.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF PRESCRIPTION PATTERN OF VETERINARY DRUGS, PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF MOST FAVOURED ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT IN MASTITIC DAIRY CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-07) MAHADEVA SHARMA B.M; PRAKASH NADOORto document the pharmacovigilance data collected from veterinarians (voluntary) in the State of Karnataka (Phase-I). Further, pharmacokinetics (milk depletion drug kinetics) of most favoured antibacterial agent employed in the State was studied in HFx dairy cows (n=8) clinically ailing from mastitis (Phase-II). Analysis of prescriptions w.r.t livestock species (cattle, sheep and goats; N=912) revealed that among the major therapeutic segments drugs belonging to viz., antibacterials (28.37%) > non-steroidal agents (NSAIDs;15.70%) > antihistaminics (H1 blockers;12.42%) classes were prescribed most. Further, cephalosporins (19.39%) > tetracyclines (16.24%) > β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitors (11.92%) were most prescribed among the antibacterial agents. The number of drugs per prescription was in the order of three or more (64.80%) > double (24.23%) > single (10.97%). Among the polydrug therapies, antibacterial agents prescribed in combination with NSAIDs accounted most (47.39%) followed by both with glucocorticoids and NSAID’s (11.60%). The extra-label usage of antibacterial agents in the treatment of mastitis and uterine infections in dairy cattle and buffaloes alone accounted 18.42 and 34.88 per cent, respectively. The survey revealed that cefquinome sulphate (intramammary) was most preferred antibacterial agent for the clinical mastitis in the State. Pharmacovigilance study (N=1005) revealed 6.07 and 0.80 per cent adverse drug reactions [ADR(s)] and adverse drug effects [ADE(s)], respectively. Pharmacokinetic studies following therapeutic administration (intramammary) of cefquinome (75 mg. q 12 h x three times) in mastitic dairy cows revealed a peak (Cmax.) concentration of cefquinome in milk of mastitic quarter (664.06±131.24 μg.mL-1) was observed (tmax.) at 6 h after last infusion. The elimination half-life (t1/2z), the area under curve (AUC0-) and mean residence time (MRT) was 5.24±0.51 h, 7915.38±1946.57 g.mL-1.h and 20.97±3.08 h, respectively, when the time vs milk concentration data was subjected to analysis by non-compartment model. The concentration last observed: Cmax. ratio was 0.0088±0.001. The milk concentration of cefquinome persists (LOD=0.052 μg.mL-1) up to 72 h (5.28±0.64 μg.mL-1) and 36 h (4.04 μg.mL-1) in mastitic quarter and untreated (healthy) quarter, respectively after the last therapeutic administration in HFx dairy cows. Keywords: Prescription analysis, Pharmacovigilance, Cefquinome, Pharmacokinetics, Mastitis, HFx dairy cowThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS MELATONIN ON LEAD ACETATE INDUCED PERTURBATIONS IN REDOX HOMEOSTASIS AND CERTAIN NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN LABORATORY MOUSE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019-10) SAHITHYA, C. P.; N. PRAKASHAn experimental study was conducted in male Swiss albino mice to characterize the lead (Pb) induced neurobiochemical perturbations in the central nervous system (CNS) and to assess its impact on certain neuropharmacological activities with or without exogenous melatonin (MLT) supplementation. The mice maintained on standard laboratory conditions were randomly divided in to four groups of six each. Group-I served as untreated control and received only water (reverse osmosed) and standard rodent chow ad libitum, while animals in group-II received (p.o) lead acetate [Pb(CH3COO)2] @ 25 mg.kg-1 b.wt. on alternate days for a period of 60 days. Experimental mice in group-III received treatment similar to above (group-II), but in addition received (p.o) melatonin (MLT) @ 10 mg.kg-1b.wt. for a period of 60 days on alternate days. Mice in group-IV received MLT alone similar to above. Sub-chronic exposure to ‘Pb’ (group-II) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the duration of immobility in the forced swim test (FST) on day ‘30’ or ‘60’ of the experimental period. The voluntary locomotor (day 60) and forced motor activity (both day ‘30’ & ‘60’) and pain latency at term were also significantly (p<0.05) reduced in mice exposed to lead acetate. However, MLT supplementation (group-III) showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in FST, motor activities as well as increased the pain latency at term. Experimental exposure to lead acetate disturbed the redox homeostasis in the brain as evidenced by significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) called malondialdehyde (MDA) due to lipid peroxidation (LPO) on account of reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and prevented the depletion of reduced glutathione levels in brain. Further, exogenous administration of MLT markedly reduced the histological distortions and degenerative changes induced by ‘Pb’. To conclude, exogenous administration of melatonin can overcome the ‘Pb’ induced oxidative damage, in terms of both neurobiochemical homeostasis in the CNS and protection against hippocampal injury, and overcome neuropharmacological alterations induced following sub-chronic exposure to lead acetate. melatonin. Key words: CNS, Lead (Pb), Melatonin, Neuropharmacology, Redox Homeostasis, MiceThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF VITEX NEGUNDO IN RATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) PURANDAR B KAMBLE; Dr. N. B. SHRIDHARThe present study was conducted to evaluate various pharmacological and toxicological properties of the Vitex negundo extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, Phytosterols, triterpenoids. Acute oral and sub-acute toxicity studies of methanol extract was carried out in Wistar albino rats as per the OECD guidelines 401 and 407 respectively. In acute toxicity study, the LD50 cut off value was found to be more than 5 g/kg. No mortality and toxicity signs were observed. In sub acute toxicity study, methanol extract was administered @ 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg respectively and compared with the control rats. The results of body weight, gross and histopathological observations of the treated groups indicated the non toxic nature of the extract even @ 5000 mg/kg. In in vivo anti-inflammatory study of methanol extract, in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model, the extract @ 500 and 1000 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema in dose dependent manner indicating its anti inflammatory activity.ThesisItem Open Access Toxicity studies of fungal isolates from sorghum straw in rats, mice and calves(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2006-11-03) NIRMALA G. C.; N. B. SHRIDHAR; K. JAYAKUMAR; S. G. RAMACHANDRA; SHRIKRISHNA ISLOORMillions of tones of forage consumed by animals is contaminated with fungal species invading forage plants prior to harvest or during storage as hay, straw or silage (Gremmels, 2005). The species of fungi affecting the forage are of two groups, namely: field fungi and storage fungi (storage molds). Field fungi are those, which invade the crop when it is still in the field, and require 20-21 percent moisture. These include species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Clodosporium, Diplodia, Gibberella and Helminthosporium. The storage molds are those that invade the fodder during storage and need less moisture (13-18%) than field fungi. These include species of Aspergillus and Penicillium (Elizabeth, 2005). These fungi produce mycotoxins, when favorable conditions allow the fungi to grow on crops in the field, at harvest, in storage or during the processing of feed (Palmgren and Lee, 1986). Mycotoxins are the fungal secondary metabolites formed by consecutive series of enzyme-catalysed reactions from a few biochemically simple intermediates (Bohra and Purohit, 2003). These mycotoxins are present in foods as natural pollutants, thereby causing acute and chronic toxicities in both human and animalsThesisItem Open Access TOXICITY STUDIES OF FUNGAL ISOLATES FROM MAIZE HULLS IN RATS AND MICE(Karnataka Veterinary Animal And Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2008) VENKANNA BALAGANURAgricultural economy is changing very fast. Today India produces 87.7 million tonnes of rice and 68.7 million tonnes of wheat and in between these two crops lie 84 million tonnes of milk. Thus India has emerged as largest producer of milk in the world. India has very large livestock population with more than 185.18 million cattle and 97.92 million birffaloes (17^^ Livestock Census 2003, Government of India, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi).
