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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECT OF AMMONIA IN COMMERCIAL BROILER CHICKEN AND ITS CONTROL(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2005-10) K.S. HARSHA; H.AsUpendra; S.Yathira; (M.L. S athyanarayana); (K.Jayakumar)Poultry industry is one of the fast growing agribased activity in India. In past three decade it has became one of the most dynamic and expeditious sector. In recent years there has been tremendous growth in broiler production and has entered the top 20 countries in the world. Intensive nature of poultry production has created conducive atmosphere for the spread of disease. With rising cost of labour and materials in the past few years poultry farmers are reusing the litter. This has lead to the high levels of ammonia (Reece et al., 1979). Poultry house has a complex dynamic system of social interactions, husbandry system, light, temperature and the aerial environment. In addition, the high stocking density in the modem poultry house may lead to reduced air quality with high concentration of aerial pollutants. Poultry are continuously exposed to ammonia and other noxious gases in poultry house. Continuous exposure of birds to these gases are known to affect not only production but also increases the susceptibility of birds to respiratory diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Survey on Prevalence of Brucella Infection in Sheep and Goats(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2011-06-17) Nethra, R.; Ramesh, P.T.; Uppendra, H. A.; Ansar Kamaran, C.; Narayanswamy, H.D.; Rathnamma, D.; --, --The present study was carried out in six different farms of sheep and goats i.e., at Bengaluru, Haniyuru, Allipura, Huduguru, Veerapsandra and Peddaenhalli to survey on seroprevalence of brucella infection by RBPT and STAT. Preliminary screening of a total of 148 sheep and 104 goat sera samples in six farms by RBPT revealed 10 (6.7%) sheep and 7 (7%) goats as reactors. All the RBPT reactors were further subjected to standard tube agglutination test. All the animals selected in farms at Bengaluru and Haniyuru were seronegative which could be hypothesized that animals were not exposed to the infectious agent. So, the seroprevalence recorded were 7%, 14.3%, 3.3% and 2.85% at Allipura, Huduguru, Veerapsandra and Peddaenhalli respectively which might be due to endemicity. Identification of endemic areas would be helpful in culling the seropositive animals and undertaking vaccination program. In the hematological and biochemical analysis conducted, there was significantly higher (P<0.05) TLC values and neutrophil count, significantly lower hemoglobin levels, lymphocyte and monocyte count and no significant variation in PCV of blood samples in brucella seropositive animals. This might be due to cellular immune response to bacterial infection and anemia due to brucella’s tropism to reticuloendothelial system. There was no significant variation (P<0.05) in AST & GGT and albumin: globulin ratio values in brucella seropositive animals and hence no damage to liver was observed in the present study conducted. The present study revealed 15 Km distance between each farm, communal pasturing and watering, comingling of the animals, open system of rearing and non utilization of immunization are the risk factors in seropositive farms which declared the minimal epidemiological unit of intervention.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Cryptococcosis in Ruminants, Equines and Birds(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2011-09-22) Bawane, Pradip Vishwanath; Ramesh, P.T.; Ansar Kamaran, C.; Narayana Bhat, M; Narayana Swamy, M.; Ranganath, L.; --, --In the study of Cryptococcosis in ruminants, equine and birds, a total of 290 fecal samples in which cattle (25), sheep (25), goats (30), and horses (30) fecal samples were collected from the without clinical signs of Cryptococcosis. From birds a total of 180 fecal samples were collected and they were: Fifty from Cockteil (dry and 25 fresh), 30 from Munia (15 dry and 15 wet) 30 from Pigeon (15 dry and 15 wet), 30 from Hornbill (15 dry and 15 fresh) and pheasant (40) in which (20 dry and 20 wet). After processing all the samples, 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml aliquot of the processed samples were streaked on the three media viz., sunflower seed agar media, malt agar media and Sabouraud dextrose agar media. All the inoculated plates were observed for the development of dark brown pigmentation of Cryptococcus for the next 9 to 10 days. Out of 180 fecal samples of birds processed, 23 (8%) samples were positive for the growth of Cryptococcus and showed positive urease test, growth at 37 ºC, phenoloxidase activity but failed for KNO3 utilization. The overall prevalence of Cryptococcus reported was 8% in ruminants, equines and birds while overall prevalence of Cryptococcosis in birds reported was 12.77%. in which, in cockteil 12 samples were positive including the eight dry fecal sample and four wet, from eight positive pigeon samples two were from dry samples and six from wet, three isolates from the pheasant birds showed the positive growth for Cryptococcus in which two samples were from dry fecal samples and one was wet while none of cultured plates inoculated with fecal samples of cattle, sheep and goat and equine were positive. It was concluded that sunflower seed agar is excellent media for growth of yeast Cryptococcus and dry fecal sample is good source of Cryptococcus.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Obesity in Dogs(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2010-08-15) Nandini, M.K.; Ansar Kamaran, C.; Yathiraj, S.; Upendra, H.A.; Sugunarao; Girishkumar, V.; --, --Obesity is defined as an accumulation Obesity is defined as an accumulation of excessive amounts of adipose tissue in the body and is most common nutritional disorder in companion animals. Breed-wise occurrence of obesity was found to be 52 per cent in Labrador Retriever, 16 per cent each in Golden Retriever and Non-descript. Obesity was low in Dalmatian, German shepherd, pug and Dachshund (4% each). Obesity was highest 7-8 year old dogs and lowest in 6-7 years and more than 8 years old dog. Obesity was common in dogs than in bitches, 31.5 per cent of males and 16.6 per cent of females were neutered. Non-significant difference was observed in haemoglobin, total leukocyte counts, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, ALP and BUN of obese. There was a significant decrease in eosinophils of obese as compared to control group. There was Non-significant difference in the serum TT4, FT4, TSH and UCCR of obese compared to control group. However 16 and 4 per cent of obese dogs were hypothyroid and hyperadrenocorticism respectively. There was a significant increase in triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL-C and there was a non-significant increase in LDL-C was recorded in obese dogs. In the present study 48 per cent of the obese dogs were fed home made food, 44 per cent were with mixture of home made and commercial pet food and 8 per cent were fed with only commercial pet food. In addition 4, 52, 40 and 4 per cent of obese dogs were given one meal, two meals, three meals and four meals a day respectively. according to owners 44, 32 and 24 per cent of obese dogs were inactive, moderately active and very active respectively, 80 per cent and 20 per cent of obese dog owners were aware and unaware of their dogs’s obesity respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Immune Response to Feline Panleukopenia Vaccination in Wild Felines(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2010-08-15) Kshamaa, L.M.; Narayana Bhat, M.; Yathiraj, S.; Upendra, H.; PLACID D’ SOUZA, E.; Shrikrishna, Isloor; --, --A study was taken up to evaluate the efficacy of Feline panleukopenia vaccine in wild felines. Six Lions and 6 Tigers which have been regularly vaccinated annually with inactivated FPL vaccine were selected for the study. Normal health status of these animals was assessed by routine faecal sample, hematological and biochemical examination before vaccination. Fecal samples from two lions were positive for Toxocara eggs. All the hematological and biochemical parameters were found to be within the normal range indicating that the animals selected were healthy. Blood samples were collected before vaccination and once in 2 months after vaccination up to 10 months. Antibody titre was estimated by haemagglutination inhibition test and indirect ELISA. There was an increase in antibody titre upto 6 months ensuring the protection up to 6 months. Then there was a drop in titre, followed by again increase in titre during 10th month. This increase of titre during 10th month may be because of exposure of these animals to FPL virus in the vicinity. However, modified live vaccines can be considered over inactivated vaccines to ensure long term immunity in wild felines.ThesisItem Open Access Utility of Nutraceuticals in the Managenment of Cardiac and Renal Diseases(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2010-08-15) Bhagya, B.K.; Muralidhara, A; Yathiraj, S.; Upendra, H.A.; Gideon, Glori Doss; --The present study on nutraceuticals was carried out with the objectives to evaluate the utility of nutraceuticals L- carnitine and fish oil in the cardiac diseases of dogs and fish oil in renal diseases of dogs. Cardiac insufficiency animals divided into 3 groups (regular treatment, regular treatment with L- carnitine and regular treatment with fish oil) and renal insufficiency divided into 2 groups (regular treatment and regular treatment with fish oil). The study indicated that occurrence of cardiac disease was high in male dogs than female dogs. Age-wise occurrence was more in dogs between 8-13 years of age. Breed wise occurrence indicated it was high in Labrador Retriever followed by Golden Retriever, Dachshund, German Shepherd, Neopolian Mastiff, Spitz, Non Descript and Cocker Spaniel. The characteristic clinical signs observed were coughing, exercise intolerance, ascites, anorexia, dyspnoea, edema of limbs, pale mucus membrane and cyanosis. The ECG findings were Sagging of ST segment, Tall QRS complex, Q dip, Ppulmonale, Tall-T wave, Deep S wave and Ventricular Premature Complexes. There was no statistical significance in serum creatinine level and hematological findings (TLC, Hb and PCV) except significance difference in TEC between fish oil group and control group. The resolution of clinical signs was faster in the groups which received nutraceutical than the group which did not receive nutraceutical. Group which received L- carnitine showed better improvement than the group which received fish oil. The clinical signs observed in renal disease were anorexia, vomition, melena. Stomatitis, recumbancy and hematemisis. The leukogram indicated leucocytosis and TEC, Hb and PCV were below normal range. There was progressive increase in serum creatinine level in control group. Mean ± SE of serum creatinine in fish oil group was 4.0 ±0.19. All the animals of Group I and II did not survive so we could not evaluate the nutraceuticals in renal diseases of dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Endoscopic Evaluation of Duodenal Disorders in Dogs(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Bidar, 2010-07-17) Lalhmingmuana, Sailo; Yathiraj, S.; Uppendra, H. A.; Ansar Kamaran, C.; Satyanarayana, M.L.; Ranganath, L.; --This study was undertaken to primarily assess duodenal disorders in dogs and to identify biochemical and histopathological changes. Duodenal disorders were assessed based on endoscopic evaluation and were classified. The incidence of duodenal disorders from the total number of cases and gastrointestinal manifestation were 0.17 per cent 0.92 per cent respectively. Duodenoscopy was performed in 15 dogs under general anesthesia. No hematological or biochemical changes could be attributed to duodenal disorders. Among 15 dogs presented for Duodenoscopy, the breeds included were Mongrel (40%), Labrador Retriever (40%), German Shepherd (6.67%), Dalmatian (6.67%) and Boxer (6.67%). The agegroup distribution of dogs were >6 months - 1 year (6.67%), >1-4 years (66.67%), >4-8 years (13.33%), and >8-12 years (13.33%). Males constituted 73.33% and females 26.67%. The endoscopic evaluation of duodenum revealed Duodenoscopic examination revealed no gross abnormality in 8 of 15 (53.33 %), mucosal ulceration and erosion in 2 of 15 (13.33 %), mucosal congestion and hemorrhage in 4 of 15 (26.67 %), and small polyp or mass in 1 of 12 (6.67 %) of cases. Adequate biopsy material could be collected in 12 of 13 (92.31%), of these 12 (92.31%); the histopathological diagnosis included 4 of 12 (33.33 %) did not show any histological abnormalities, 7 of 12 (58.33 %) had non-specific enteritis and 1 of 12 (8.33 %) had hyperplasia. Duodenoscopy is a minimally invasive technique and can be considered as an invaluable procedure while detecting disorders primarily of the duodenum.