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ThesisItem Open Access DIETARY INCORPORATION OF ORGANIC ACID SALT, SODIUM ACETATE ON GUT HISTOLOGY AND IMMUNOMODULATION IN INDIAN MAJOR CARP LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2021) SURYAKIRAN, M.,; GANAP[ATHINAIKOrganic acids in various forms can be used as dietary supplements in aquaculture. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of an acetic acid salt, sodium acetate as a feed additive to enhance growth and health in rohu fish. A total of 120 healthy Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average body weight of 5.0 ± 0.5 g (mean SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (F0, F1, F2, and F3). F0 was fed a basal diet with no organic acid additive taken as the control group, while F1, F2, and F3 were fed the diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sodium acetate salt, respectively. Each group was subdivided in triplicate with 10 fish in each tank. The experimental fish was evaluated after 90 days for growth performance, hematology, immunology, resistance to infection, body composition, gut and liver histology. At the end of the feeding trail, F2 and F3 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leukocyte count were significantly increased in F2 and F3 compared to F0 and F1. There were significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with F2 as highest. After 90 days. F2 and F1 showed highest superoxide anion activity, lysozyme activity, and total serum protein. The lowest values for immune parameters were recorded in F0. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in F2 followed by F1 groups. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas hydrophila was in F2 followed by F1 groups. The histological architecture and cellular components of gut showed an improvement in the treatments over the control. The study indicates the efficacy of addition of sodium acetate in enhancing the growth and health in rohu fish Labeo rohita.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF SODIUM PROPIONATE AS GROWTH STIMULANT AND IMMUNOMODULATOR IN THE DIET OF INDIAN MAJOR CARP LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2021) KANTHA RAJA, P.,; ganapathi naikThis study was conducted to evaluate the use of a propionic acid salt, sodium propionate as a feed additive to enhance growth and health in rohu fish. A total of 120 healthy Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average body weight of 7.5 ± 0.5 g (mean SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (F0, FI, F2, and F3). F0 was fed a basal diet with no organic acid additive taken as the control group, while FI, F2, and F3 were fed the diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sodium propionate salt, respectively. Each group was subdivided in triplicate with 10 fish in each tank. The experimental fish was evaluated after 90 days for growth performance, hematology. Immunology, resistance to infection, body composition, gut and liver histology. At the end of the feeding trail. F2 and F3 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leukocyte count were significantly increased in F2 and F3 compared to F0 and F1. There were significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with F3 as highest. After 90 days. F2 and F3 showed highest superoxide anion activity, lysozyme activity, and total serum protein. The lowest values for immune parameters were recorded in F0. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in F3 followed by F2 groups. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas hydrophila was in F3 followed by F2 groups. The histological architecture and cellular components of gut showed an improvement in the treatments over the control. The study indicates the efficacy of addition of sodium propionate in enhancing the growth and health in rohu fish Labeo rohita.ThesisItem Open Access DIETARY INCORPORATION OF ORGANIC ACID SALT, SODIUM ACETATE ON GUT HISTOLOGY AND IMMUNOMODULATION IN INDIAN MAJOR CARP LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2021) SURYAKIRAN, M.,; M.GANAPATHIOrganic acids in various forms can be used as dietary supplements in aquaculture. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of an acetic acid salt, sodium acetate as a feed additive to enhance growth and health in rohu fish. A total of 120 healthy Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average body weight of 5.0 ± 0.5 g (mean SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (F0, F1, F2, and F3). F0 was fed a basal diet with no organic acid additive taken as the control group, while F1, F2, and F3 were fed the diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sodium acetate salt, respectively. Each group was subdivided in triplicate with 10 fish in each tank. The experimental fish was evaluated after 90 days for growth performance, hematology, immunology, resistance to infection, body composition, gut and liver histology. At the end of the feeding trail, F2 and F3 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leukocyte count were significantly increased in F2 and F3 compared to F0 and F1. There were significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with F2 as highest. After 90 days. F2 and F1 showed highest superoxide anion activity, lysozyme activity, and total serum protein. The lowest values for immune parameters were recorded in F0. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in F2 followed by F1 groups. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas hydrophila was in F2 followed by F1 groups. The histological architecture and cellular components of gut showed an improvement in the treatments over the control. The study indicates the efficacy of addition of sodium acetate in enhancing the growth and health in rohu fish Labeo rohita.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTS OF SODIUM PROPIONATE AS GROWTH STIMULANT AND IMMUNOMODULATOR IN THE DIET OF INDIAN MAJOR CARP LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2021) KANTHA RAJA, P; M.GANAPATHI NAIKThis study was conducted to evaluate the use of a propionic acid salt, sodium propionate as a feed additive to enhance growth and health in rohu fish. A total of 120 healthy Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average body weight of 7.5 ± 0.5 g (mean SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (F0, FI, F2, and F3). F0 was fed a basal diet with no organic acid additive taken as the control group, while FI, F2, and F3 were fed the diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sodium propionate salt, respectively. Each group was subdivided in triplicate with 10 fish in each tank. The experimental fish was evaluated after 90 days for growth performance, hematology. Immunology, resistance to infection, body composition, gut and liver histology. At the end of the feeding trail. F2 and F3 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leukocyte count were significantly increased in F2 and F3 compared to F0 and F1. There were significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with F3 as highest. After 90 days. F2 and F3 showed highest superoxide anion activity, lysozyme activity, and total serum protein. The lowest values for immune parameters were recorded in F0. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in F3 followed by F2 groups. The best protection against challenged Aeromonas hydrophila was in F3 followed by F2 groups. The histological architecture and cellular components of gut showed an improvement in the treatments over the control. The study indicates the efficacy of addition of sodium propionate in enhancing the growth and health in rohu fish Labeo rohitaThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE ON HETEROTROPHIC FOOD PRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF LABEO FIMBRIATUS, BARBODES CARNATICUS AND MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) PATKAR ADITI RAJAN; MANJAPPA NIn search of low cost aqua farming, a range of substrate based aquatic system has been developed for both fin fish and shell fish culture which provides shelter and increases the periphyton production as food and thereby increases the production. The present study is aimed to assess the growth and survival of fish (Labeo fimbriatus, Borbodes carnaticus) and shell fish (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in a substrate based system for a period of six months, where the sugarcane bagasse is used as a substrate for the growth of periphyton. The experiment was divided in three treatments, T1 (only substrate), T2 (substrate + feed) and T0 (control) with triplicates. At the end of the experiment, the growth results showed maximum average weight in T2 (L. fimbriatus 141.17 ± 0.66; B. carnaticus 98.07 ± 1.16 and M. rosenbergii 73.95 ± 0.73) compared with T1 and T0 and there is a significant difference (P<0.05) observed between the treatments, the survival percentage was observed high in T2 (89.81 %) followed by T1 (85.19%) and T0 (83.33 %). The yield (Kg/ha) is more in the T2 (932.65) than T1 (708.56) and T0 (728.89). Periphyton growth has influence the water quality parameters viz., pH (6.73 - 8.17), dissolved oxygen (6.70 - 8.50mg/l). Low concentration of Ammonia (0.068 - 0.140 mg/l) and Nitrite (0.046 - 0.082mg/l) was observed in substrate based ponds. The chlorophyll-a concentration was high in periphyton (0.25 - 3.97μg/cm2) than the plankton (0.58 - 2.64μg/l). The periphyton on substrate increased the protein content of the fish and prawn carcass. The results of the experiment showed that the use of sugarcane bagasse as a substrate not only helped for enhancement of growth, survival and production of the fish and prawn but lowered the levels of toxic NH3-N, NO2-N in water columns. Therefore this system is ecofriendly as limited water exchange is carried in this system. Use of substrate reduces the feed quantity so this technique is farmer’s friendly.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BREEDING, LARVAL REARING AND GROW-OUT OF AMUR CARP AND LOCAL COMMON CARP(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) DETTY NEBU; N. BASAWARAJThe present study was undertaken to compare the breeding, nursery and grow-out rearing of Amur carp and local strain of common carp in coastal Karnataka. The brooders of Amur and common carp were bred simultaneously with an inducing agent, Spawn pro. Observations indicated that Spawn pro (sGnRH and domperidone) induced 100% spawning in both the strains of common carp, with response time varying between 8-10 h at 27 °C and there was a significant difference in fecundity and fertilization rate between injected and uninjected fish. Amur carp was less fecund than local common carp; the average relative fecundity per gram of body weight was 102 and 157 in Amur and local common carp, respectively. The fertilization rate was not significantly different in Amur (90.81) and local common carp (84.56), whereas hatching rate and spawn survival were significantly higher in Amur (85.64 and 81.95) than local strain (74.54 and 72.3). In all the stages of growth, viz. spawn, fry and fingerling, Amur carp grew faster than local common carp. Survival rate was similar in both the strains. Amur carp did not reach fully maturity within five months of rearing, whereas 30% of local common carp was in the mature stage under the same conditions. For both sexes, the GSI was higher for local common carp than the Amur carp. The length-weight relationship indicated that Amur carp followed isometric growth at fingerling stage. The b value was higher in Amur carp (b=3.005), which confirmed that it attained weight faster than length than the local common carp, which had b value of 2.985. Relative condition factor (Kn) was higher in local common carp than that of Amur strain. Throughout the study period, Kn was above 1.0 in both the groups which indicated the good condition of fish in the rearing systems.ThesisItem Open Access “EVALUATION OF BIOFILM OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA FOR ORAL VACCINATION OF AMUR COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO HAEMATOPTERUS)”(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) SOWNDARYA, N. S.,; K.S.RAMESHBiofilm of Aeromonas hydrophila oral vaccination was used to evaluate the effect on growth, antibody titre, hematological, immunological responses and disease resistance to A. hydrophila in Amur common carp fingerlings. 60 days trial with Biofilm, free cell and control diet in triplicates was conducted vaccinated for a period of 20 days (fed with vaccinated feed) and remaining 40 days were fed with control diet. Results indicated that SGR, mean weight gain, ADG, PER was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and FCR was best in the biofilm vaccinated group of fish as compared to that of free cell vaccine and control. No mortality was observed during the experimental period. Biofilm vaccine had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the hematological, antibody response, immunological and serum biochemical indices. RBC, WBC, thrombocytes, hemoglobin and PCV was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the biofilm vaccinated groups, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in MCV, MCH and MCHC between the control, free cell and biofilm vaccine. Biofilm vaccinated fish had a higher (p < 0.05) antibody response than other groups. Super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity and serum protein was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the biofilm vaccinated group but serum glucose and cholesterol was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the biofilm vaccinated group. Biofilm vaccinated group of fish showed higher RPS (87%) than free cell vaccinated group of fish (40%).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS FROM THE SKIN MUCUS OF ROHU (LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) SHIVANI, D. GOWDA; K.S.RAMESHTeleost mucosal immunity has become the discipline of unrivalled research studies in recent years because of its diversity and defining characteristics. Skin mucus is increasingly used as a source for determining immunity-related proteins and enzymes. The aim of the present study is to understand the mucosal immunity of commercially important freshwater fish, rohu (Labeo rohita) by evaluating the immune components from its skin mucus. The study was conducted between healthy and parasite (Argulus) infested fish. Also, stress challenge was achieved with two experiments, acute crowding for 0, 2, 24 and 48 hrs; and hypoxia exposure for 0, 1 and 3 min. The IgM levels exhibited significant difference (p<0.05) between healthy and infested skin mucus as well as in case of all the experimental groups under stress challenge. SDS-PAGE, under denaturing condition gave several prominent bands of protein for healthy and infested skin mucus, wherein bands of infested sample were highly expressed comparatively; in case of stress challenge, all the experimental groups displayed protein bands. A strong antibacterial activity was observed by inhibiting the growth of tested fish pathogenic bacteria with the formation of inhibition zone. The skin mucosal lysozyme activity evidenced high significant difference (p<0.05) between healthy and infested samples. Parallel findings were observed under stress challenge for different experimental groups of acute crowding and hypoxia exposure. These results provide preliminary information for a better understanding of the role of epidermal mucus and its components in the fish innate immune system.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS) ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL, DISEASE RESISTANCE AND HEMATOLOGY OF ROHU (LABEO ROHITA)(KARNATAKA VETERNARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) PRASAD, M. B.,; GANAPATHI NAIK MPhytoadditives are the natural substances that don’t pose any threat to fish and human health and to the environment.There has been a worldwide trend for the immunostimulants and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants. The developing interest in medicinal plants has increased globally because they are easy to prepare, cheap and have very less side effects on animals and the environment unlike antibiotics and other drugs. The present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of dietary rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis) on growth, survival, disease resistance and hematology of rohu (Labeo rohita). The fishes fed for 90 days with rosemary dietary incorporation at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2% levels including basal diet (control). There was significant (p<0.05) increase in growth parameters (weight gain, specific growth rate and FCR) in fishes fed with dietary incorporation of rosemary at 1% compared to control. The hemato-biochemical indices were examined for pre and post challenge studies against Aeromonas hydrophila pathogen. The erythrocytes and haemoglobin in pre-challenge showed significantly higher numbers. The number of WBC significantly increased in the post-challenge. The biochemical indices, total serum protein was significantly increased for fish fed with 0.5% rosemary. Whereas, feeding of rosemary incorporated feed resulted in reduction in serum glucose, serum magnesium and serum cholesterol levels in fish. The dietary incorporation of rosemary at 0.5% increased resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in fish. The present investigation showed that dietary incorporation of rosemary improved growth performance, survivality by stimulating the immune response which makes the rohu more resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila .
