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ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BREEDING, LARVAL REARING AND GROW-OUT OF AMUR CARP AND LOCAL COMMON CARP(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) DETTY NEBU; N. BASAWARAJThe present study was undertaken to compare the breeding, nursery and grow-out rearing of Amur carp and local strain of common carp in coastal Karnataka. The brooders of Amur and common carp were bred simultaneously with an inducing agent, Spawn pro. Observations indicated that Spawn pro (sGnRH and domperidone) induced 100% spawning in both the strains of common carp, with response time varying between 8-10 h at 27 °C and there was a significant difference in fecundity and fertilization rate between injected and uninjected fish. Amur carp was less fecund than local common carp; the average relative fecundity per gram of body weight was 102 and 157 in Amur and local common carp, respectively. The fertilization rate was not significantly different in Amur (90.81) and local common carp (84.56), whereas hatching rate and spawn survival were significantly higher in Amur (85.64 and 81.95) than local strain (74.54 and 72.3). In all the stages of growth, viz. spawn, fry and fingerling, Amur carp grew faster than local common carp. Survival rate was similar in both the strains. Amur carp did not reach fully maturity within five months of rearing, whereas 30% of local common carp was in the mature stage under the same conditions. For both sexes, the GSI was higher for local common carp than the Amur carp. The length-weight relationship indicated that Amur carp followed isometric growth at fingerling stage. The b value was higher in Amur carp (b=3.005), which confirmed that it attained weight faster than length than the local common carp, which had b value of 2.985. Relative condition factor (Kn) was higher in local common carp than that of Amur strain. Throughout the study period, Kn was above 1.0 in both the groups which indicated the good condition of fish in the rearing systems.ThesisItem Open Access “EVALUATION OF BIOFILM OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA FOR ORAL VACCINATION OF AMUR COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO HAEMATOPTERUS)”(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) SOWNDARYA, N. S.,; K.S.RAMESHBiofilm of Aeromonas hydrophila oral vaccination was used to evaluate the effect on growth, antibody titre, hematological, immunological responses and disease resistance to A. hydrophila in Amur common carp fingerlings. 60 days trial with Biofilm, free cell and control diet in triplicates was conducted vaccinated for a period of 20 days (fed with vaccinated feed) and remaining 40 days were fed with control diet. Results indicated that SGR, mean weight gain, ADG, PER was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and FCR was best in the biofilm vaccinated group of fish as compared to that of free cell vaccine and control. No mortality was observed during the experimental period. Biofilm vaccine had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the hematological, antibody response, immunological and serum biochemical indices. RBC, WBC, thrombocytes, hemoglobin and PCV was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the biofilm vaccinated groups, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in MCV, MCH and MCHC between the control, free cell and biofilm vaccine. Biofilm vaccinated fish had a higher (p < 0.05) antibody response than other groups. Super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity and serum protein was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the biofilm vaccinated group but serum glucose and cholesterol was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the biofilm vaccinated group. Biofilm vaccinated group of fish showed higher RPS (87%) than free cell vaccinated group of fish (40%).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS FROM THE SKIN MUCUS OF ROHU (LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) SHIVANI, D. GOWDA; K.S.RAMESHTeleost mucosal immunity has become the discipline of unrivalled research studies in recent years because of its diversity and defining characteristics. Skin mucus is increasingly used as a source for determining immunity-related proteins and enzymes. The aim of the present study is to understand the mucosal immunity of commercially important freshwater fish, rohu (Labeo rohita) by evaluating the immune components from its skin mucus. The study was conducted between healthy and parasite (Argulus) infested fish. Also, stress challenge was achieved with two experiments, acute crowding for 0, 2, 24 and 48 hrs; and hypoxia exposure for 0, 1 and 3 min. The IgM levels exhibited significant difference (p<0.05) between healthy and infested skin mucus as well as in case of all the experimental groups under stress challenge. SDS-PAGE, under denaturing condition gave several prominent bands of protein for healthy and infested skin mucus, wherein bands of infested sample were highly expressed comparatively; in case of stress challenge, all the experimental groups displayed protein bands. A strong antibacterial activity was observed by inhibiting the growth of tested fish pathogenic bacteria with the formation of inhibition zone. The skin mucosal lysozyme activity evidenced high significant difference (p<0.05) between healthy and infested samples. Parallel findings were observed under stress challenge for different experimental groups of acute crowding and hypoxia exposure. These results provide preliminary information for a better understanding of the role of epidermal mucus and its components in the fish innate immune system.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS) ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL, DISEASE RESISTANCE AND HEMATOLOGY OF ROHU (LABEO ROHITA)(KARNATAKA VETERNARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019) PRASAD, M. B.,; GANAPATHI NAIK MPhytoadditives are the natural substances that don’t pose any threat to fish and human health and to the environment.There has been a worldwide trend for the immunostimulants and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants. The developing interest in medicinal plants has increased globally because they are easy to prepare, cheap and have very less side effects on animals and the environment unlike antibiotics and other drugs. The present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of dietary rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis) on growth, survival, disease resistance and hematology of rohu (Labeo rohita). The fishes fed for 90 days with rosemary dietary incorporation at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2% levels including basal diet (control). There was significant (p<0.05) increase in growth parameters (weight gain, specific growth rate and FCR) in fishes fed with dietary incorporation of rosemary at 1% compared to control. The hemato-biochemical indices were examined for pre and post challenge studies against Aeromonas hydrophila pathogen. The erythrocytes and haemoglobin in pre-challenge showed significantly higher numbers. The number of WBC significantly increased in the post-challenge. The biochemical indices, total serum protein was significantly increased for fish fed with 0.5% rosemary. Whereas, feeding of rosemary incorporated feed resulted in reduction in serum glucose, serum magnesium and serum cholesterol levels in fish. The dietary incorporation of rosemary at 0.5% increased resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in fish. The present investigation showed that dietary incorporation of rosemary improved growth performance, survivality by stimulating the immune response which makes the rohu more resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila .ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL COMPONENTS ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL, IMMUNE RESPONSE AND DISEASE RESISTANCE IN WHITE LEG SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2019) MADHUSUDAN, B. M.,; Dr. H Shivananda Murthy)effect of polyherbal components on growth, survival, immune response and disease resistance in white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was assessed in indoor circulatory aquaculture system, which was tested for 60 days. For this study, 0.5 g/kg feed vitamin C (G1), 1.5 g/kg feed vit C (G2), 0.5 g/kg vit C and 1 g/kg polyherbal components (PHC)(G3), 0.5 g/kg each vit C and PHC (G4), 1 g/kg vit C and 0.5 g/kg PHC (G5) and 0.75 g/kg each vitamin C and PHC g/kg of feed (G6), supplemented diets were prepared and fed to shrimp. The growth performance of shrimp was assessed during the 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th days of feeding experiment. It showed that shrimp fed on G6 diet ex better growth performance such as SGR (0.55 ± 0.003%), the mean weight gain (18.70 ± 1.05g) and food conversion ratio (1.7 ± 0.0002) during the 60th day of feeding experiment, where highest survival was seen in G6 (86.66%). Immunological parameters such as total haemocyte count (284.0 × 105 cells/ml), superoxide anion activity (0.310 ± 0.02 O.D), phenoloxidase activity (0.15 ± 0.0002 O.D) were higher in shrimp fed diet G6 at the end of 60th day of feeding experiment. G6 group showed 60% survival when treatment diet fed shrimps were challenged against WSSV, while control diet fed shrimps had total mortality. The result inferred that the polyherbal components and vitamin C in combination at a concentration of 0.75 g/kg feed served as a potent growth promoter and immune modulator in shrimp, L. vannamei.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF FORMIC ACID SALT, POTASSIUM FORMATE AS A FEED ADDITIVE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON GROWTH AND HEALTH OF INDIAN MAJOR CARP LABEO ROHITA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR., 2019) M. JUNAID SIDIQ.,; E.G. JAYRAJOrganic acids in various forms can be used as dietary supplements in aquaculture. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of a formic acid salt, potassium formate as a feed additive to enhance growth and health in rohu fish. A total of 120 healthy Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average body weight of 8.00 ± 0.5 g (mean ± SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3). T0 was fed a basal diet with no organic acid additive taken as the control group, while T1, T2, and T3 were fed the diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of potassium formate salt, respectively. Each group was subdivided in triplicate with 10 fish in each. The experimental fish was evaluated after 90 days for growth performance, hematology, immunology, biochemistry, gut microbiota, resistance to infection, body composition and gut, kidney and liver histology. The antibacterial activity of potassium formate was evaluated by well-diffusion assay. At the end of the feeding period, T1 and T2 had significant improvements in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) compared with other groups. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and total leukocyte count were significantly increased in T1 and T2 compared to T0 and T3. There were significant differences among the groups in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with T3 as highest. After 90 days, T1 and T2 showed highest superoxide anion activity, lysozyme activity, and total serum protein, albumin and globulin concentration. The highest albumin-globulin ratio was found in T0. The lowest values for immune parameters were recorded in T0. Serum biochemical parameters like alanine aminotrasferase activity (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were not affected. Serum glucose and cholesterol levels were significantly lower in treatments than control. The protein and fat contents of the whole body were the highest in T1 and T2 groups. The widest inhibition zones against Aeromonas 149 hydrophila were at the 30, 40 and 50% concentrations of potassiumThesisItem Open Access MANIPULATION OF SEX IN DWARF GOURAMI, TRICHOGASTER LALIUS (HAMILTON, 1822(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019-08) BHARGAV,; BasawarajTrichogaster lalius, commonly known as dwarf gourami, is a very popular ornamental fish, adored by aquarists due to their striking coloration and docile nature. Flame red dwarf gourami, which is a color morph developed from dwarf gourami through selective breeding. In view of the growing concern over use of synthetic hormones for sex manipulation, the present study was conducted with the aim of introducing an eco-friendly, plant-derived aromatase inhibitor, Proanthocyanidin (from grape seed extract), for sex manupilation through discrete immersion treatment at different doses of Proanthocyanidin, i.e. 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 μg/l for 3 h daily on third, fifth and eighth day after hatching, along with 17α-MT at 1000 μg/l, as a positive control. In T. lalius, the highest percentage of males (60.75%) and the highest post treatment survival (90.80%) were obtained at 1250 μg/l Proanthocyanidin treatment, whereas in positive control (17α-MT), 87.20% post-treatment survival and 80.62% males were observed with 12.90% fin deformity. In the flame red dwarf gourami, highest proportion of males (72.15%) was obtained at 1250 μg/l and the highest post-treatment survival (94.02%) was obtained at 750 μg/l of Proanthocyanidin. In positive control, 82.45% males and 93.44% post treatment survival were observed. The female GSI of the Proanthocayanidin treated fish and positive control group revealed significant suppression of the ovarian development compared to control in both the strains. Histological examination showed the appearance of suppressed atretic oocytes and more immature oocytes in positive and Proanthocyanidin treatment (1250 μg/l) groups. No significant difference was observed in total body carotenoid content in Proanthocyanidin-treated and control groups in dwarf gourami. In the flame red strain a significant difference was found between Proanthocyanidin treatment, positive and negative control groups, but no significant difference was found among Proanthocayanidin treatment groups.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY BAY LAUREL (LAURUS NOBILIS) ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL, DISEASE RESISTANCE AND HEMATOLOGY OF ROHU (LABEO ROHITA)(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2019-08) ANANDA, M. G.,; GANAPATHI NAIKAquaculture is one of the promising and fastest growing food-producing sectors in the world. Aquaculture intensification practices lead to overcrowding and poor water quality, facilitating the spread of infectious disease outbreaks which cause heavy loss to farmers. However, the application of antibiotics and chemicals in culture ponds is often expensive and undesirable. Medicinal plants have a potent defense against harmful pathogenic bacteria. There is a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants as an alternative to antibiotics and immune prophylactics. The present investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) on growth, survival, disease resistance and hematology of rohu (Labeo rohita). Fish fed with bay laurel supplemented diet showed significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to control. Hemato-biochemical indices were examined after 90 days of feeding trial and after fish challenged against Aeromonas hydrophila pathogen containing 1.68×106 CFU/ml. Bay laurel incorporated diet fed fish showed a significant increase in red blood cells and haemoglobin in pre-challenge compared to control. The number of WBC significantly increased in both pre and post- challenge (p < 0.05) and fish fed with 1.5% bay laurel exhibited higher WBC count in pre-challenge compared to control. The serum protein content was significantly increased in fish fed with bay laurel incorporated diet. However, feeding of bay laurel incorporated diets showed a reduction in serum glucose, serum cholesterol and serum magnesium level than the control group. The dietary incorporation of bay laurel at 1.5% and 2% increased resistance against A. hydrophila. The findings of the present study reveal that bay laurel may enhance growth and immune response in rohu.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES IN COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio) AS AN INDICATOR OF POLLUTION STRESS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCE'SUNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585226, 2011-09) MUTTAPPA KHAVI; H.R.V.REDDY; A.T.TAMCHANDAR NAIK; K.S.RAMESH; MRIDULA RAJESHThe use of insecticides is being increasing in the recent years to control the pest in which only 1% of the pesticide applied hits the target pest while, the remaining 99% of the pesticide drifts into the environment contaminating soil, water and biota. This poses a constant threat to the non-target organisms especially to fishes, because pesticides are known to alter their behavioral pattern, growth, and physiology. One of the early symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning is failure of respiratory metabolism, reduction in the food consumption, alteration in absorption efficiency, scope for growth and oxygen: nitrogen ratios of fishes. A static renewal bioassay was conducted to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of commercial grade Organophosphate insecticide, Quinalphos (25% emulsified concentration) to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The acute toxicity of Quinalphos to carp fingerlings exposed for 96 h was found to be 2.75ppm. For sublethal toxicity study, the fishes were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (1/10th of LC50 i.e 0.275ppm and 1/5th of LC50 i.e 0.55ppm) with lethal concentration (2.75ppm) for up to 48 hours. The carps were found to be under stress but mortality was insignificant in both sublethal and lethal concentrations. Considerable variation in respiratory rate was observed in both sublethal and lethal concentrations. 84 The effects of this pesticide on the physiological condition were remarkable. Food consumption rate, absorption efficiency, scope for growth and Oxygen: Nitrogen ratio of the fishes was affected when it was exposed to increasing concentrations of Quinalphos. The observed alteration in physiological condition may be a consequence of impaired oxidative metabolism and elevated physiological stress by the fish against quinalphos stress.
