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ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING NANO FORMS OF COPPER AND COBALT ON RUMEN MICROBIAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION(2018) Sufeesh, SG; Ramesh, J; Karunakaran, R; Vijayarani, K; TANUVASA research was conducted with the objective to produce nano particle source of copper and nano particle source of cobalt, characterize them, and study the effect of supplementing them on rumen fermentation. Nano particle source of copper and cobalt were synthesised through physical method using ball mill. The product yield of nano particle source of copper and cobalt were 50 g/hour and 10 g/hour repectively. The particle size and zeta potential of the synthesised nanoparticle source of copper and cobalt were (14.28 nm and – 11.03 mV) and (14.67nm and -12.73 mV) respectively. The particle shape for both nano particle source copper and cobalt were spherical, which was confirmed by TEM (Transmision Electron Microcope). Through FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy) and XRD (X Ray Diffraction), it was proved that the synthesised nano particle source of copper and cobalt had no impurities.The percentage of copper and cobalt in the synthesised nano particle source of copper and cobalt were 23.26 % and 19.57 %, respectively.The in vitro cytotoxicity assay of both nanoparticle source of copper and cobalt on VERO cell line revealed that the safe level for inclusion of copper and cobalt nanoparticles in dairy cattle ration was upto 1.81g/kg of concentrate. The effect of nano particle source of copper and cobalt as critical nutrients compared to their mega particle sources on rumen fermentation and rumen microbial protein production were studied in gruel / rice based feeding regimen through In vitro Gas Production Technique. Three in vitro studies were carried out. In first in vitro study, the inclusion level of mega copper and nano particle source of copper to be used for combination study were determined as 15 μg each respectively. In second in vitro study, the inclusion level of mega cobalt and nano particle source of cobalt to be used for combination study were determined as 0.5μg and 1.5 μg respectively. In third in vitro study, combination of nano/mega copper and nano/mega cobalt supplementation was studied for effect on in vitro rumen fermentation. It was concluded that combination of nano copper and nano cobalt revealed significantly (p<0.01) higher microbial biomass production, higher protozoal and bacterial count, higher total VFA and lower percentage of methane production on comparing with other treatments. Conclusion of overall study was supplementing nano forms of copper and cobalt showed higher rumen microbial biomass production.ThesisItem Restricted PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN CANINE CUTANEOUS NEOPLASMS(2018) Subapriya, S; Vairamuthu, S; Pazhanivel, N; George, Ravi Sundar; Vijayarani, K; TANUVASThe present study was undertaken with the objective to study the cytological, gross, and histopathologic changes in canine cutaneous neoplasms, to evaluate the expression of potential tumour biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in different cutaneous neoplasms and to carry out molecular studies in canine cutaneous neoplasms. A total of 160 skin tumours were encountered, 80 cases of epithelial tumours, 35 cases of mesenchymal tumours, 44 round cell tumours and a single case of melanoma. The tumours were recorded in 16 breeds. More males (n=109) were recorded with skin tumours than females (n=51). Location wise, limb 53(33.13%) had the highest occurrence of tumours. Maximum cases of skin tumours 82(50.63%) were recorded in the age group of 6-10 years.ThesisItem Restricted CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN DOGS(2018) Sandhya Bhavani, M; Kavitha, S; Gowri, B; Vairamuthu, S; Vijayarani, K; TANUVASThe study entitled “Clinicopathological evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease and its management in dogs” was carried out to study the clinicopathological changes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)in dogs, to assess the usefulness of endoscopy in the diagnosis of IBD and evaluating the therapeutic protocols in the management of IBD. Present study consisted of ten apparently healthy dogs and thirty three clinical cases. The parameters included in this study were clinical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry, faecal examination, radiography, ultrasonography, endoscopy, histopathology, PCR, flowcytometry and special diagnostic tests (serum CRP, cobalamin and folate).ThesisItem Restricted MOLECULAR SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF SNAKES USING ECDYSED SKIN(2018) Pattanayak, Deeptimayee; Senthilkumar, K; Vijayarani, K; Senthilkumar, A; Sreekumar, C; TANUVASA study was carried out to identify the species in captive snake species through molecular species identification using ecdysed skin and also to design a universal primer which can amplify the cyt b fragment of all snake species. The samples were collected from Arignar Anna Zoological Park (AAZP) Vandalur, Chennai, and Nadan Kanan Zoological Park, Bhubaneswar and Chennai Snake Park Trust, Guindy. The moulted skins were collected from Rat snake, Indian cobra, Indian Rock Python and Reticulated Python between October, 2017 and March, 2018. The skin samples were collected from individual enclosure and stored in a zip lock cover. During sample collection, the molted skins were characterized by various morphological characters and physical properties through direct observation. Morphological characteristics and physical properties revealed that most of the blackish brown skins were found in Reticulated python (73.33%) and in Indian Rock python (60.00%). The skin colour of pale white was mostly found in case of Rat snake (80.00%) and Indian cobra (53.33%). The statistical analysis revealed highly significant variations (P<0.01) among the the ecdysed skin colour of snake and the species of snake. The skin samples were sheded as fragment casts in case of Reticulated python and Indian Rock python (100%) and in case of Rat snake and Indian cobra the snake the skin were molted as both fragmented pieces and single casts also. The statistical analysis showed that Indian cobra and Rat snake frequently molted the skin as a single piece but in case of Pythons skin was never found as a single piece however sheded as a fragments of skin.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DIETARY SELENIUM ON PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCES OF JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)(2018) Divya, S; Premavalli, K; Omprakash, AV; Vijayarani, K; TANUVASform. The selenium nanoparticles were prepared by adopting green synthesis method and characterized by UV visible spectrophotometer, particle size and zeta potential analyzer, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer which revealed that the size and morphology were of good quality. The safe level of inclusion of nano selenium was assessed by in vitro cytotoxicity test on VERO cell line with concentrations of 100 and 250 μg/ml for nano selenium. The percent viability was found to be more than 85 at both the concentrations. The nano selenium thus synthesized was used as feed supplement in the biological trail.ThesisItem Restricted CYSTEINE AND GLUTATHIONE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE QUALITY OF CRYOPRESERVED DOG SEMEN(2018) Ranjan Pati, Ram; Arunmozhi, N; Sridevi, P; Vijayarani, K; TANUVASThe present study was aimed at studying and comparing the effect of cysteine and glutathione supplementation on plasma membrane integrity, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in cryopreserved dog semen and determining the optimum concentration of the tested antioxidants (cysteine and glutathione) that counteracts the cryopreservation damage during freezing and thawing. Semen was collected by digital manipulation from six male dogs and motility, viability, concentration, morphological abnormality, acrosomal integrity, plasma membrane integrity and DNA integrity were assessed. The semen samples were diluted in the ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 with TRIS-egg yolk extender depending on the semen concentration and divided into five equal aliquots, among which one was kept as control group without any antioxidant addition and other four were supplemented with different concentrations of antioxidants viz: cysteine (5mM and 10mM) and glutathione (1mM, 2mM). Then, cryopreservation was done by conventional method. After freeze thawing process, motility, viability, morphological abnormality, acrosomal integrity, plasma membrane integrity and DNA integrity were assessed. Also lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase were evaluated.ThesisItem Restricted TRANS-DIFFERENTIATION OF OVINE WHARTON’S JELLY DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS INTO NEURONAL STEM CELLS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION IN VITRO FOR APPLICATION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS(2018) Lija, S; Eswari, S; Leela, V; Vijayarani, K; TANUVASThe present study was conducted to trans-differentiate the mesenchymal stem cells derived from ovine umbilical cord tissue wharton’s jelly into neuronal stem cells in order to characterize their neurogenic potential in vitro and to assess the secretome BDNF in mesenchymal stem cells, induced neuronal stem cells and neuronal progenitor cells conditioned medium. Umbilical cords (UC) from ovine gravid uterus samples were collected from accidently slaughtered pregnant ewes from slaughter house, Chennai. Wharton's jelly (WJ) was extracted from UC and cut into fragments for mixed enzymatic-explant culture method, cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10 per cent FBS and 1 per cent antibiotic antimycotic solution and the isolated WJ MSCs were expanded in vitro upto passage 12.ThesisItem Open Access EXPRESSION PATTERN OF MX2 AND OAS-1 GENE AND QUANTIFICATION OF MX2 PROTEIN WITH REFERENCE TO EARLY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN JERSEY CROSS BRED CATTLE(2018) Nithin, AG; Sarath, T; Kulasekar, K; Vijayarani, K; Krishnakumar, K; TANUVASRuminants, remains to be a poor breeder mainly due to embryonic mortality occurring mostly between 07 and 17 days of pregnancy. Early and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy can thus become a boon for successful herd management in cattle. However, most of the currently available methods allow diagnosis only after 35-45 days post AI. Interferon tau (IFNT), the first pregnancy recognition signal in ruminants is one such molecule, which stimulates expression of various Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) concomitant with IFNT signalling which occurs around day 15-17 of early pregnancy. Hence, the study was planned to demonstrate the expression dynamics of OAS-1 and MX2 genes and its protein during peri-implantation period in cattle.A total of 60 cows were selected and divided into 2 groups viz. control and experiment. Group I consisted of 10 cows which were synchronized with PGF2αbut not bred (Treatment control) and group II consisted of 50 cows which were synchronized and bred by using double PG protocol.The blood samples were collected on day 0, 14, 18, 20 and 25 post-insemination and PBMC harvested and utilized for isolation and synthesis of RNA and cDNA, respectively. The serum was separated and stored at - 80°C for estimation of serum MX2 protein using ELISA kit. The cDNA synthesized from total RNA for OAS-1 and MX 2 genes, were carried out by quantitative real time PCR and the relative expression was calculated by 2-ΔΔCT.SerumMX2protein concentrationsweredeterminedwitha quantitative sandwichimmune-enzymaticassay(Bovine interferon induced GTP binding protein MX2 Elisa kit).ThesisItem Open Access EVOLVING FEEDING STRATEGY USING POMEGRANATE FRUIT WASTE AND PALM OIL WITH SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE ON METHANE MITIGATION IN RUMINANTS(2018) Popat, Patil Saroja; Bharathidasan, A; Karunakaran, R; Tensingh Gnanaraj, P; Vijayarani, K; TANUVASMethane emission from ruminants has received a global attention due to its contribution to the greenhouse effect and global warming. There is a need to determine a costeffective feeding strategy for mitigating greenhouse gases from livestock. Hence, the present study was conducted to evolvea feeding strategy using pomegranate fruit waste and palm oil with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on methane mitigation in ruminants.The objectives of this study were to identify the methane mitigation potential of pomegranate fruit waste and palm oil with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ruminants in paddy straw-based ration and to assess the effect of pomegranate fruit waste and palm oil with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on dry matter digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics